Understanding Pragmatics

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pragmatics英语解释

Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics that studies how context and social factors contribute to meaning in language. It looks at how language is used in real-life situations and how it can be interpreted beyond its literal or grammatical meaning. Pragmatics also examines howmunicative acts are performed and understood, including the role of speaker intentions, assumptions, and presuppositions inmunication.1. Definition of PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of how context influences the interpretation of language. It focuses on the use of language inmunication, taking into account the speaker's intentions, the context of the conversation, and the social and cultural factors that may impact meaning. Unlike semantics, which deals with the literal meaning of words and sentences, pragmatics looks at the implied or inferred meaning of language in use.2. Key Concepts in Pragmaticsa. Speech ActsOne of the central concepts in pragmatics is speech acts, whichrefers to the actions performed by speakers through their utterances. These actions can include making requests, giving orders, making promises, or expressing opinions. Speech acts are not just about the words themselves, but also the intentions and effects behind them.b. Grice's MaximsGrice's conversational maxims are another important concept in pragmatics. These maxims, proposed by philosopher H.P. Grice, outline the principles that guide cooperativemunication. They include the maxims of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner, which suggest that speakers should be informative, truthful, relevant, and clear in theirmunication.c. ImplicatureImplicature refers to the inferred meaning that arises from an utterance, beyond its literal meaning. The study of implicature is central to the understanding of how context and pragmatic principles affect the interpretation of language. For example, when someone says "It's cold in here," the implicature might be a request to close a window or turn up the heat.3. Applications of PragmaticsPragmatics has implications for various areas of language use, including language teaching, cross-culturalmunication, and discourse analysis.a. Language TeachingIn language teaching, an understanding of pragmatics is crucial for learners to effectively use language in real-world situations. Teaching pragmatics involves helping learners understand the appropriate use of language in different contexts and how to interpret the implied meanings and intentions inmunication.b. Cross-Cultural CommunicationPragmatics also plays a significant role in cross-culturalmunication. Different languages and cultures may have varying pragmatic norms and conventions, leading to potential misunderstandings or mimunications. By understanding the pragmatic differences between languages, individuals can navigate cross-cultural interactions more effectively.c. Discourse AnalysisIn discourse analysis, pragmatics is used to examine how language is used to achievemunicative goals in different contexts. This includes studying the patterns of interaction, power dynamics, and politeness strategies in discourse, as well as how context influences the interpretation of language in specific settings.4. Challenges and Controversies in PragmaticsDespite its importance, pragmatics also faces several challenges and controversies in its study. These include issues related to the cultural and context-specific nature of pragmatic meaning, the difficulty of establishing universal pragmatic principles, and the role of pragmatics in language processing and understanding.a. Cultural and Context-Specific NatureOne challenge in pragmatics is the recognition of the cultural and context-specific nature of pragmatic meaning. Differentcultures may have unique norms and conventions formunication, leading to variations in pragmatic interpretation. This makes it difficult to establish universal rules for pragmatic understanding.b. Universal Pragmatic PrinciplesAnother controversial issue is the search for universal pragmatic principles. While some scholars argue for the existence of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural pragmatic principles, others emphasize the diversity and variability of pragmatic norms across languages and cultures. This ongoing debate reflects theplexity of studying pragmatics on a global scale.c. Pragmatics and Language ProcessingThe relationship between pragmatics and language processing is another area of contention. Some researchers argue that pragmatics is an essentialponent of language understanding, while others m本人nt本人n that it is secondary to the processing of grammatical and semantic information. Resolving this issue has implications for the study ofmunication disorders and the development of natural language processing systems.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, pragmatics offers valuable insights into theplex nature of language use and interpretation. By examining the role of context, social factors, and speaker intentions inmunication, pragmatics enhances our understanding of how language works in the real world. Despite the challenges and controversies it faces, the study of pragmatics continues to be an important and dynamic field within linguistics, with implications for language teaching, cross-culturalmunication, and discourse analysis. As we strive to better understand the multifaceted nature of language andmunication, pragmatics rem本人ns a crucial area of investigation.。

普通语言学 8-Pragmatics讲解

Jef Verschueren (1999): Adaptability theory
5. 为什么研究语用学？
Humpty Dumpty:
“When I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean -neither more nor less.”
英美语用学: 语用学的成分论 (component view of pragmatics)
欧陆语用学: 语用学的综观论 (perspective view of pragmatics)
英美语用学
语用学是语言理论的核心组成部分，与语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学的地位相同。
语用学研究的是依赖于语言使用的意义。
Carnap (1942)：order of degree of abstractness: syntax is the most and pragmatics is the least abstract, with semantics lying somewhere in between. Syntax provides input to semantics, which provides input to pragmatics.
主要研究：含意、预设、言语行为、指示语
欧陆语用学
语用学为语言行为的各个方面提供一个功能的视角或综观。
语用学在总体上被看作是语言交际的理论。
包括社会语言学、心里语言学、语篇分析所涵盖的领域。
欧陆语用学
更加接近Morris（1938）的语用学思想
Jacob Mey (1993):
1. Micropragmatics: context, implicature and reference; pragmatic principles; speech acts; conversation analysis

understanding_pragmatics__范文模板及概述

understanding pragmatics 范文模板及概述1. 引言1.1 概述在日常交流中，人们不仅通过语言表达直接的含义，还借助于语境、上下文和非语言符号等方式传递更多的信息。

这样的语言使用习惯和规则被统称为语用学。

理解语用学对于我们有效地进行交际和沟通至关重要。

本文将深入探讨理解语用学的重要性，并介绍一些实际应用领域。

1.2 文章结构本文将分为五个部分来探讨理解语用学。

首先，在第二部分中，将对语用学概念进行概述，并强调其在人际交流中的重要性。

然后，在第三部分中，将详细介绍一些实际应用领域，如跨文化交际、商务沟通以及教育和心理学领域中的语用学应用。

接下来，在第四部分中，将对一些关键概念进行解析，包括言外之意（Implicature）、呼应原则（Cooperative Principle）以及上下文（Context）与共指（Reference）。

最后，在第五部分中，将对主要观点和发现结果进行总结，并提出未来研究和实践建议。

1.3 目的本文的主要目的是帮助读者更好地理解语用学，并认识到它在日常交流和不同领域中的重要性。

通过探讨一些实际应用领域和关键概念，读者将能够更加灵活地应用语言技巧，提高沟通效果。

同时，本文也旨在促进对语用学的研究和未来发展方向的思考。

**请注意：上述内容为普通文本格式回答，非JSON格式。

**2. 理解语用学2.1 语用学概述语用学是研究言语行为和意义的学科。

它关注的是人们在特定语境中使用语言时所表达的意思和意图，以及这些意思和意图如何影响沟通和交流。

通过研究话语背后的含义和目的，语用学揭示了人们在具体情境中如何运用语言来构建社会关系、传递信息和实现交际目标。

2.2 语用学的重要性理解并掌握语用学对于有效的沟通至关重要。

在跨文化交际中，了解不同文化背景下表达方式的差异可以减少误解和冲突。

在商务沟通中，准确理解他人的请求、指示或谈判策略可以提高商业合作的效益。

在教育和心理学领域中，运用合适的语用策略可以促进教学效果和心理咨询过程。

Understanding Pragmatics评介

科●20世纪八九十年代，语用学得到快速的发展，关于语用学的类别，“英美学派”持有“基本分析单元说”，这一派认为语用学属于语言学的分支，与语音学，音系学，形态学，句法学，语义学并列。

而“欧洲大陆学派”认为语用学是一门跨学科领域，和心理语言学和文化语言学同属于跨学科领域研究。

这种学术上的争论未能充分地解释语言运用的全貌，语用学还是存在界定模糊，范围宽泛的问题。

而国际语用学学会秘书长耶夫.维索尔伦的这本《语用学新解》，是一部以新的视角来解释语用学。

他认为语用学，是着眼于研究语言使用的特征和过程的学问（p.1）。

作者独辟蹊径，以新的视角来阐释语用学。

提出了以顺应论为核心的语用综观论，即使用语言的过程就是语言选择的过程。

《语用学新解》这本书观点新颖，是很值得学习的（何自然，导读后记，F32）。

1内容简介该书凝集了作者20多年的研究成果。

全书分为三大部分九章内容，加有绪论，每个章节后面还附有小结，进一步阅读和研究课题，小结有利于帮读者归纳各章节所讲的内容，进一步阅读和研究课题为进一步拓宽读者视野提供可能。

另外本书后面还附有文库索引。

第一部分包含两章内容。

第一章首先对语用学的常见论题进行回顾，介绍和论证，并最终得出两个结论，一是这些传统领域在研究兴趣上的共同之处比表面看起来的要多；二是不能把上述的传统领域分开编著。

其次，作者在第一章里还简要介绍了两个研究领域，礼貌和论辩。

作者在本章结尾阐明了意义的重要地位，最后，作者重新介绍了一些在语用学中经常使用的术语，即言语体裁，语篇文本和会话在第二章中，作者将语言使用定义为语言的选择，为了更好地理解语言选择，作者提出了语言的三个特性，变异性，商讨性和顺应性。

接着适应性成了界定四个研究视角的出发点，即适应性的语境相关成分；适应性的结构对象，适应性的动态过程和适应性的意识突显性。

作者指出对任何语言现象进行语用研究就必须使四个研究视角的出发点合二为一。

第二部分包含第三章到第六章。

语用学Pragmatics An Introduction

Pragmatics: An Introduction
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Chapter 1:Defining Pragmatics
Preliminaries Pragmatics: definition and delimitation What use is pragmatics?
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Preliminaries
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Dynamic communication perspective: Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance. (Yule, 1996:3) Pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with the contexts in which they would be appropriate. (Levinson, 1983:24)
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The complementarity by Leech
Semanticism (pragmatics inside semantics) Pragmaticism (semantics inside pragmatics) Complementarism (complementary but independent)
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Definitions
Speaker’s perspective: Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. (George Yule, 1996:3) Pragmatics is the study of how people use language for successful communication. (Kempson, 1977:84)

英语课堂语码转换顺应性原则研究

英语课堂语码转换顺应性原则研究一、引言语码转换(Code-switching)是社会语言学的重要问题，语言学家从社会学、心理学、句法学、语用学等各个方面对其进行研究。

Fraomkin (1998)认为语码转换是将一个单词或词组插入正在使用的一句话中，或在两种语言变体或语码间来回变换使用的现象(转引自王娟，2008)。

Scotton (1993)认为语码转换是在同一次谈话中使用两种或两种以上的语言变体。

McKay & Hornberger (1996)认为当言语社团中存在两种或更多的语言时，讲话人经常从一种语言转换到另一种的现象是语码转换。

国内的语言学家也对语码转换进行了多角度的研究，探讨了语码转换的成因、功能、效果。

本文拟从顺应论的角度来探讨语码转换，认为语码转换是双语交际者进行顺应的具体体现。

同时对课堂中的语码转化进行具体的研究，旨在讨论外语教学中语码转换的顺应性功能，揭示其对英语教学的启示。

二、语码转化的顺应性语码转换的解释涉及到语言、心理认知和社会文化等因素。

Verschueren在所著书Understanding Pragmatics（1999）中提出的“顺应性理论”从一个全新的视角诠释了当今的语用学。

Verschueren 认为语用学是语言现象的认知、社会和文化的综观，一种功能性的综观，语用学渗透在语言使用的所有层次上，所以它为语码转换的研究提供了一个比以往研究更广阔、解释力更强的新视角，能全面阐释语码转换所涉及的语言、社会文化和心理认知等因素。

他认为语言的使用，说到底是一个不断选择的过程，不仅包括语言形式的选择，还包括语言策略的选择。

具体的选择手段和策略受社会和文化等因素的影响和制约。

语言使用者之所以能够做出种种恰当的选择，是因为自然语言具有变异性、商讨性和顺应性。

变异性使语言选择成为可能，并决定选择必须局限在一定的范围内;协商性排除语言的机械表达方式，使语言使用富有弹性; 顺应性使人们通过协商和选择，最终达到理想的交际目的(Verschueren, 1999) 。

语用学 pragmatics

语用学pragmatics语用学：语用学(pragmatics)是对人类有目的的行为所作的研究(广义)，对有目的的语言活动的研究(狭义)。

源起符号学(semiotics)。

符号学：符号学是系统地研究语言符号和非语言符号的学科。

有三个分支--符号关系学、语义学、语用学。

符号关系学(syntactics)研究符号之间的形式关系。

语义学(semantics)研究符号与符号所代表的事物之间的关系。

语用学(pragmatics)研究符号与符号解释者之间的关系。

语用学与语义学的联系和区别：语用学和语义学都是符号学的分支。

语义学主要指狭义的语义学，即逻辑语义学，它研究句子和词语本身的意义，研究命题的真值条件(truth conditions)。

语用学研究言语使用上的意义，研究传递语言信息的适宜条件(felicity conditions)。

语义学揭示的意义是二元关系的句子意义(sentence meaning)，解决"Whatdoes Xmean?"的问题。

语用学揭示的是三元关系的说话人意义(Speaker meaning)，解决"What did you mean by X?"的问题。

语境(context)：最狭义的语境是指语言的上下文。

语境还必须包括语言外的因素。

语境因素包括语言知识、语言外知识；语言知识包括对所使用的语言的掌握、对语言交际上文的了解；语言外知识包括背景知识、情景知识、相互知识，背景知识包括百科全书式的知识(常识)、特定文化的社会规范、特定文化的会话规则，情景知识包括交际的时间、地点、交际的主题、交际的正是程度、交际参与者的相互关系。

语境是一个动态的、发展的概念。

交际本身就是一个动态的过程，在交际过程中，语境也随之而变。

有些语境因素相对来说比较稳定，例如背景知识、交际的时间、地点等，但有些因素却会变化，特别重要的是相互知识这一因素，它在交际过程中不断扩大，原来不为双方所共有的知识完全可能在交际过程中变为相互知识，成为进一步交际的基础。

语言学资料Pragmatics解析

How to Do Things with Words (1962)
analyzing the role of utterances in relation to the behavior of the speaker and the hearer in interpersonal communication
users.
Some Basic Notions in Pragmatics
Pragmatics, Semantics
Semantics---- is the study of the literal meaning of a sentence (without taking context into consideration).
E.g. It is cold in here. You have left the door wide open. Morning !
*** the most important part = the illocutionary acts
E.g. ---- (the telephone rings) ----H: That’s the phone. (a) ----W: I’m in the bathroom. (b) ----H: Okay. (c)
Austin’s New Model of Speech Acts
a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking:
Locutionary act----an act of saying something, i.e. an act of making a meaningful utterance (conveying the literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology).

语言学--Pragmatics ppt课件

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ppt课件
• Speech acts is a term derived from the work of the philosopher J. L. Austin (1962) and now used to refer to a theory which analyzes the role of utterances in relation to the behavior of the speaker and the hearer in interpersonal communication. It aims to answer the question “What do we do when using language?”
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ppt课件
6.2.3 Anaphora
• You need to know: definition of anaphora, antecedent, anaphor indirect anaphora and direct anaphora
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ppt课件
6.2.4 Presupposition
• a. Can I look at your Shakespeare? • b. Sure, it’s on the shelf over there. • You need to know • inference: process • reference: the act
9ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
ppt课件
6.2.2 Deixis
• You need to know: definition of deixis five types of deixis
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ppt课件
definition of deixis

understanding pragmatics pdf

understanding pragmatics pdf Understanding Pragmatics: A Comprehensive GuideIntroduction:Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics that focuses on how context influences the meaning and interpretation of language. It plays a crucial role in communication, as it helps us understand the intended meaning behind words and sentences. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of pragmatics, exploring its key concepts, theories, and applications.I. Key Concepts of Pragmatics:1.1 Contextual Factors:- Pragmatics emphasizes the significance of context in language interpretation.- Contextual factors include the physical environment, social setting, participants' background knowledge, and shared assumptions.1.2 Cooperative Principle:- The Cooperative Principle, proposed by philosopher H.P. Grice, suggests that people tend to communicate in a cooperative manner.- It consists of four maxims: the maxim of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner.II. Theories of Pragmatics:2.1 Speech Act Theory:- Speech Act Theory, developed by J.L. Austin and further expanded by J. Searle, focuses on the performative function of language.- It categorizes speech acts into three types: locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts.2.2 Politeness Theory:- Politeness Theory, proposed by sociolinguists Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson, explores how people manage face-saving strategies in communication.- It distinguishes between positive politeness (emphasizing solidarity) and negative politeness (emphasizing deference).2.3 Relevance Theory:- Relevance Theory, formulated by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, suggests that communication is driven by the principle of relevance.- It posits that people seek to maximize the relevance of the information they receive.III. Applications of Pragmatics:3.1 Implicature:- Implicature refers to the implied meaning conveyed by a speaker that goes beyond the literal interpretation of words.- Grice's Cooperative Principle and conversational implicature are closely related to this concept.3.2 Speech Acts in Legal Discourse:- Pragmatics plays a vital role in legal discourse, where the illocutionary force of speech acts is crucial for legal interpretation.- Understanding the pragmatics of legal language is essential for lawyers, judges, and legal professionals.3.3 Cross-Cultural Pragmatics:- Cross-cultural pragmatics examines how cultural factors influence communication strategies and interpretation.- It emphasizes the importance of cultural norms, values, and expectations in understanding pragmatic meaning.IV. Implications for Language Teaching:4.1 Teaching Pragmatic Competence:- Pragmatic competence refers to the ability to use language appropriately in various social contexts.- Language teachers should incorporate pragmatic instruction to enhance students' communicative skills.4.2 Teaching Speech Acts:- Teaching speech acts helps learners understand how to perform various language functions, such as requesting, apologizing, and persuading.- Role-plays and authentic materials can be used to practice and reinforce speech acts.4.3 Developing Intercultural Awareness:- Teaching pragmatics can foster intercultural awareness and sensitivity, helping learners navigate cultural differences in communication.- Encouraging discussions and providing real-life examples can enhance learners' understanding of diverse pragmatic norms.V. Conclusion:In conclusion, understanding pragmatics is essential for effective communication. By considering contextual factors, applying relevant theories, and exploring its applications, individuals can enhance their pragmatic competence. Language teachers can play a vital role in teaching pragmatics, facilitating intercultural understanding and promoting effective communication across diverse contexts. By delving into the intricacies of pragmatics, individuals can navigate the complexities of language use and interpretation with greater proficiency.。

interlanguage pragmatics

Theoretical Background
三. 合作原则（CP）质的准则（说真话）量的准则（不多说也不少说）关联准则（说的话与要表达的意图有关联）
方式准则（说话做到清楚明白易懂）
Three important problems of Interlanguage Pragmatics
Secondly, as the term “interlanguage pragmatics” itself indeed suggests, research should concentrate both on learners’ use and acquisition of pragmatic knowledge.
Pragmalinguistic transfer
Pragmalinguistic transfer thus refers to the process by which learners select certain
strategies and forms from their L1 to transport into their interlanguage. The
In the following, two major differentiations relevant to a discussion of pragmatic transfer are introduced, namely the differentiation between pragmalinguistic/sociopragmatic transfer and that between positive/negative transfer.
Underlying the definitions are two basic points. Firstly, interlanguage pragmatics is concerned with language in use, i.e., with language as action — the subject of pragmatics.

英语语用学pragmatics

context

For example, “ It is cold in here.” from semantics, it simply expresses the semantic proposition of “the low temperature in a certain place”. They do not consider the following factors as “who speaks it to whom , when, where, why etc. In other words , they do not include context in the study of meanings
Definitions of Pragmatics
Definition 1: Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of a language. 语用学是对在一种语言的结构中被语法化或被编码的那些语言和语境之间的关系的研究。
Austin’s new model

Later,he gave up his distinction between constatives and performatives and set up his new model-a speaker might be performing 3 acts at the same time when speaking: locutionary act言内行为,illocutionary act言外行为 and perlocutionary言后行为.

经典：Understanding-Pragmatics

sentence level
❖ The above branches study the ingredients that make up a language with focus on unit of analysis
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Morris’ distinction between syntax, semantics and pragmatics
Understanding Pragmatics
Nankai University Li Yi
16 August, 2007
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What is pragmatics about ?
Pragmatics is defined as the study of language use
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Components of a linguistic theory.
signs and their users or interpreters
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A pragmatic perspective -interdisciplinary
➢ Pragmatic study at level of speech sounds
Students with a significant degree of dialectal variation will find that the language they use sounds quite different depending on whether they are in university context or speaking to their parents
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Pragmatic study at level of morphology
➢ Compounding: the word-formation process which expands

Pragmatics-1

Discussion
A: Are you coming to the lecture this afternoon? B: It's on pragmatics.
Qs: 1. What does B want to communicate? 2. How can A get to know what B means? 3. What factors are involved in making the inference? etc.
后经证实了解，该男子名为李启铭父亲李刚是保定市某公安分局副局长。此事一出迅速成为网友和媒体热议的焦点，“我爸是李刚”语句也迅速成为网络最火的流行语。
Semantics----What does X mean?----X means Y", Pragmatics----"What do you mean by X?----S means Y
1) Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning
2).Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning.
3). Pragmatics is the study of how more gets than said.
Welcome to Pragmatics!
Melody Guangzhou University
Warm-up
What do you know about pragmatics?
(“pragma-”, a Latin root, means “act” or “action”) as a branch of linguistic study?
--the study of contextual meaning [how context determines meaning and shapes the way meaning is conveyed]

语用学文献综述

语用学文献综述摘要:语用学作为一门独立的学科,至今不过二十多年时间,但其发展速度和影响却是不可忽视的.本文将对语用学的发展做一个简要的回顾,并就其在我国的发展情况进一步作简要介绍.关键字: 语用学发展综述一引言语用学自20世纪70，80年代由西方学者们建立起来之后，其作为一门独立的学科,至今不过二十多年时间，但它却受到了各科学者极大的重视，取得了很大的发展，成为了外语界和汉语界共同研究的热点。

二语用学的发展语用学的发展大致经历了以下几个发展阶段:1 语用学的源起:在回顾语用学的发展历程之前,我们有必要先了解一下语用学产生的背景.20世纪初,现代语言学的奠基人索绪尔区分了语言和言语, 历时研究和共时研究, 纵向替代和横向组合关系这三对重要的语言学概念. 在他的语言和语言学理论影响下,相继出现了结构主义语言学的几个重要学派. 一直到20世纪50年代,语言学领域一直是结构主义语言学一统天下的局面, 他们重视研究语言能力研究, 忽视语言运用研究. 直到20世纪中叶,乔姆斯基转换生成语法的提出, 使得人们开始重视起语义方面的研究, 一些学者出版了相关著作.语义研究的加强直接导致了语用学的产生和蓬勃发展. 但直到20世纪60年代, 语用学一直作为"废纸篓" 接纳语义学无法解决或者没有提及的内容.早在1938年,美国哲学家Morris 就已经提出将符号学分为三个部分:句法学, 语义学和语用学. 也是他第一个提出了"语用学"这个概念. 但是Morris在这里提到的语用学实际上有区别与我们今天所学习的语用学. 或者可以说, Morris 所研究的是符号语用学, 而我们今天所研究的属于语言语用学.虽然Morris的理论得到了一些学者的认同, 但在这之后的40年时间里, 其发展在语言学领域一直处于停滞状态.在50年代中期到60年代末, 语用学的发展取得了很大的进步.1955年,美国哲学家奥斯汀(Austin) 提出了著名的言语行为理论, 这是语用学上的第一个重要理论的出现. 他认为"任何言语都是在实施行为, 至于话语具体实施什么样的行为, 在一定程度上要依赖语境而确定."(杨文秀:2003). 他进一步将每一个言语行为划分为是在实施三个行为,即locutiongary action(言内行为), illocutionary action (言外行为) and perlocutionary action(言后行为). 言外行为是我们表达和研究的重点.奥斯汀的学生塞尔(Searle)继承并发扬了他的老师的观点.并进一步提出了间接行为理论", 即说话人不仅可以通过直接言语行为, 而且可以通过实施某种言语行为可以间接地实施另一种言语行为.美国哲学家格莱斯(Grice)提出了人类言语中普遍遵循的原则------合作原则, 并进一步将其细化为四个准则: 量的准则, 质的准则, 关联准则, 方式准则. 至此, 语用学的基本理论已经形成.1977年, <<语用学杂志>>在荷兰正式出版发行; 1983年, 第一本语用学教科书Pragmatics(由语言学家莱文森著)问世; 1986年国际语用协会(IPrA)成立. 这三件大事标志着语用学作为语言研究的一个相对独立地分科得到学术界地承认.3 语用学的繁荣发展90年代以来,语用学以惊人地速度发展着,除了大批学术论文外, 一批语用研究的专著相继问世.如:Grundy, Doing Pragmatics( 2000 )Kasper, G. & Blum-Kulka. Interlanguage Pragmatics ( 1993)Mey, J. Pragmatics: An Introduction. ( 1993)Thomas, J.Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. ( 1995.)V erschueren, J. Understanding Pragmatics. ( 1999.)George Yule. Pragmatics.(1996)etc.这几本专著的侧重点各自不同,而且每本著作里都有作者自己对语用学独到地见解,这对语用学的飞速发展创造了很大的条件.三语用学的基础知识莱文森(Levinson)认为,语用学可以分为两大流派, 一是英美学派,他们把语用学看作是语言学的一个分枝,与句法学,语义学等并列, 有人称其是语用学的分相论,其研究大多是脱离语境进行的. 现在这种观点多被称为微观语用学. 二是欧洲大陆学派,以May, V erschueren 为代表人物, 他们主张将语用学看作是语言功能的综观, 认为语用学没有具体的基本研究内容, 认为凡是与语言的使用和理解有关的都可以看作语用学的研究对象, V erschueren在他的著作Understanding Pragmatic 中,系统的阐述的这种综观论. 人们一般称其为宏观语用学,其研究分枝主要有社会语用学,跨文化语用学以及认知语用学等. 分相论一直被语用学界接受为普遍的看法.但是语用学的研究也并不是被这两种流派二分天下的, 德国当代著名思想家,哲学家哈贝马斯(Habermas)从强调交际中的语用规范出发,提出了"规范语用学"(formal pragmatics)的概念. 但事实证明这是一种建立在理想化语境下的研究,是不会成功的.2 语用学的主要研究内容目前, 一般把指别(deixis),会话含义(conversational implicature), 预设(presuppotion),言语行为理论(sppech act theory), 会话分析(conversational analysis) 以及微观上的礼貌原则(polite principle), 合作原则(cooperative principle)等作为语用学的主要研究内容.四语用学在我国的发展情况语用学从20世纪80年代初开始, 其理论和研究方法才开始被引入到我国,到现在也不过20几年时间, 但它在我国的传播却十分迅速. 一般认为我国学者在语用学方面的研究工作主要可以分为以下两个大的方向:一是引进国外理论,二是与汉语结合进行相关的语用学研究.最早在国内介绍语用学相关理论地是北京大学地胡壮麟教授. 它在<<国外语言学>>上发表的题为<<语用学>> (1980), 是最早也是最全面细致的介绍国外相关理论的学术文章.此后, 国内许多专家学者也纷纷开始出版,发表有关语言学的论文, 如:钱冠连, 语用学在中国: 起步与展望, (1990);何自然, 语用学方法论刍议, (1999);何自然, 我国近年莱的语用学研究, (2004);黄次栋. 语用学与语用错误, (1984);此外, 许多专家也出版了一些语用学方面的教科书并翻译了一些外国学术著作, 作为语言学专业学生了解这门学科的快速, 直接有效的途径, 如:索振羽, 语用学教程, (2000)姜望琪, Pragmatics: theories and applications, (2000)何自然,冉永平，语用学概论, (2002)何兆熊, 语用学概要, (1999)钱冠连等,语用学诠释, (2003) 等这些著作或是创作都为语用学理论何研究方法在我国的快速传播起到了巨大的推动作用.同时这也是为我国学者创造自己的理论而积蓄力量. 但直到目前, 我国学者所进行的基本上是对西方现有的语用学理论加以评论、修正和补充如钱冠连(1986,1989)对格赖斯的合作原则及其各会话准则提出不同的看法; 徐盛衡对“新格赖斯会话含意理论”这种语用推导机制修正和补充,进而提出自己的会话含意理论框架; 顾曰国(1990) 结合汉语对对“礼貌原则”的探讨,并对“礼貌原则”和“面子”概念作出了重要修正. 这些研究成果是我国学者在语用学道路上取得的巨大进步, 但是我们在自己的理论创造方面仍然急需加强.五结束语语用学是一门历史悠久的学科, 其内容早在古希腊、古罗马时期便受到学者的关注。

Pragmatics

What’s Pragmatics? A macro view
• 纵观论： • Pragmatics is “a perspective on language”
• it emphasizes the pragmatic aspects of all parts of linguistics, including psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics and other areas…
• 英美学派认为语用学是研究语言在应用过程中 • 表现出来的意义的一门科学, 是语言学的一个分支 • (何自然, 1988; Huang, 2001) 。它与音位学、音 • 系学、句法学、语义学处于平行的地位, 有自己的 • 基本分析单元, 如指示语、前提、会话含意、言语 • 行为、会话结构等。语用学的任务就是对这些话语 • 成分做动态的研究。英美学派对语用学范围划分得 • 较为严格, 比较接近传统的语言学内容, 多与研究 • 句子结构和语法有关, 故称作微观语用学(micro• pragmatics) , 又称语用学分相论
•
• 欧洲大陆学派认为语言具有变异性( variability) , 商时性( negotiability) 和顺应性 ( adaptability) , 语言使用的过程实际上是为了顺应而不断做出语言选择的过程。任何语用描写和语用解释都应从语境顺应、结构顺应、动态顺应和顺应过程的意识程度四个角度进行综合的语用分析。
• It’s cold in here. • Miss, the bell rang. • 语用学的研究对象？
Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said (Yule,

Pragmatics

Definition

Levinson (1983:6---27) listed about several definitions about pragmatics: Definition 1:

Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of a language.

The development of modern pragmatics to a process of colonization, “this colonization was only the last stage of a wave-by-wave expansion of linguistics from a narrow discipline dealing with the physical data of speech, to a broad discipline taking in form, meaning and context” (1983: 2). “When linguistic pioneers such as Ross and Lakoff staked a claim in pragmatics in the late 1960s, they encountered there an indigenous breed of philosophers of language who had been quietly cultivating the territory for some time. In fact, the more lasting influences on modern pragmatics have been those of philosophers; notably, in recent years, Austin (1962), Searle (1969), and Grice (1975). (Leech 1983: 2)”.

会话分析中“Repair”的汉译问题

会话分析中“Repair”的汉译问题作者：祝永丽来源：《现代交际》2014年第10期[摘要]“Repair”是会话分析中常用的术语之一，也是言语交际过程中普遍存在的语言现象。

术语译名的准确性与规范性直接影响该学科领域的发展。

然而，国内一些学者对“repair”的译名众说纷纭，存在的译名有“修正”“修补”“纠正”“更改”“纠偏”“纠错”以及“纠误”。

结合“repair”的多种译名，本文从“repair”在普通语境中的基本词义和“repair”所指的语言现象这两个角度进行分析，认为采取“修补”这一译名更加合理、科学，并试图给“repair”下定义。

[关键词]修补术语汉译失误源[中图分类号]H059 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1009-5349（2014）10-0024-02科技交流日益频繁，术语数量不断增加，被形容为“知识爆炸”。

因此，规范术语翻译已迫在眉睫。

术语是一种形式与意义相结合的语言符号。

术语的科学性、严谨性、规范性往往代表一门学科的发展水平，其译名的准确性与合理性对专业学科的研究与发展是十分重要的。

鉴于术语翻译的混乱，“梳理与厘定”势在必行。

（辜正坤，1998）一、研究背景20世纪70年代美国民俗方法论者Schegloff等人（1977）首次提出“repair”这一术语（本文将其译为“修补”），旨在描写会话以及其他互动言谈中处理听、说以及理解方面出现的错误或不恰当表达的做法。

何自然的专著《语用学概论》对其中两种修补现象进行探讨，被认为是国内关于会话修补研究的开端。

到目前为止，相关的研究主要集中在：自我修补、修补失误源、修补结构、会话修补模式、修补的认知研究、英语课堂会话中的修补片段等，也有个别学者对修补标记语进行探讨，鲜有学者对会话分析中“repair”这一术语的译名给予关注。

二、Repair的翻译现状Repair是话语分析常用的关键术语，近年来受到话语分析学家、心理语言学家、二语习得研究者、社会语言学家、计算机语言学家的关注。