Processing and Interpretation of Density and Neutron Logs for the Evaluation of CBM Reservoirs
Computer-Vision计算机视觉英文ppt
Its mainstream research is divided into three stages:
Stage 1: Research on the visual basic method ,which take the model world as the main object;
Stage 2: Research on visual model ,which is based on the computational theory;
the other is to rebuild the three dimensional object according to the two-dimensional projection images .
History of computer vision
1950s: in this period , statistical pattern recognition is most applied in computer vision , it mainly focuse on the analysis and identification of two-dimensional image,such as: optical character recognition, the surface of the workpiece, the analysis and interpretation of the aerial image.
应用语言学 重点整理(各类名解 术语对比 简答)
1.Applied linguistics aimed to solve problems in various fields by applying the knowledge of linguistics.2.The nature of applied linguistics:Independent Interdisciplinary Applied scienceEmpirical science♥3.名：Non-cognitive VS Cognitive:Non-cognitive：1)refers to “the change in a behavioral tendency” as the result of repeated reinforced practice of stimulus-response.2) refers to the change of external behavior 外部行为变化3) is mechanical connection between stimuli and responsesCognitive:1) is the conceptual process experienced in the association between stimuli and responses2) refers to the acquisition and organization of meaning3) is a process of getting to know the outside world through understanding and deduction 推断演绎4. learning includes not only deliberately acquired new associations (intentional learning)意向学习but also those acquired without conscious awareness. (incidental learning)附带学习5．Philosophical bases of learning theories:The pessimistic view 悲观论The hedonistic view 快乐主义The optimistic view 乐观论The tabula-rasa or “blank-slate”view: in behaviorism, the starting point for first language acquisition was sometimes assumed to be zero.( a blank slate) 白板论6. 1.Pavlov’s classical conditioning❖Experiment :Salivation reflex in dogs❖Food; sound of bell/light; salivate❖Contiguity and repetition2.Thorndike’s instrumental conditioning 工具性条件反射❖Experiment :Trial and error behavior of animals❖Trial and error :试错法，尝试错误说：一种通过尝试各式各样的方法或理论直到错误被充分地减少或杜绝从而达到正确的解决方法或令人满意的结果的方法Three laws of learning:❖Law of readiness：准备率（感兴趣）❖Law of exercise：练习率Repetition of a conditioned response would strengthen the bond between the stimulus situation and the response.❖Law of effect：效果率It states that “when a modifiable connection is made and is accompanied by or followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the strength of the connection is increased.”3.Hul’ SOR theory:S-O-R: O: intervening variables中间变量. His major assumption involved the inner states in people. It is used to signify the importance of intervening happenings in the organism.♥7.简：Stimulus-response theory 刺激-反应理论It describes learning as the formation of associations between responses. A stimulus is that which produces a change of reaction in an individual or organism. A response is the behavior which is produced as a reaction to a stimulus. Reinforcement is a stimulus which follows the occurrence of a response and affects the probability of that response occurring or not occurring again.♥8.简：Gestalt psychology：The meaning of gestalt: pattern or configuration (结构，形状整体) it refers to a whole that is greater than the sum total of its parts.A gestalt is a form, and there is a form which is present in a whole which is lost when the parts are examined in detail without reference to their relationship to the whole.9.Advance organizer先行组织者: it is an activity which helps students organize their thoughts and ideas as a preparation for learning or studying something.♥10.名：Competence VS PerformanceCompetence：refers to a person’s internalized knowledge of a language. In other words, competence refers to what person knows about a language.Performance：refers to the actual use of a language. It refers to how a person actually uses his competence in comprehension and production of a language. (CHOMSKY)11.The features of L1 acquisition：❖1)universally successful 全世界都成功❖2) no explicit instruction❖3) rapid (0-4 years old)❖4) conditional (i. exposure; ii. Critical period—1.5-4 years old; iii. No mental deficiency).12.Some scholars suggest that children are able to learn language because adults speak to them in a special “simplified” language sometimes called motherese, caretakerese-, or child directed speech. (CDS) (more informally, baby talk).♥13.名：Order vs. SequenceOrder of acquisition refers to the fact that one linguistic form, rule and item is acquired before another. Sequence of acquisition refers to the stages that learners go through in learning a TL feature.Developmental pattern is a cover term for order and sequence.14.Foreign Language vs. Second LanguageForeign language refers to a language which is not a Native Language in a country. It is not used as a medium of instruction in the mainstream education, as a working language of mainstream mess media or as a language of communication within a country. 中国人在中国学英语Second language can be used interchangeably with “foreign language”. It is also used to refer to a language that a person with a first language learns and acquires in a country where the language is a Native Language.中国人在英国学英语15.Differences between child and adult learnersKrashen’s summary of findings: adults and older children in general initially acquire the second language faster than young children, but children second language acquirer will usually be superior in terms of ultimate attainment.16.The biological explanation：1.有偏向左半球大脑，右手灵活2.这种偏侧性增强到5岁左右3.有些语言部分不完全偏向左脑，直到青春期♥17.简：Interlanguage theory 中介语理论Definition: The type of language produced by second-and-foreign-language learners who are in the process of learning a language. It’s actually a system bordering on the first language and the target language.❖ a. borrowing patterns from the mother tongue❖ b. extending patterns from the target language, e.g by analog❖ c. expressing meaning using the words and grammar which are already known.it is sometimes said to result from the learner’s interlanguage system or approximative systemCharacteristic of interlanguage system1) reduced or simplified system 2)dynamic♥18.简：the Monitor theory 监控理论Description of Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition1.the Acquisition-Learning hypothesis,2.the Monitor hypothesis,The Monitor hypothesis explains the relationship between acquisition and learning and defines the influence of the latter on the former. The monitoring function is the practical result of the learned grammar. According to Krashen, the acquisition system is the utterance initiator, while the learning system performs the role of the 'monitor' or the 'editor'.The 'monitor' acts in a planning, editing and correcting function when three specific conditions are met: that is, 1)the second language learner has sufficient time at his/her disposal, 2)he/she focuses on form or thinks about correctness, and3) he/she knows the rule.3.the Natural Order hypothesis,the hypothesis that children acquiring their 2nd language acquire linguistic forms, rules, and items in a similar order.4.the Input hypothesis,The idea that exposure to comprehensible input which contains structures that are slightly in advance of a learner’s current level of competence is the necessary and sufficient cause of SLA5.the Affective Filter hypothesis.♥19.名：Acquisition(习得) vs Learning(学得)According to kranshen, there are 2 independent systems of second language performance “the acquisition system”and “the learned system”.The “acquisition system” or “acquisition” is the product of a subconscious process very similar to the process children undergo when they acquire their first language. It requires meaningful interaction in the target language —natural communicative in which speakers are concentrated not in the form of their utterances, but in the communicative act.The learned system or learning is the product of formal instruction and it comprises a conscious process which results in conscious knowledge about the language. For example: knowledge of grammar rule.20.The creative construction modelit asserts that L2 learners do not merely imitate the language they are exposed to, but subconsciously construct mental grammars which allow them to produce and understand words, phrases and sentences they have not heard before。
关于Chad C. Duplantis, DDS, FAGD的文章说明书
by Chad C. Duplantis, DDS, FAGDDr. Chad Duplantisreceived his DDS degreefrom The University ofTexas Health ScienceCenter at San AntonioDental School in 1999.He continued with hispostdoctoral trainingat Baylor College ofDentistry, earninga certificate in advanced education in generaldentistry in 2000. In July 2017, he received hisfellowship in the Academy of General Dentistry.Duplantis has been in private practice since 2000in the north Fort Worth, Texas, area and treatsall ages with an emphasis on restorative and aesthetic dentistry. Duplantis has always had aninterest in “high-tech” dentistry and has been incorporating CAD/CAM technology in his practicesince 2004. He is a member of Catapult EducationSpeaker’s Bureau and has also been a memberof several aesthetic and restorative continuums,most recently the Spear Education Study Club.He is also a clinical consultant for GlidewellLaboratories.Duplantis resides in Keller, Texas, with his wife, Ellen, and his children, Austin and Ava. He is an avidcyclist, enjoys shooting sporting clays, fishing,traveling and being outdoors. 58NOVEMBER 2018 // AbstractClinical dentistry is filled with many pro-cesses and decisions that ultimately determinethe fate and quality of the care provided.Cementation of indirect restorations is noexception, because several opinions exist inregard to adhesion dentistry. This articleshould help clinicians make better decisionswhen it comes to cementation and indirectrestorative dentistry.IntroductionDental cementation has progresseddramatically since the introduction of zincoxide eugenol in the 1850s. Manufacturersof dental materials have made minor changeswith profound impacts in each generation ofcements, which has created a highly diverseportfolio that can be confusing to decipher.1With each generation of cement come newindications, directions, handling propertiesand techniques.In addition to the diverse range ofcements available, dentistry has also evolvedto offer many options for indirect restorations.These restorations have evolved to a pointthat industry pioneers may have neverimagined; however, failure can occur if therestorations are not handled and cementedproperly. Even among materials, the typeof restoration—crown, veneer, onlay, inlay,etc.—can have a profound impact on cementselection.This article examines the most com-monly used cements, in conjunction withthe most commonly used restorations.The intent is to minimize stress in thedecision-making process for dental cemen-tation. Understanding the materials andcement selection is paramount for consistentpredictable outcomes.CementsWith variations in nomenclature, thereare three main classifications of cementsthat are widely used and accepted in clinicalpractice: luting, self-adhesive resin andadhesive resin cements. Each has not onlyspecific indications but also specific protocolsto ensure success.It should also be stressed that no specificcement satisfies all the requirements ofevery clinical situation; therefore, productknowledge is imperative.2Cementationand Bonding A practical clinicalapproach tounderstandingthe processLuting cementsA luting cement merely creates a seal between the restoration and the tooth. There is only a physical connection, no chemical connection (or bond).3Resin modified glass ionomer cements Traditional glass ionomer (GI) cements have been utilized for more than 40 years; however, in the early 1990s, resin modi-fied glass ionomer (RMGI) cements were introduced. RMGI cements represent an improvement over traditional GI cements with the addition of methacrylate monomers.4 They have an improved flexural strength, are biocompatible, and although they’re classified as luting cements, they provide a greater bond than traditional GI cements.RMGI cements are attractive to clinicians because they release fluoride ions, don’t require additional bonding adhesives and have little or no postoperative sensitivity.5,6They are indicated for multiple types ofrestorations, though reports indicate thatleucite and feldspathic restorations have anincidence of fracture if luted with RMGI.It is imperative that proper retention andresistance form be followed for successfulcementation with RMGI cements.1Resin cementsResin cements are a general classificationof cements, with many advancements creatingsubcategories. This general classification isthe most widely used classification of cementsin modern dentistry.1 The two categoriesthat will be addressed here are adhesive andself-adhesive cements.Adhesive resin cementsAdhesive resin cements have been aroundlonger than self-adhesive cements. Theyhave multiple indications, and each needsto be thoroughly investigated before use. \\ NOVEMBER 201859There are self-cure, dual-cure and light-cure versions of this cement. A detailed bonding protocol may exist for success, including pretreatment of the tooth and the intaglio surface of the restoration.In addition, dependent upon the type of adhesive, a silane coupling agent may be necessary for bonding to the restoration.7 Multiple shades are available, as well as corresponding try-in pastes (dependent upon the manufacturer).Self-adhesive resin cementsSelf-adhesive resin cements are oftenreferred to as “universal cements.” With aninitial pH of 2.1–2.3, they are acidic enough to “etch” the tooth,8 while their monomersenhance the bond strength without applying a separate priming or bonding agent (which isn’t recommended by most manufacturers).Most of these are dual-cure materials,and although the bond strengths aren’t ashigh as those of adhesive resin cements,the bond strength is increased when light initiates the set.8The indications are vast:crowns, bridges, inlays and onlays of allmaterials. Veneers aren’t recommended as anindication by most manufacturers, because the long-term color stability can be an issuewith these cements.The restorationsAccording to Glidewell Laboratories,the No. 1 requested restoration is a zirconia restoration (either full or porcelain layered). A distant second is lithium silicate and disilicate; a metal coping (gold, precious or semiprecious) is third.9 Each material should be treated differently for successful cementation.Ceramics and glass ceramicsCeramics and glass materials can be mistaken as similar by many clinicians. It is important to understand that ceramics fall into three main categories: predominantly glass ceramics, particle-filled glass ceramics and polycrystalline.10,11 These categories behave differently and should be treated as such.Predominantly glass ceramicsThis type of ceramic is composed of feldspar minerals and aluminum oxides. These ceramics are generally referred to as “feldspathic” ceramics. They are highly aesthetic and can be used for porcelain jacket crowns, inlays, onlays and veneers.Because of their low strength and fracture resistance, it’s recommended to cement these restorations with adhesive resin cements.10 To effectively bond these restorations, it’s recommended that the intaglio surface be treated with 9.6 percent hydrofluoric (HF) acid for a minimum of one minute (with a maximum of 2.5 minutes), followed by application of MDP primer (silane) for one minute, and then air drying.10,12Particle-filled glass ceramicsParticle-filled glass ceramics containdifferent types and amounts of particles in a glassy matrix. The strength of these materials corresponds to the amount of particles included and a lesser amount of glassy matrix. There are three commonly known variations: leucite-reinforced, lithium disilicate and glass-infiltrated alumina. The three rank in strength, lowest to highest, based upon filler content in the order presented. These materials may be used for crowns, veneers, inlays and onlays.The three materials are recommended to be treated differently before cementation.• For leucite-reinforced, a 5 percentHF acid etch for one minute is recommended along with adhesive cementation.• For lithium disilicate, a 5 percentHF acid etch for 20 seconds is recommended.• For glass-infiltrated alumina, airabrasion with either aluminum oxide or a silica coated oxide particle is recommended.10I believe that lithium disilicate and glass-infiltrated alumina are best cemented adhesively (with either adhesive or self-adhe-sive resin); however, it is possible to cement these two classifications with RMGI, and the use of a silane primer may not be indicated.60NOVEMBER 2018 // In addition to the diverse cements available, dentistry has also evolved to offer many optionsfor indirect restorations. These restorations have evolved to a point thatindustry pioneers may have never imagined; however, failure can occur if the restorations are nothandled and cemented properly.PolycrystallinePolycrystalline restorations are either densely sintered aluminum oxide or zir-conium oxide.10 According to Glidewell Laboratories, zirconium oxide restorations represent the predominant classification utilized by dentists.9 These restorations have numerous indications in dentistry, including full-coverage crowns. Both zirconia and alumina are nonsilica-based, metal-free restorations and therefore need to be treated differently from conventional ceramics.Retentive elements of the preparation play a role in cement choice. These may be cemented with conventional cements (RMGI) if the prep is retentive.13 There is also evidence to suggest that a bond is capable if treated correctly. Dr. Marcus Blatz has coined the “APC zirconia bonding concept.” The intaglio surface should be treated via sandblasting, with a 50–60µm aluminum oxide below two bars, followed by treatment with a primer suitable for zirconia or alumina. The final step is to use a dual- or self-cure resin cement. It’s important to not use a light-cure only cement, because the cement will not fully polymerize.14Hybrid ceramicsHybrid ceramics, introduced in 2012, are the newest classification of indirect material.15 There are several materials, each made of a ceramic particle dispersed in a resin matrix, up to 86 percent filled.16 Each manufacturer lists different usages, but most hybrid ceramics are indicated for inlays, onlays, crowns, veneers and implant-supported restorations.These materials are very attractive to CAD/CAM users because of their fast milling, and there is no need for post-firing. Each has a unique bonding protocol that’s critical for proper adhesion. Because of the varying compositions, it’s imperative to follow manufacturer’s recommendations for adequate bonding.I recommend using a dual-cure adhesive resin cement (and corresponding adhesive) compatible with the material. In addition,sandblasting is recommended and HF acid is contraindicated for most restorations that fall under this classification.15–19Metal-based restorationsMetal-based restorations do not consti-tute a large percentage of dental restorations today (Glidewell Dental Laboratories, 2018). Although variations in metal composition exist, these materials can be cemented similarly to the alumina- and zirconia-based restorations. Either RMGI or dual- or self-cured resin cements can be used with success.20 If a resin cement is selected, the use of metal primers is debatable but does not provide an adverse effect.21–23Clinical case presentationAn IPS E.max-pressed restoration—particle-filled glass, lithium disilicate from Ivoclar Vivadent—was chosen to replace a failed PFM crown on tooth #13.This restoration can be cemented using a luting RMGI, a self-adhesive resin cement or an adhesive resin cement. I prefer to bond most lithium disilicate restorations with adhesive resin cements, as opposed to zirconia-based restorations, to add increased adhesion, because of the lesser strength of the restoration.The restoration was etched with 5 percent HF acid for 20 seconds, because this had not been previously done by the lab. The intaglio surface of the restoration was then cleaned with alcohol. Ceramic Bond from Voco was applied and allowed to air-dry for 60 seconds. Before cement application, oil-free air was blown for 5 seconds to ensure no pooling of adhesive (Fig. 1).The tooth was anesthetized to decrease any sensitivity before and during cemen-tation. After administration of infiltrated anesthetic, the tooth was cleansed with Consepsis 2 percent chlorhexidine rinse from Ultradent (Fig. 2). Although this step is optional, the product is antimicrobial and does not interfere with bond strength.24 Futurabond U from Voco was then applied for 20 seconds, then gently air-dried for five seconds (Fig. 3).62NOVEMBER 2018// After preparation of the restoration and the tooth, Bifix QM cement from Voco was placed into the restoration, which was then placed on the tooth with gentle pressure (Fig. 4). Once it had been seated, a two-second tack cure was performed (Fig. 5). The excess cement was easily removed with an explorer (Fig. 6). The cement was then allowed to cure for three minutes. Lastly, the final restoration was polished (Figs. 7 and 8).ConclusionAs presented, cementation of restorations presents the clinician with many possibilities. In clinical dentistry, the final decision is often based upon a practitioner’s preference. With many choices available, clinicians must look at the tooth and the restoration before making a decision. In the end, they must be confident they chose the best cement for that particular situation. Proper knowledge of our clinical armamentarium is paramount for clinical success. ■References1. Burgess JO, G. T. (2008). A Practical Guide To The UseOf Luting Cements. Retrieved June 21, 2018, from https:///courses/1526/PDF/APracti-calGuide.pdf2. Pritam Lad, M. K. (2014). Practical clinical consider-ations of luting cements: A review. J Int Oral Health, 6(1), 116–120.3. DeWood, G. M. (2011, October 1). Seating the crown:cement or bond? Dental Economics, 101(10). Retrieved from https:///articles/print/volume-101/issue-10.html4. Dehghan M, B. A. (2012). An Overview of PermanentCements: What a general practitioner needs to know to select the appropriate cement. Inside Dentistry, 8(11). Retrieved from https:///id/2012/11/an-overview-of-permanent-cements5. Maryam Khoroushi, F. K. (2013, Jul-Aug). A review ofglass-ionomers: From conventional glass-ionomers to bioactive glass-ionomer. Dent Res J, 10(4), 411-420.6. Christensen, G. (2010, February). Why use resin cements?Journal of the American Dental Association, 141(2), 204-206.7. Powers, J. (2012). Guide to All-Ceramic Bonding. NewYork, NY: Kuraray America, Inc. Retrieved June 25, 2018, from /guides/item/guide-to-all-ceramic-bonding8. Powers, J. (2008, February). Self-adhesive resin cements:Characteristics, Properties, and Manipulation. Aegis Dental Network, 2(1). Retrieved June 26, 2018, from https:///special-issues/2008/02/self-adhe-sive-resin-cements-characteristics-properties-and-manip-ulation9. Glidewell Dental Laboratories. (2018). Newport Beach, CA.Data on file.10. Vargas MA, e. a. (2011, April). Cementing all-ceramic resto-rations: recommendations for success. Journal of the American Dental Association, 142(Supp 2), 20S-4S.11. Kelly, JR. (2008). Dental ceramics: what is this stuff anyway?Journal of the American Dental Association, 139(Supp 9), 4S-7S.12. Santos Jr GC, e. a. (2009, June). Adhesive Cementationof Etchable Ceramic Esthetic Restorations. JCDA, 75(5), 379-384.13. Powers JM, O. K. (2009). Guide to Zirconia Bonding Essen-tials. New York, NY: Kuraray America, Inc. Retrieved June 25, 2018, from /zirconia-bond-ing-guide/item/guide-to-zirconia-bonding-essentials14. Blatz MB, e. a. (2016, October). How to Bond Zirconia: TheAPC Concept. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry, 37(9), 611-617.15. 3M ESPE. (2011). Lava Ultimate CAD/CAM Restorative.St. Paul, MN. Retrieved from http://www.d-way.cz/data/product/13/23/files/Lava_Ult_TPP.pdf16. VOCO America, I. (2018). Grandio Blocs. Retrieved June30, 2018, from VOCO The Dentalists: /us/product/grandio_blocs/index.html17. (November 2013). VITA ENAMIC Technical and Scientificdocumentation. D-79704 Bad Sackingen: VITA Zahnfabrik. Retrieved from https://www.memodent.nl/uploads/pdf/Vita%20Enamic%20-%20Technical%20and%20Scientif-ic%20documents_5043.pdf18. 3M ESPE. (2015). Lava Ultimate Restorative instructionsfor use English. St. Paul, MN. Retrieved from /mws/media/747392O/lava-ultimate-restor-ative-instructions-for-use-english.pdf19. GC America. (2018). CERASMART. Alsip, IL. Retrievedfrom /products/digital/CER-ASMART/index2.php20. Strassler HE, M. R. (2013, November). Cements for PFMand All-Metal Restorations: A cementation guide to reduce confusion and bolster success. Inside Dentistry, 9(11), 62-67.21. Antoniadou M, e. a. (2000, November). Effect of a new met-al primer on the bond strength between a resin cement and two high-noble alloys. J Prosthet Dent, 84(5), 554-60.22. Fonseca RG, e. a. (2009, April). Effect of metal primers onbond strength of resin cements to base metals. J Prosthet Dent, 101(4), 262-8.23. Anderson Pinheiro de Freitas, P. A. (2004, April/June). Ef-fect of a metal primer on the bond strength of the resin-metal interface. Journal of Applied Oral Science, 12(2). Retrieved from http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttex-t&pid=S1678-7757200400020000624. Ultradent Products, I. (2018). Consepsis. Retrieved August 7,2018, from https:///en-us/Dental-Prod-ucts-Supplies/Endodontics/Chemistries/Consepsis/Pages/default.aspx \\ NOVEMBER 201863。
弗里曼·提尔登及其诠释思想探究：一个亟待再认识的重要领域
弗里曼·提尔登及其诠释思想探究：一个亟待再认识的重要领域HIS HERMENEUTICS:AN IMPORTANT FIELD THAT NEEDS TO BE RE-RECOGNIZED 杨 勇 王大鹏 王明慧 张瀛丹 弗里曼•提尔登（Freeman Tilden）享有“解说之父”[1]“环境解说之父”“现代阐释之父”[2]“美国国家公园管理局局长顾问”等诸多光环。
以弗里曼•提尔登作为全文检索关键词，在中国知网（CNKI）可以检索到240余篇中文文献，主要论及弗里曼对interpretation（中文译法不一，如解说、阐释、诠释等）的定义，尤其是其六项基本原则。
然而，弗里曼的生平信息却为空白，导致国人对其知之甚少，甚至产生了不少误解。
基于对弗里曼的诠释思想和生平的追踪，本文“诠释”这一术语经常以“传播”“普及”“展示”和“公众教育”替代使用，在国际上已得到广泛关注。
生平空白、易被国人误解的弗里曼·提尔登，系遗产诠释领域的先驱，其诠释思想不只是交流事实信息的解释（说明），更重要的是揭示意义和关系的阐释。
弗里曼对遗产诠释的卓越贡献和孜孜不倦的个人魅力等因素，导致其被误认为“诠释之父”。
诠释学一词虽然缺席，其代表作仍不乏诠释学家的相关思想。
新时期我国科普事业的创新发展，亟待深入研究和引进以弗里曼为代表的诠释思想理念及相关诠释实践。
杨 勇 ｜ 弗里曼·提尔登及其诠释思想探究：一个亟待再认识的重要领域科技视界 ｜ 科普论坛重点探讨弗里曼的诠释思想是关于解释/解说还是阐释/诠释，弗里曼是否是解说（或诠释）之父，其跟 伽达默尔等哲学家及其诠释学是否存在交集等问题，以及对我国科普工作是否存在启示作用。
1.弗里曼的interpretation 是 否是“解说”？（1）解释、诠释、阐释中文辨析中国学者对interpretation 的翻译不尽相同：台湾学者多将其译为“解说”或“诠释”，大陆旅游学界及一些环境学者也将其译为“解说”[3]，其他译法还有诠释、阐释、展陈或展示等。
《跨文化交际》名词解释之欧阳家百创编
Introduction1.欧阳家百（2021.03.07）2.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvmentin international business operations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。
3.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnicdifferences and forming one large society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。
4.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people ofdifferent backgrounds and nationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。
5.Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化：文化中的文化6.Intercultural communication refers to communication betweenpeople whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
Chapter 17.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations aboutbeliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relativelylarge group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
自然语言处理及计算语言学相关术语中英对译表三_计算机英语词汇
multilingual processing system 多语讯息处理系统multilingual translation 多语翻译multimedia 多媒体multi-media communication 多媒体通讯multiple inheritance 多重继承multistate logic 多态逻辑mutation 语音转换mutual exclusion 互斥mutual information 相互讯息nativist position 语法天生假说natural language 自然语言natural language processing (nlp) 自然语言处理natural language understanding 自然语言理解negation 否定negative sentence 否定句neologism 新词语nested structure 崁套结构network 网络neural network 类神经网络neurolinguistics 神经语言学neutralization 中立化n-gram n-连词n-gram modeling n-连词模型nlp (natural language processing) 自然语言处理node 节点nominalization 名物化nonce 暂用的non-finite 非限定non-finite clause 非限定式子句non-monotonic reasoning 非单调推理normal distribution 常态分布noun 名词noun phrase 名词组np (noun phrase) completeness 名词组完全性object 宾语{语言学}/对象{信息科学}object oriented programming 对象导向程序设计[面向对向的程序设计]official language 官方语言one-place predicate 一元述语on-line dictionary 线上查询词典 [联机词点]onomatopoeia 拟声词onset 节首音ontogeny 个体发生ontology 本体论open set 开放集operand 操作数 [操作对象]optimization 最佳化 [最优化]overgeneralization 过度概化overgeneration 过度衍生paradigmatic relation 聚合关系paralanguage 附语言parallel construction 并列结构parallel corpus 平行语料库parallel distributed processing (pdp) 平行分布处理paraphrase 转述 [释意;意译;同意互训]parole 言语parser 剖析器 [句法剖析程序]parsing 剖析part of speech (pos) 词类particle 语助词part-of relation part-of 关系part-of-speech tagging 词类标注pattern recognition 型样识别p-c (predicate-complement) insertion 述补中插pdp (parallel distributed processing) 平行分布处理perception 知觉perceptron 感觉器 [感知器]perceptual strategy 感知策略performative 行为句periphrasis 用独立词表达perlocutionary 语效性的permutation 移位petri net grammar petri 网语法philology 语文学phone 语音phoneme 音素phonemic analysis 因素分析phonemic stratum 音素层phonetics 语音学phonogram 音标phonology 声韵学 [音位学;广义语音学] phonotactics 音位排列理论phrasal verb 词组动词 [短语动词]phrase 词组 [短语]phrase marker 词组标记 [短语标记]pitch 音调pitch contour 调形变化pivot grammar 枢轴语法pivotal construction 承轴结构plausibility function 可能性函数pm (phrase marker) 词组标记 [短语标记] polysemy 多义性pos-tagging 词类标记postposition 方位词pp (preposition phrase) attachment 介词依附pragmatics 语用学precedence grammar 优先级语法precision 精确度predicate 述词predicate calculus 述词计算predicate logic 述词逻辑 [谓词逻辑]predicate-argument structure 述词论元结构prefix 前缀premodification 前置修饰preposition 介词prescriptive linguistics 规定语言学 [规范语言学] presentative sentence 引介句presupposition 前提principle of compositionality 语意合成性原理privative 二元对立的probabilistic parser 概率句法剖析程序problem solving 解决问题program 程序programming language 程序设计语言 [程序设计语言] proofreading system 校对系统proper name 专有名词prosody 节律prototype 原型pseudo-cleft sentence 准分裂句psycholinguistics 心理语言学punctuation 标点符号pushdown automata 下推自动机pushdown transducer 下推转换器qualification 后置修饰quantification 量化quantifier 范域词quantitative linguistics 计量语言学question answering system 问答系统queue 队列radical 字根 [词干;词根;部首;偏旁]radix of tuple 元组数基random access 随机存取rationalism 理性论rationalist (position) 理性论立场 [唯理论观点]reading laboratory 阅读实验室real time 实时real time control 实时控制 [实时控制]recursive transition network 递归转移网络reduplication 重叠词 [重复]reference 指涉referent 指称对象referential indices 指针referring expression 指涉词 [指示短语]register 缓存器[寄存器]{信息科学}/调高{语音学}/语言的场合层级{社会语言学}regular language 正规语言 [正则语言]relational database 关系型数据库 [关系数据库]relative clause 关系子句relaxation method 松弛法relevance 相关性restricted logic grammar 受限逻辑语法resumptive pronouns 复指代词retroactive inhibition 逆抑制rewriting rule 重写规则rheme 述位rhetorical structure 修辞结构rhetorics 修辞学robust 强健性robust processing 强健性处理robustness 强健性schema 基朴school grammar 教学语法scope 范域 [作用域;范围]script 脚本search mechanism 检索机制search space 检索空间searching route 检索路径 [搜索路径]second order predicate 二阶述词segmentation 分词segmentation marker 分段标志selectional restriction 选择限制semantic field 语意场semantic frame 语意架构semantic network 语意网络semantic representation 语意表征 [语义表示] semantic representation language 语意表征语言semantic restriction 语意限制semantic structure 语意结构semantics 语意学sememe 意素semiotics 符号学sender 发送者sensorimotor stage 感觉运动期sensory information 感官讯息 [感觉信息]sentence 句子sentence generator 句子产生器 [句子生成程序]sentence pattern 句型separation of homonyms 同音词区分sequence 序列serial order learning 顺序学习serial verb construction 连动结构set oriented semantic network 集合导向型语意网络 [面向集合型语意网络]sgml (standard generalized markup language) 结构化通用标记语言shift-reduce parsing 替换简化式剖析short term memory 短程记忆sign 信号signal processing technology 信号处理技术simple word 单纯词situation 情境situation semantics 情境语意学situational type 情境类型social context 社会环境sociolinguistics 社会语言学software engineering 软件工程 [软件工程]sort 排序speaker-independent speech recognition 非特定语者语音识别spectrum 频谱speech 口语speech act assignment 言语行为指定speech continuum 言语连续体speech disorder 语言失序 [言语缺失]speech recognition 语音辨识speech retrieval 语音检索speech situation 言谈情境 [言语情境]speech synthesis 语音合成speech translation system 语音翻译系统speech understanding system 语音理解系统spreading activation model 扩散激发模型standard deviation 标准差standard generalized markup language 标准通用标示语言start-bound complement 接头词state of affairs algebra 事态代数state transition diagram 状态转移图statement kernel 句核static attribute list 静态属性表statistical analysis 统计分析statistical linguistics 统计语言学statistical significance 统计意义stem 词干stimulus-response theory 刺激反应理论stochastic approach to parsing 概率式句法剖析 [句法剖析的随机方法]stop 爆破音stratificational grammar 阶层语法 [层级语法]string 字符串[串；字符串]string manipulation language 字符串操作语言string matching 字符串匹配 [字符串]structural ambiguity 结构歧义structural linguistics 结构语言学structural relation 结构关系structural transfer 结构转换structuralism 结构主义structure 结构structure sharing representation 结构共享表征subcategorization 次类划分 [下位范畴化] subjunctive 假设的sublanguage 子语言subordinate 从属关系subordinate clause 从属子句 [从句;子句] subordination 从属substitution rule 代换规则 [置换规则] substrate 底层语言suffix 后缀superordinate 上位的superstratum 上层语言suppletion 异型[不规则词型变化] suprasegmental 超音段的syllabification 音节划分syllable 音节syllable structure constraint 音节结构限制symbolization and verbalization 符号化与字句化synchronic 同步的synonym 同义词syntactic category 句法类别syntactic constituent 句法成分syntactic rule 语法规律 [句法规则]syntactic semantics 句法语意学syntagm 句段syntagmatic 组合关系 [结构段的;组合的] syntax 句法systemic grammar 系统语法tag 标记target language 目标语言 [目标语言]task sharing 课题分享 [任务共享] tautology 套套逻辑 [恒真式;重言式;同义反复] taxonomical hierarchy 分类阶层 [分类层次] telescopic compound 套装合并template 模板temporal inference 循序推理 [时序推理] temporal logic 时间逻辑 [时序逻辑] temporal marker 时貌标记tense 时态terminology 术语text 文本text analyzing 文本分析text coherence 文本一致性text generation 文本生成 [篇章生成]text linguistics 文本语言学text planning 文本规划text proofreading 文本校对text retrieval 文本检索text structure 文本结构 [篇章结构]text summarization 文本自动摘要 [篇章摘要] text understanding 文本理解text-to-speech 文本转语音thematic role 题旨角色thematic structure 题旨结构theorem 定理thesaurus 同义词辞典theta role 题旨角色theta-grid 题旨网格token 实类 [标记项]tone 音调tone language 音调语言tone sandhi 连调变换top-down 由上而下 [自顶向下]topic 主题topicalization 主题化 [话题化]trace 痕迹trace theory 痕迹理论training 训练transaction 异动 [处理单位]transcription 转写 [抄写;速记翻译]transducer 转换器transfer 转移transfer approach 转换方法transfer framework 转换框架transformation 变形 [转换]transformational grammar 变形语法 [转换语法] transitional state term set 转移状态项集合transitivity 及物性translation 翻译translation equivalence 翻译等值性translation memory 翻译记忆transparency 透明性tree 树状结构 [树]tree adjoining grammar 树形加接语法 [树连接语法] treebank 树图数据库[语法关系树库]trigram 三连词t-score t-数turing machine 杜林机 [图灵机]turing test 杜林测试 [图灵试验]type 类型type/token node 标记类型/实类节点type-feature structure 类型特征结构typology 类型学ultimate constituent 终端成分unbounded dependency 无界限依存underlying form 基底型式underlying structure 基底结构unification 连并 [合一]unification-based grammar 连并为本的语法 [基于合一的语法] universal grammar 普遍性语法universal instantiation 普遍例式universal quantifier 全称范域词unknown word 未知词 [未定义词]unrestricted grammar 非限制型语法usage flag 使用旗标user interface 使用者界面 [用户界面]valence grammar 结合价语法valence theory 结合价理论valency 结合价variance 变异数 [方差]verb 动词verb phrase 动词组 [动词短语]verb resultative compound 动补复合词verbal association 词语联想verbal phrase 动词组verbal production 言语生成vernacular 本地话v-o construction (verb-object) 动宾结构vocabulary 字汇vocabulary entry 词条vocal track 声道vocative 呼格voice recognition 声音辨识 [语音识别]vowel 元音vowel harmony 元音和谐 [元音和谐]waveform 波形weak verb 弱化动词whorfian hypothesis whorfian 假说word 词word frequency 词频word frequency distribution 词频分布word order 词序word segmentation 分词word segmentation standard for chinese 中文分词规范word segmentation unit 分词单位 [切词单位]word set 词集working memory 工作记忆 [工作存储区]world knowledge 世界知识writing system 书写系统x-bar theory x标杠理论 ["x"阶理论]zipf's law 利夫规律 [齐普夫定律]。
语言学专业词汇中英文对照版
1语言学术语（英-汉对照）表 Aabbreviation 缩写词，略语 ablative 夺格，离格 accent 重音（符） accusative 宾格achievement test 成绩测试 acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 acquisition 习得 acronym 缩略语action process 动作过程 actor 动作者address form 称呼形式 addressee 受话人 addresser 发话人 adjective 形容词adjunct 修饰成分 附加语 adverb 副词 affix 词缀affixation 词缀附加法 affricate 塞擦音 agreement 一致关系 airstream 气流 alliteration 头韵 allomorph 词/语素变体 allophone 音位变体allophonic variation 音位变体 allophony 音位变体现象 alveolar ridge 齿龈 alveolar 齿龈音 ambiguity 歧义analogical creation 类推造字 anapest 抑抑扬格 anaphor 前指替代anaphoric reference 前指照应 animate 有生命的 annotation 注解antecedent 先行词 前在词anthropological linguistics 人类语言学anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音antonomasia 换称 代类名 antonym 反义词antonymy 反义(关系) appellative 称谓性applied linguistics 应用语言学 applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学appropriacy 适宜性appropriateness 适宜性 得体性 approximant 无摩擦延续音 aptitude test 素质测试 Arabic 阿拉伯语arbitrariness 任意性 argument 中项 中词 主目 article 冠词articulation 发音 articulator 发音器官articulatory phonetics 发音语音学artificial speech 人工言语 aspect 体aspirated 吐气 送气 assimilation 同化 associative 联想associative meaning 联想意义 assonance 准压韵 半谐音 attributive 属性 修饰语 定语 auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 authentic input 真实投入 authorial style 权威风格 authoring program 编程 autonomy 自主性 auxiliary 助词auxiliary verb 助动词 Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段 back-formation 逆构词法 base component 基础部分behavioural process 行为过程 behaviourism 行为主义 bilabial 双唇音bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音bilateral opposition 双边对立 bilingualism 双语现象 binary division 二分法 binary feature 二分特征 binary taxonomy 二分分类学 binding 制约binding theory 制约论 blade 舌叶 舌面前部 blank verse 无韵诗 blending 混成法borrowing 借用 借词 bound morpheme 粘着语素 bounding theory 管辖论 bracketing 括号法brevity maxim 简洁准则 bridging 架接broad transcription 宽式音标 broadening 词义扩大 Brown corpus 布朗语料库 Ccalculability 可计算性 calque 仿造 仿造词语 cancellability 可删除 cardinal numeral 基数 cardinal vowel 基本元音 case 格case grammar 格语法 case theory 格理论 category 范畴categorical component 范畴成分 causative 使役的 使投动词 center 中心词central determiner 中心限定词 chain relation 链状关系 chain system 链状系统 choice 选择choice system 选择系统 circumstance 环境因子 class 词类class shift 词性变换 clause 小句 从句 click 吸气音 咂音 clipping 截断法 closed class 封闭类 closed syllable 闭音节 cluster 音丛coarticulation 协同发音 coda 结尾音节 符尾 code 语码 信码cognitive psychology 认知心理学 cognitive system 认知系统 coherence 相关 关联 cohension 衔接co-hyponym 同下义词 colligation 类连结collocative meaning 搭配意义 color word 色彩词。
图像处理中的数学方法-BiCMR
图像处理中的数学方法（Mathematical Image Processing）授课老师：董彬（数学中心）•课程简介（中）：我们生活在数字的时代，数据的生成、传播、整合、分析和处理已经成为了我们生活中不可缺少的一部分。
而图像无疑是最重要的数据种类之一，这不仅是因为我们在日常交流中频繁的使用图像，也因为图像能够十分简洁的呈现物理世界、并在诸多领域被广泛的使用。
计算机技术的飞速发展使得我们可以用很深奥精妙的数学工具来为图像处理中的问题设计有效的解决方案，因此，很多图像处理中的数学方法被诸多不同领域接纳并被广泛的使用，其中包括自然科学领域、高新技术领域、社交媒体领域等等。
本课程适合于应用与计算数学、工程、计算机专业的研究生和高年级本科生，课程内容包括（但不限于）变分法、偏微分方程、小波分析及其在图像处理中的应用，其中包括图像去燥、去模糊、分割、配准、医学成像、计算机图形学、计算机视觉等等。
•课程简介（英）：As we are living in a digital world now, the creation, distribution, integration, interpretation and manipulation of data have become an important part of our society.Digital images are no doubt one of the most important components of data. This is not only because image is a powerful and widely used medium of communication, but also because it is an easy, compact, and widespread way to represent the physical world.Advances in computer technology have made it possible to apply some of the mostsophisticated developments in mathematics to the design and implementation of fast algorithms running on a large number of processors to process image data. As a result, image processing and analysis techniques are now widely applied to natural sciences, technical disciplines and s ocial medias; and digital images have come into everyone’s life. This course is suitable for both senior undergraduate and graduate students majoring in mathematics, applied mathematics, engineering, computer science, operation research, etc. The topics we will cover in this course include, but not limited to, variational methods, PDE methods, wavelet and wavelet frame based methods in various problems in imaging science such as image denoising, deblurring, inpainting,segmentation, registration, medical imaging, computer graphics, computer vision etc.•参考教材1. Mathematics in Image Processing (IAS/Park City Mathematics Series), HongkaiZhao, American Mathematical Society, June 12, 2013. (ISBN: 0821898418)2. Mathematical Problems in Image Processing: Partial Differential Equationsand the Calculus of Variations (Applied Mathematical Sciences), Gilles Aubert and Pierre Kornprobst, Springer, November 19, 2009. (ISBN: 1441921826)•其它参考材料o Image Processing and Analysis: Variational, PDE, Wavelet, and Stochastic Methods，Tony Chan, Jianhong Shen, SIAM, 2005.o图像处理、分析与机器视觉(第3版)，桑卡(Milan Sonka) (作者), 赫拉瓦卡(Vaclav Hlavac) (作者), 博伊尔(Roger Boyle) (作者), 艾海舟(译者), 苏延超(译者)，清华大学出版社，2011.o UCLA CAM Report：/applied/cam/o沈佐伟教授个人主页：.sg/~matzuows/publist.htmlo任课老师个人主页：/~dongbin/Publications.htmlo深度学习短期课程主页：http://www.xn--vjq503akpco3w.top/•大纲：我们生活在数据大爆炸的时代，数据的生成、传播、整合、分析和处理已经成为了我们生活中不可缺少的一部分，而图像无疑是最重要的数据种类之一。
公共管理学完整版英文翻译XN
Chapter 2课本第一章An Era of Change改变的年代、时代Introduction引言There has been a transformation（转化、变革）in the management of the public sectors of advanced countries.在发达国家的公共部门的管理已经有了一个变革。
This new paradigm poses（形成，造成）a direct challenge to several of what had previously been regarded as fundamental principles of traditional public administration.这个新的范例对几个原先被认为是传统公共行政的基础规则提出了直接挑战。
These seven seeming verities（真理）have been challenged.这几个真理被挑战。
Economic problems in the 1980s meant governments reassessed（重新评估）their bureaucracies and demanded changes. 1980s的经济问题意味着政府重新评估他们的官僚制并且需要改变。
All these points will be discussed at greater length（长度）later, but the main point is there has been total change in a profession that saw little change for around a hundred years.这些观点会在以后做更大范围的讨论，但是这里强调的主要是一点：一百年来很少发生变革的公共职业领域发生了全面变革。
A new paradigm一个新的范例There is some debate over whether or not public managemnet, particularly the new public management, is a new paradigm for public sector management.有个争论，关于公共管理尤其是新的公共管理是不是公共部门管理的一个新的范例。
理解的英语作文
Understanding is a fundamental aspect of communication and human interaction.It is the process of interpreting and making sense of information,ideas,or experiences. Here is an essay on the importance and facets of understanding in various contexts:Title:The Essence of UnderstandingUnderstanding is the cornerstone of effective communication.It is the ability to grasp the meaning,significance,and implications of what is being communicated.Without understanding,messages can be misinterpreted,leading to confusion and misunderstandings.In Personal RelationshipsIn our personal lives,understanding is crucial for building and maintaining strong relationships.When we understand our friends and family,we can empathize with their emotions,respect their perspectives,and support them through their challenges.This mutual understanding fosters trust and deepens our connections.In the WorkplaceProfessionally,understanding is vital for teamwork and collaboration.When colleagues understand each others roles,strengths,and limitations,they can work more effectively together.It also helps in managing conflicts and finding common ground,leading to a more harmonious and productive work environment.In EducationIn the realm of education,understanding is the key to learning.Students must understand the concepts and principles being taught to apply them effectively.Teachers,in turn, must understand their students learning styles and needs to tailor their instruction accordingly.In Cultural ExchangeUnderstanding plays a pivotal role in cultural exchange.By understanding different cultures,we can appreciate their diversity and richness.It helps in overcoming stereotypes and prejudices,promoting tolerance and respect for all cultures.In Problem SolvingUnderstanding is also essential in problemsolving.To find a solution,one must first understand the nature of the problem,its causes,and its implications.This understanding guides the development of effective strategies and solutions.The Role of LanguageLanguage is a powerful tool for understanding.It allows us to express our thoughts, feelings,and ideas clearly.However,language can also be a barrier if not used effectively. Miscommunication can occur due to differences in dialect,jargon,or idiomatic expressions.The Importance of Active ListeningActive listening is a critical component of understanding.It involves paying full attention to the speaker,reflecting on their words,and responding thoughtfully.By actively listening,we can better comprehend the speakers message and respond appropriately.ConclusionIn conclusion,understanding is a multifaceted concept that permeates all aspects of our lives.It is the bridge that connects individuals,facilitates learning,and drives problemsolving.Cultivating an environment of understanding can lead to more harmonious relationships,effective teamwork,and a deeper appreciation of the worlds diversity.。
石油英语词汇(三)
并联管网||parallel pipeline波场分离||wave field separation波场外推||wave field extrapolation波传播[地震]||wave propagation波动方程||wave equation波动方程基准面校正||wave equation datuming波动方程偏移||wave equation migration波段比值图象||band ratio image波及面积||swept area|| 又称“扫油面积”。
波及系数||sweep efficiency|| 又称“驱扫效率”。
波浪流||wave flow波美度||Baumédegree波谱分析||spectral analysis波前法||wavefront method波数||"wave number, spatial frequency"波特兰水泥||Portland cement波纹板隔油器||"corrugated plate interceptor, CPI"波纹管气举阀||bellows gas-lift valve|| 又称“封包气举阀”波纹塔板||ripple tray波形曲线显示||wiggle trace display波形特征||"wave character, character"波状结构||wave configuration波兹兰水泥系列||pozzolan-cement system玻璃衬里油管||glass liner tubing玻璃化温度||glass temperature泊松关系式||Poisson relation铂重整||platinum catalytic reforming铂重整催化剂||platinum reforming catalyst博斯蒂克反演||Bostick inversion薄层||thin bed薄层调谐||thin layer tuning薄层技术||thin bed technique薄管板废热锅炉||Borsig waste heat boiler薄互层||thin interbed薄膜调节阀||diaphragm valve薄膜分离器||membrane separator薄膜扩展剂||thin film spreading agent薄膜外观||film appearance薄膜蒸发器||film-type evaporator卟啉||porphyrin补偿地层密度测井||"compensated densilog, compensated density log, compensated formation density log"补偿中子测井||compensated neutron log补给水泵||jockey pump|| 供消防水干管用。
常用钻井英汉词汇
测井32admissible error容许误差33AND方位密度中子仪1logging job order sheet测井通知单34data processing center数据处理中心2real time data实时资料35advanced experience（technology）先进经验（技术）3depth match校深36geophysical survey地球物理勘探4reservoir储层37AFP（abnormal formationpressure）异常地层压力5contract合同38after survey calibration summary测后刻度记录6raw record data原始资料39after tool check summary测后仪器检查记录7quality rule质量标准40after-treatment profile log 油井（增产）处理后生产剖面8sensor传感器41AL block铝块9gainning mud漏泥浆42aleurite粉砂10 2 decimal places两位数43aleurolite粉砂岩11inclination井斜44allowable error容许误差12azimmuth方位45all-wave全波13slide造斜46along-track resolution纵向分辨率14abnormal curve非正式曲线47amass聚积15absolute permeabiliy绝对渗透率48ambient influnence环境影响16abysmal deposit深海沉积49angular discordance角度不整合17acceptance quality level验收质量标准50angular correction角度校正18acoustic imaging声成像51anisotorpic各向异性的19porosity孔隙度52anticline背斜20acoustic scanner tool声波扫描仪534-arm caliper log四臂井径测井21acoustic signature log声波波列测井54arrival-time curve波至时间曲线22active活动的，有效的55attention singal注意信号23actual实际的，有效的，现行的56attenuation 衰减；变细；稀释；熄灭，24error误差57constant常数25resolution分辨率58attitude of rock岩石产状26DD（directional drilling定向钻井59audio logging声频测井，噪声测井27exploration勘探60 background activIty （correction）本底放射性（校正）28adjoining rock围岩61back-up curve辅助曲线29adjacent formation围岩62backup shoe推靠臂30adjoining well邻井63bad hole复杂井眼31adjustment well调整井64bad earth接地不良65bad finishing job复杂的打捞工作99big hole大井眼66bad parity奇偶错误100bioarenite生物砂屑岩67bailed (sand) sample捞出的砂样101bioconstructed limestone生物灰岩68balance平衡102biolithite(原地)生物灰岩69bale (baling)打包103bound water束缚水70balling formation易泥包的地层,易在井壁形104bow spring centralizer弓形扶正器成泥饼的地层105brine water mud盐水泥浆71band sediment(oil pool)条带状沉积物(油藏)106build-up curve压力恢复曲线72barite重晶石107build section增斜井段73bar diagram直方图108cable continuity电缆通断情况74bare裸的;无反应;仅仅109cablehead马笼头75barrier layer(zone)阻挡层110cable winch电缆绞车76base-line shift基线偏移111calibrater刻度器77base price底价112calibration summary刻度记录78bass粘土岩113caliper survey井径测量79bating井眼加深114cancel取消;删去80beach海滩,海滨,湖滩115casing collar log CCL(套管接箍测井) 81bed correction层厚校正116casing running下套管82bed of interest目的层117cased hole套管井83bed resolution分层能力118chart interpretation图版解释84bed response地层响应119check for zero校对零点85before calibration summary测前刻度记录120check list检验单,总表86before log verification测前校验121chloride氯化物87belly band(buster)安全带122clay粘土88below zero低于零123clayey sandstone泥质砂岩89bench section横剖面124clean sandstone纯砂岩90best-fit line最佳拟合线125clean out修井91BHCS(borehole compensated sonic)井眼补偿声波测井126compacted formation压实地层92B-H curve(magnetization curve)磁化曲线127company standard企业标准93BHC-VD(sonic,variable density log)井眼补偿声波变密度测井128comprehensive evaluation综合评价94bond index胶结指数129compression curve压缩曲线95borehole status井眼状况130computation center计算中心96BHT(bottom hole temperature)井底温度131computed log analysis计算机测井分析97BHTV(borehole televiewer)井下电视132computed porosity计算的孔隙度98big casing gun大套管射孔器133conductance传导性134connate water(saturation)原生水(饱和度)169dromned水淹的135connected graph连通图170electrode system电极系136connate fluid原生流体,残余流体171empirical relationship经验关系137consistency一致性;稠度172error band误差范围138consistancy check一致性检查173normal moveout正常时差139constant porosity line等孔隙度线174oil-bearing formation含油地层140contact well logging贴井壁测井174oil base油基141container rock储层175oil cutting油侵142continuity sand production连续出砂176oil-producting formation产油层143continuity check通断检查177oil saturation含油饱和度144continuous flow profile连续流量剖面178oil sheet薄油层145contour of oil sand油层等高线图,油层构造图179oil shale油页岩146contrast对比;反差180oil-water interface油水界面147conventional惯用的,常规的,约定的181on-site processing（interpretation）现场处理（解释）148conventional water injection正注182quicklook interpretation快速解释149cooperation合作,协作183resistivity log电阻率测井150core bit取芯钻头184rework返工151core container岩心筒185sonic differential time声波时差152core intersection岩心断面186master calibration主刻度153core recovery岩心收获率187production log生产井154core run取芯进尺188deck甲板155core sample岩样189masterlog气测156coring gun井壁取芯器190carbohydrate碳水化合物157coring operation(tool)取芯作业(工具)191carbon dioxide二氧化碳158corrected depth校正后的深度192fresh water淡水159correlation logging对比测井193salinity矿化度160country rock原岩,母岩,围岩1942CAL 2-Arm Caliper Log 2臂井径测井161cross-section display剖面显示1953CAL 3-Arm Caliper Log 3臂井径测井162crude data原始资料1964CAL 4-Arm Caliper Log 4臂井径测井163curve plotter曲线绘图仪197AC BHC Acoustilog 声波测井164curve scale曲线比例尺198CBIL Circumferential Borehole Imaging Log 井周成像测井165curve separation曲线的幅度差199CBL Acoustic Cement Bond Log 水泥胶结评价测井166cyberlook 快速直观解释,计算机解释结果200CDL Compensated Densilog补偿密度测井167dielectric constant介电常数201CN Compensated Neutron Log 补偿中子测井168domnhole calibration井下刻度202DAC Digital Array Acoustilog 数字阵列声波203DIFL Dual Induction-Focused Log双感应-聚焦测井239UBI Ultrasonic Borehole Imager超声波井眼成像仪204DIP High Resolution 4-Arm Diplog高分辨率4臂倾角测井240senic cycie skipping周波跳跃205DLL Dual Laterolog双侧向测井241sea level海平面206DPIL Dual Phase Induction Log 双相位感应测井207FMT Formation Multi-Tester 重复地层测试208GR Gamma Ray 自然伽玛209HDIL High Difinition Induction Log 高分辨率感应210HDLL High resolusion Dual Latero Log 高分辨率侧向211MAC Multipole Array Acoustilog 多极子阵列声波212MLL Micro Laterolog 微侧向测井213MRIL Megnetic Resonance Image Log 核磁共振214NEU Neutron Log 中子测井215RCI Reservoir Characterization Instrument 储层描述仪216ROCR Rotary Sidewall Coring Tool 旋转井壁取心217SBT Segmented Bond Tool 扇区水泥胶结测井仪218SL Spectralog 自然伽玛能谱测井219SP Salt-Proximity Surver 自然电位220STAR Simultaneous Acoustic and Resistivity Imager声电波成像仪221SWC Sidewall Corgun 井壁取心222VSP Vertical Seismic Profile 垂直地震剖面223XMAC Cross Multipole Array Acostilog 交叉多极子阵列声波224ZDL Compensated Z-Densilog 补偿Z-密度测井225AIT Array Induction Imager Tool 阵列感应成像仪226ARI Azimuthal Resistivity Imager 方位电阻率成像仪227HRLA High-Resolusion Laterolog Array Tool高分辨率阵列侧向仪228FMI(Fullbore Formation Microscan Imager)微电阻率成像仪229IPL Integrated Porosity Lithology 综合孔隙度岩性测井仪230DSI Dipole Shear Sonic Imager 偶极子声波成像仪231CMR Combinable Megnetic Resonance Tool 核磁共振测井232MDT Modular Formation Dynamics Tester 模块式地层动态测试器233LWD Log While Drilling 随钻测井仪器234RAB Resistivity At the Bit 近钻头电阻率仪器235AND Azimuthal Density Neutron Tool 位密度中子仪236CDR Compensated Dual Resistivity 井眼补偿的双电阻率仪器237GST GeoSteering Tool 地质导向仪238CSI Combinable Seismic Imager 组合式地震成像仪1 A blessing in disguise. 塞翁失马(因祸得福)37Sunday星期天2 a case in point一个恰当的例子3 a close game势均力敌的比赛4 a day in the country郊区一日游5 A faint heart never wine fair lady不入虎穴，焉得虎子6 A faint heart never wine fair lad浪子回头金不换7 A miss is as good as a mile失之毫厘，谬以千里8 a place of interest名胜9 A tower of strength中流砥柱10 a wedding reception结婚宴会11admire to do sth. (美口)很想做某事12after a little过了一会儿13after class下课后14after school放学后15Curie居里(16Custom House海关大楼17Do as you would be done by others己所不欲，勿施与人18do one's bit尽自己的一份力量19January一月20February二月21March三月22April四月23May五月24June六月25July七月26August八月27September九月28October十月29November十一月30December十二月31Monday星期一32Tuesday星期二33wednesday星期三34Thursday星期四35Friday星期五36Saturday星期六。
考研心理学专业名词中英文对照表
考研心理学专业名词中英文对照表(一)感觉记忆（SM）—sensory memory短期记忆（STM）—short-term M.长期记忆（LTM）—long-term memory复诵——rehearsal预示（激发）——priming童年失忆症——childhood amnesia视觉编码（表征）——visual code（representation）听觉编码—acoustic code运作记忆——working memory语意性知识—semantic knowledge记忆扫瞄程序—memory scanning procedure竭尽式扫瞄程序-exhaustive S.P.自我终止式扫瞄—self-terminated S.程序性知识—procedural knowledge命题（陈述）性知识——propositional（declarative）knowledge 情节（轶事）性知识—episodic K.讯息处理深度—depth of processing精致化处理—elaboration登录特殊性—coding specificity记忆术—mnemonic位置记忆法—method of loci字钩法—peg word（线）探索（测）（激发）字—prime关键词——key word命题思考——propositional thought心像思考——imaginal thought行动思考——motoric thought概念——concept原型——prototype属性——property特征——feature范例策略——exemplar strategy语言相对性（假说）—linguistic relativity th.音素——phoneme词素——morpheme（字词的）外延与内涵意义—denotative & connotative meaning （句子的）表层与深层结构—surface & deep structure语意分析法——semantic differential全句语言—holophrastic speech过度延伸——over-extension电报式语言—telegraphic speech关键期——critical period差异减缩法——difference reduction方法目的分析——means-ends analysis倒推——working backward动机——motive自由意志——free will决定论——determinism本能——instinct种属特有行为——species specific驱力——drive诱因——incentive驱力减低说——drive reduction th.恒定状态（作用）—homeostasis原级与次级动机—primary & secondary M. 功能独立—functional autonomy下视丘侧部（LH）—lateral hypothalamus 脂肪细胞说——fat-cell theory.下视丘腹中部（VMH）—ventromedial H定点论——set point th.CCK───胆囊调节激素第一性征——primary sex characteristic 第二性征——secondary sex characteristic 自我效能期望—self-efficiency expectancy 内在（发）动机—intrinsic motive外在（衍）动机—extrinsic motive成就需求——N. achievement需求层级—hierarchy of needs自我实现——self actualization冲突——conflict多项仪——polygraph肤电反应——GSR（认知）评估——（cognitive appraisal）脸部回馈假说——facial feedback hypothesis（生理）激发——arousal挫折-攻击假说——frustration-aggression hy.替代学习——vicarious learning考研心理学专业名词中英文对照表(二)发展——development先天——nature后天——nurture成熟——maturation（视觉）偏好法——preferential method习惯法——habituation视觉悬崖——visual cliff剥夺或丰富（环境）——deprivation or enrichment of env.基模——schema同化——assimilation调适——accommodation平衡——equilibrium感觉动作期——sensorimotor stage物体永久性——objective permanence运思前期——preoperational st.保留概念——conservation道德现实主义——moral realism具体运思期——concrete operational形式运思期——formal operational st. 前俗例道德——pre-conventional moral 俗例道德——conventional moral超俗例道德——post-conventional moral 气质——temperament依附——attachment性别认定——gender identity性别配合——sex typing性蕾期——phallic stage恋亲冲突—Oedipal conflict认同——identification社会学习——social learning情结——complex性别恒定——gender constancy青年期——adolescence青春期—— -puberty第二性征——secondary sex characteristics 认同危机——identity crisis定向统合——identity achievement早闭型统合——foreclosure未定型统合——moratorium迷失型统合——identity diffusion传承——generativity心理动力——psycho-dynamics心理分析——psychoanalysis行为论——behaviorism心理生物观——psycho-biological perspective 认知——cognition临床心理学家-clinical psychologist谘商——counseling人因工程——human factor engineering组织——organization潜意识——unconsciousness完形心理学——Gestalt psychology感觉——sensation知觉——perception实验法——experimental method独变项——independent variable依变项——dependent V.控制变项——control V.生理——physiology条件化——conditioning学习——learning比较心理学——comparative psy.发展——development社会心理学——social psy.人格——personality心理计量学—psychometrics受试（者）——subject 实验者预期效应—experimenter expectancy effect 双盲法——double—blind实地实验——field experiment相关——correlation调查——survey访谈——interview个案研究——case study观察——observation心理测验——psychological test 纹理递变度——texture gradient 注意——attention物体的组群——grouping of object 型态辨识—pattern recognition形象-背景——figure-ground接近律——proximity相似律——similarity闭合律——closure连续律——continuity对称律——symmetry错觉——illusion幻觉——delusion恒常性——constancy大小——size形状——shape位置—— location单眼线索——monocular cue线性透视——linear- perspective 双眼线索——binocular cue深度——depth调节作用——accommodation重迭——superposition双眼融合——binocular fusion辐辏作用——convergence双眼像差——binocular disparity向度—— dimension自动效应——autokinetic effect运动视差—— motion parallax诱发运动—— induced motion闪光运动—— stroboscopic motion上下文﹑脉络-context人工智能——artificial intelligence A.I. 脉络关系作用-context effect模板匹配——template matching整合分析法——analysis-by-synthesis丰富性——redundancy选择性——selective无意识的推论-unconscious inferences运动后效——motion aftereffect特征侦测器—feature detector激发性——excitatory抑制性——inhibitory几何子——geons由上而下处理—up-down process由下而上处理——bottom-up process连结者模式——connectionist model联结失识症——associative agnosia脸孔辨识困难症——prosopagnosia意识——conscious（ness）意识改变状态——altered states of consciousness无意识——unconsciousness前意识——preconsciousness内省法——introspection边缘注意——peripheral attention多重人格——multiple personality午餐排队（鸡尾酒会）效应—lunch line（cocktail party） effect 自动化历程——automatic process解离——dissociate解离认同失常——dissociative identity disorder快速眼动睡眠——REM dream非快速眼动睡眠—NREM dream神志清醒的梦——lucid dreaming考研心理学专业名词中英文对照表(三)显性与隐性梦——manifest & latern content心理活动性psychoactive冥想——meditation抗药性——tolerance戒断——withdrawal感觉剥夺——sensory deprivation物质滥用——substance abuse成瘾——physical addiction物质依赖——sub. dependence戒断症状——withdrawal symptom兴奋剂——stimulant幻觉（迷幻）剂——hallucinogen镇定剂——sedative抑制剂——depressant酒精中毒引起谵妄—delirium tremens麻醉剂——narcotic催眠——hypnosis催眠后暗示——posthypnotic suggestion 催眠后失忆posthypnotic amnesia超心理学——parapsychology超感知觉extrasensory perception ESP 心电感应——telepathy超感视——clairvoyance预知——precognition心理动力—psycokinesis PK受纳器——receptor绝对阈——absolute threshold 差异阈——difference threshold 恰辨差——-JND韦伯律——Weber''s law心理物理——psychophysical费雪纳定律——Fechner''s law 频率——frequency振幅——amplitude音频——pitch基音——fundamental tone倍音——overtone和谐音——harmonic音色——timbre白色噪音——white noise鼓膜——eardrum耳蜗——cochlea卵形窗—oval window圆形窗——round window前庭——vestibular sacs半规管——semicircular canals角膜——cornea水晶体——lens虹膜——iris瞳孔——pupil网膜——retina睫状肌——ciliary muscle调节作用——accommodation脊髓——spinal cord反射弧——reflex arc脑干——brain stem计算机轴性线断层扫描——CAT或CT PET——正子放射断层摄影MRI——磁共振显影延脑——medulla桥脑——pons小脑——cerebellum网状结构——reticular formation RAS——网状活化系统视丘——thalamus下视丘——hypothalamus大脑——cerebrum脑（下）垂体（腺）—pituitary gland脑半球——cerebral hemisphere皮质——cortex胼胝体——corpus callosum边缘系统——limbic system海马体——hippocampus杏仁核——amygdala中央沟——central fissure侧沟——lateral fissure脑叶——lobe同卵双生子——identical twins异卵双生子—fraternal twins古典制约——classical conditioning操作制约——operant conditioning非制约刺激—（US unconditioned stimulus 非制约反应—（UR）unconditioned R.制约刺激——（CS）conditioned S.制约反应——（CR）conditioned R.习（获）得——acquisition增强作用——reinforcement消除（弱）——extinction自（发性）然恢复——spontaneous recovery 前行制约—forward conditioning同时制约——simultaneous conditioning回溯制约——backward cond.痕迹制约——trace conditioning延宕制约—delay conditioning类化（梯度）——generalization（gradient）区辨——discrimination（次级）增强物——（secondary）reinforcer嫌恶刺激——aversive stimulus试误学习——trial and error learning效果率——law of effect正（负）性增强物—positive（negative）rei.行为塑造—behavior shaping循序渐进——successive approximation自行塑造—autoshaping部分（连续）增强—partial（continuous）R定比（时）时制—fixed ratio（interval）schedule FR或FI变化比率（时距）时制—variable ratio（interval）schedule VR或VI 逃离反应——escape R.回避反应—avoidance response习得无助——learned helplessness顿悟——insight学习心向—learning set隐内（潜在）学习——latent learning认知地图——cognitive map生理回馈——biofeedback敏感递减法-systematic desensitization普里迈克原则—Premack''s principle洪水法——flooding观察学习——observational learning动物行为学——ethology敏感化—sensitization习惯化——habituation联结——association认知学习——cognitional L.观察学习——observational L.登录﹑编码——encoding保留﹑储存——retention提取——retrieval回忆——（free recall全现心像﹑照相式记忆——eidetic imagery﹑photographic memory . 舌尖现象（TOT）—tip of tongue再认——recognition再学习——relearning节省分数——savings外显与内隐记忆——explicit & implicit memory 记忆广度——memory span组集——chunk序列位置效应——serial position effect起始效应——primacy effect新近效应——recency effect心（情）境依赖学习——state-dependent L.无意义音节—nonsense syllable顺向干扰——proactive interference逆向干扰——retroactive interference闪光灯记忆——flashbulb memory动机性遗忘——motivated forgetting器质性失忆症—organic amnesia阿兹海默症——Alzheimer''s disease近事（顺向）失忆症—anterograde amnesia旧事（逆向）失忆—retrograde A.高沙可夫症候群—korsakoff''s syndrome凝固理论—consolidation考研心理学专业名词中英文对照表(三)失眠——insomnia显性与隐性梦——manifest & latern content心理活动性psychoactive冥想——meditation抗药性——tolerance戒断——withdrawal感觉剥夺——sensory deprivation物质滥用——substance abuse成瘾——physical addiction物质依赖——sub. dependence戒断症状——withdrawal symptom兴奋剂——stimulant幻觉（迷幻）剂——hallucinogen镇定剂——sedative抑制剂——depressant酒精中毒引起谵妄—delirium tremens麻醉剂——narcotic催眠——hypnosis催眠后暗示——posthypnotic suggestion 催眠后失忆posthypnotic amnesia超心理学——parapsychology超感知觉extrasensory perception ESP 心电感应——telepathy超感视——clairvoyance预知——precognition心理动力—psycokinesis PK受纳器——receptor绝对阈——absolute threshold 差异阈——difference threshold 恰辨差——-JND韦伯律——Weber''s law心理物理——psychophysical费雪纳定律——Fechner''s law 频率——frequency振幅——amplitude音频——pitch基音——fundamental tone倍音——overtone和谐音——harmonic音色——timbre白色噪音——white noise鼓膜——eardrum耳蜗——cochlea卵形窗—oval window圆形窗——round window前庭——vestibular sacs半规管——semicircular canals 角膜——cornea水晶体——lens虹膜——iris瞳孔——pupil网膜——retina睫状肌——ciliary muscle调节作用——accommodation脊髓——spinal cord反射弧——reflex arc脑干——brain stem计算机轴性线断层扫描——CAT或CT PET——正子放射断层摄影MRI——磁共振显影延脑——medulla桥脑——pons小脑——cerebellum网状结构——reticular formation RAS——网状活化系统视丘——thalamus下视丘——hypothalamus大脑——cerebrum脑（下）垂体（腺）—pituitary gland 脑半球——cerebral hemisphere皮质——cortex胼胝体——corpus callosum边缘系统——limbic system海马体——hippocampus杏仁核——amygdala中央沟——central fissure侧沟——lateral fissure脑叶——lobe同卵双生子——identical twins异卵双生子—fraternal twins古典制约——classical conditioning操作制约——operant conditioning非制约刺激—（US unconditioned stimulus 非制约反应—（UR）unconditioned R.制约刺激——（CS）conditioned S.制约反应——（CR）conditioned R.习（获）得——acquisition增强作用——reinforcement消除（弱）——extinction自（发性）然恢复——spontaneous recovery 前行制约—forward conditioning同时制约——simultaneous conditioning回溯制约——backward cond.痕迹制约——trace conditioning延宕制约—delay conditioning类化（梯度）——generalization（gradient）区辨——discrimination（次级）增强物——（secondary）reinforcer 嫌恶刺激——aversive stimulus试误学习——trial and error learning效果率——law of effect正（负）性增强物—positive（negative）rei.行为塑造—behavior shaping循序渐进——successive approximation自行塑造—autoshaping部分（连续）增强—partial（continuous）R定比（时）时制—fixed ratio（interval）schedule FR或FI变化比率（时距）时制—variable ratio（interval）schedule VR或VI 逃离反应——escape R.回避反应—avoidance response习得无助——learned helplessness顿悟——insight学习心向—learning set隐内（潜在）学习——latent learning认知地图——cognitive map生理回馈——biofeedback敏感递减法-systematic desensitization普里迈克原则—Premack''s principle洪水法——flooding观察学习——observational learning动物行为学——ethology敏感化—sensitization习惯化——habituation联结——association认知学习——cognitional L.观察学习——observational L.登录﹑编码——encoding保留﹑储存——retention提取——retrieval回忆——（free recall全现心像﹑照相式记忆——eidetic imagery﹑photographic memory . 舌尖现象（TOT）—tip of tongue再认——recognition再学习——relearning节省分数——savings外显与内隐记忆——explicit & implicit memory记忆广度——memory span组集——chunk序列位置效应——serial position effect起始效应——primacy effect新近效应——recency effect心（情）境依赖学习——state-dependent L.无意义音节—nonsense syllable顺向干扰——proactive interference逆向干扰——retroactive interference闪光灯记忆——flashbulb memory动机性遗忘——motivated forgetting器质性失忆症—organic amnesia阿兹海默症——Alzheimer''s disease近事（顺向）失忆症—anterograde amnesia 旧事（逆向）失忆—retrograde A.高沙可夫症候群—korsakoff''s syndrome 凝固理论—consolidationTHANKS致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习课件等等打造全网一站式需求欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考。
[教育学]关于语言学_专业词汇的英文翻译
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吕、第一讲汉语中介语研究的意义和价值发现系统进行描写 to proceed to describe揭示规律 to promulgate the regular pattern 提出因素 to advance the factors提出办法优化 optimization观察 to observe，observation分析 to analyse策略 a tactic规模 dimension，scale结合 to integrate阶段 stage，phase， period贡献 contribute从事 to deal with出身 one’s previous experience or occupation 以往 in the past采用 to adopt, to use产生偏误 to produce errors所谓 what is called作出解释支撑 support, sustain赖于 depend on成果 achievement现有 available满足需要试金石 a touchstone此外 besides, in addition激活研究 to activate the research拓展研究 to develop, to open up the research推进研究 to advance, to promote the research实际 reality提出问题出现问题 to arise questions迫使研究进一步 to force the research to make a further step 细化语义 the meaning其次 secondly，then促使发展 to urge a development同义 synonymous屡屡 repeatedly重犯错误 to repeat an error悟出 to come to realize突破口 gap无疑挑战 to give a challenge挑战作用促进 to promote对教材编写的价值评估 to estimate，to assess评估教材编排 layout合理 rational， reasonable合理教材策略 strategy依据规律 in accordance with the rules自身 self交际功能 communication ability语用 pragmatics语言形式 the form of the language不一 to vary，to differ繁简不一而已 nothing more语言项目 language items扩展 to expand认知活动 cognitive activities探索规律遵循 to act up to遵循由易到难循序 in proper order or sequence原则 principles渐进 progress step by step循序渐进难度系数 coefficient of difficulty粗疏 careless， inattentive粗疏现象准确现象 accurate phenomenon大纲分级大纲排序缺乏 to be short of统计数据 statistics data制订 to set up制订大纲编写教材 the written teaching material 相应 to correspond正确率偏误率提供参考 to provide reference materials 句型 a sentence pattern分析 to analyse， analysis制约 to govern， to condition频率 frequency使用频率干扰 to interfere， interference干扰睡眠干扰谁干扰性发展性延续to continue延续时间对立 in opposing意识的生成 consciousness-raising规则的内化 internalization of rules均 even替代 to substitute不可替代有效 effective，valid更为 more大致 about分为 divided by路径 a path，a way二语习得路径善于 to be good at点拨 to teach，instruct，investigate普遍 common， widespread带普遍性的错误给以改正 to give a correction以 because of起到 to lead to事半功倍 to yield twice the result with half the effort 讲解 to explain使用条件 the conditions that are suitable for use限制条件简捷浅明 simple and clear感性 perceptual， easy to understand条理 method感性条理图示 to indicate by pictures处理 process教学处理浅显 easy to read and understand，obvious语言浅显术语 terminology，technical expression大战 large-scale类比 analogy客观经验由于 thanks to, because of编码 a code, to encode倾向于 to be inclined to, tendency范畴 a category区别 difference，to differentiate辨认 to recognize， to identify区别经验辨认经验往往 often，everywhere忽略 to neglect，to ignore经历 experience， to go through自主 autonomous证据 evidence， testimony恰当 suitable，appropriate理据 motivation必要 necessary，essential演绎 deduction推论 inference属于 to belong to错误 mistake偏误 error语言体系进行判断 to determine， to judge进行归纳 to arrive to a conclusion试图 to try，to attempt规范 standard充分 adequate，adequately负面 reverse side， negative side作用 action，function，effect， influence 利用作用激活 to activate晴雨表 barometer路标 route mark合理的评价 a reasonable evaluation提高信心掌握目的语肤浅 superficial掌握肤浅纠正 to correct详细解释示意 to give a sign传递 to transmit，to communicate尽量 as far as possible模仿 to imitate巩固 to consolidate形成系统给予纠正及时 timely完整概念较为 a little，comparatively对规则形成体系点到为止 to go through the motions，fare qualcosa in maniera meccanica无须 not necessary作解释石化 fossilization情感 emotion反馈 feedback肯定的情感反馈 positive affective feedback否定的认知反馈 negative cognitive feedbackCognitive feedback is when teachers (or anyb ody) display signs that they understand what a learner is trying to commu nicate. Essentially, the listener is signalling, "I understand." or "I don't understand." Positive cognitive feedback sometimes has a negative consequence: learners make mistakes, but because they are understood, they don't change their language habits. This can result in fossilization of errors. Therefore, some error correction may be necessary, but too much will lower self-esteem and raise learners' affective filters. There are no hard rules, but teachers will eventually develop intuition on when correction is necessary. Cognitive feedback can be contrasted with affective feedback.Affective feedback is when teachers (or anybody) display sig ns abou t how interested they are in trying to understand the student. These signs come in the form of gestures, facial expressions, and intonations. Positive affective feedback will encourage the learner to continue even if it is clear that the listener cannot fully understand. Negative affective feedback will stop a learner from speaking entirely and raise their affective filter.鼓励 to encourage导致 to cause，to bring about焦虑感 anxiety强调 to emphasize，to insist on交谈 peer talk输入 importation框架 a framework及其 and弱项 weak item针对 direct，to be directed against，in connection with调整 to adjust，to regulate重点 main points调整重点特征 characteristics语言变异 language variations互动 interaction， to interact动机 motive，intention语言迁移 language transfer尚未 not yet过度能力 transitional competenceJack C. Richards (1971) refers to the learner’s competence at a particular time, as the transitional competence. He says that the learner’s competence at a particular stage is full of what he calls as intralingua or developmental errors. These errors illustrate some of the characteristics of language acquisition. The learner’s competence is transitional because it keeps changing as long as the learner tries to improve his c ompetence. If he stops learning his competence at a particular stage becomes his final grammatical competence.渐进系统 approximative systemIlliam Nemser (1971) employs the term ‘Approximative system’to identify a learner’s linguistic system which is distinct from his mother tongue and the ta rget language he is attempting to learn. Here b y the term ‘approximative’ he means that the learner is progressing towards th e target language and his system is developmental in nature. The term system implies that he is using a set of rules and hence his language is not a rand om.个体方言的概念 idiosyncratic dialectPit Corder (1967) suggested that linguistics should study the process of second and foreign language acquisition and the various strategies learners may use. Since then he has contributed a nu mber o f articles wherein he discusses the natu re of the learners’ language. He calls the learners’ language as their idiosyncratic dialect. Pit C order (1971) says that this dialect of the learners is (1) regular, (2) systematic and (3) meaningful.认可 to approve，to accept被普遍认可确立 to establish firmly确立地位学术 science主体 principal body， subject客体 object过渡 transition动态 dynamics，development定义 definition静态 a static state横向 transverse， lateral本质 nature，essence多变 changeable中介语知识内部系统 internal system横向构建的语言系统 product of interlanguage中介语知识系统的连续体 interlanguage continuum 纵向 longitudinal，vertical纵向的发展阶段 process of interlanguage验证 experimental verification调整 regulate修订 revise修订规律原有 original重组 recombination创立过程样本 a sample book收集 collect语料 corpus范围 range， ambits大规模 large scale，extensive，on a large scale个案 case叙述 statement鉴别 discriminate，differentiate 区分 distinguish显性偏误隐性偏误表层 a surface layer相关 to be related究竟 after all， the ways频率 frequency广度 range局部偏误 partial errors纠正 rectify自主 autonomous证据 proof，evidence测量 survey推断 infer，extrapolate潜藏 underlie，hide建构 construct过渡概括 overgeneralization内隐 implicit时间的推移 evolution of the time 修正系统推论 inference输入 input兼而有之 simultaneously组合 combination模式 pattern，model变异 variation内省 nei1xing3 introspection处理 handle定量 quantification定性 quality细致 detailed排除 eliminate，get rid of全面 overall寻根 seek one’s roots横切 transverse轨迹 track发展轨迹程序 form，pattern，formula。
作业7高中英语阅读练习
ACrime fighters could have a new tool at hand. Researchers have developed a cutting-edge technique to identify human hair. Their test is quicker than DNA analysis techniques currently used by law enforcement.DNA testing is commonly used for identification because DNA is unique to each individual (个体).However, environmental and chemical processes can degrade DNA, limiting its usefulness over time. Protein (蛋白质)in hair，on the other hand, is more stable than DNA but can also have variations (变异体）that may be unique to the individual.“Our analysis process can be used universally,” says Ms. Huang. “One of our samples (样本) even included dyed hair and the test was 100 per cent accurate. The test was able to distinguish East Asians, Caucasians and South Asians.”Dr. Beauchemin says she has got in touch with law enforcement agencies about using the new technology. She is also planning to collect more hair samples and continue her research with a goal of finding where exactly in the world hair samples from, to look for more races and determine specific age.“We are in a very similar place with protein-based identification to where DNA testing was during the early days of development,” said chemist Brad Hart. “This method will be a game-change r, and while we’ve made a lot of progress toward improving it, there are steps to go before this new technique is able to reach its full potential.”21. What’s the main purpose of the text?A. To analyze crime scenes.B. To distinguish different races.C. To introduce a new identification method.D. To show the usefulness of DNA testing.22. Which will be the most useful in identifying a person according to Brad Hart?A. Protein in hair.B. Chemical materials.C. DNA variations.D. Blood sample.23. What’s the advantage of the protein-based identification over DNA testing?A. Popularity.B. Stability.C. Security.D. Convenience.24. What can be inferred from the last paragraph of the text?A. DNA testing will soon reach its full potential.B. Protein-based identification remains to be improved.C. Protein-based identification has replaced DNA testing.D. DNA testing develops as rapidly as protein-based identification.BThe English have a difficult and，generally speaking，dysfunctional (不协调的) relationship with clothes. Their main problem is that they have a desperate needfor rules, and are unable to get along without them. Tins helps to explain why they have an international reputation for dressing in general very badly, but with specific areas of excellence. such as high-class men’s suits, ceremonial costume, and innovative (革新的) street fashion. In other words, we English dress best when we are “in uniform”.You may be surprised that I am including “innovative street fashion” in the category of uniform. Surely the parrot-haired punks (朋克摇滚乐迷) or the Victorian vampire Goths(哥特人) are being original, not following rules? It’s true that they all look different and eccentric（奇特的）but in fact they all look eccentric in exactly the same way. They are wearing a uniform. The only truly eccentric dresser in this country is the Queen, who pays no attention to fashion and continues to wear what she likes, a kind of 1950s fashion, with no regard for anyone else’s opinion. However, it is true that the styles invented by young English people are much more eccentric than any other nation’s street fashion, We may not be individually eccentric, apart from the Queen, but we have a sort of collective eccentricity, and we appreciate originality in dress even if we do not individually have it.Another “rule” of behavior I had discovered was that it is very important for the English not to take themselves too seriously, to be able to laugh at themselves. However, it is well known that most teenagers tend to take themselves a bit too seriously.25. What can we know about the English people?A. They need rules to dress well.B. They are in need of uniforms.C. They are creative in general.D. They lead the world trend.26. Who is individually eccentric in dressing?A. A high-class man.B. A parrot-haired punk.C. The Queen.D. The fashion innovator.27. What may be the best title for the text?A. How the English DressB. How the English Admire FashionC. Why the English Like UniformsD. Why the English Are Eccentric in Dress。
书籍——自然语言处理、计算语言学与中文信息处理
1、Speech and Language Processinga) 作者: Daniel Jurafsky / James H. Martinb) 副标题: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics and Speech Recognitionc) ISBN: 9780130950697d) 定价: USD 97.00e) 出版社: Prentice Hallf) 装帧: Paperbackg) 第一版出版年: 2000-01-26；第二版出版年：2006h) 相关网站：/~martin/slp.htmli) 英文简介：This book takes an empirical approach to language processing, based on applying statistical and other machine-learning algorithms to large corpora.Methodology boxes are included in each chapter. Each chapter is built around one or more worked examples to demonstrate the main idea of the chapter. Covers the fundamental algorithms of various fields, whether originally proposed for spoken or written language to demonstrate how the same algorithm can be used for speech recognition and word-sense disambiguation. Emphasis on web and other practical applications. Emphasis on scientific evaluation. Useful as a reference for professionals in any of the areas of speech and language processing.j) 中文译名：自然语言处理综论k) 译者: 冯志伟/ 孙乐m) 页数: 588 页n) 出版社: 电子工业出版社o) 定价: 78.0p) 装帧: 平装q) 出版年: 2005r) 中文简介：本书是一本全面系统地讲述计算机自然语言处理的优秀教材。
翻译术语整理
小组成员：殷晓霞41208011杨芳敏41208014温聪轩41208005翻译作业术语整理韩素音翻译英翻汉全球化1、根本性的转变fundamental shift2、相对独立自足的实体relatively self-contained entities3、跨境贸易和投资的壁垒the barriers to cross-border trade andinvestment4、感知距离因运输和通信技术的进步正在缩小perceived distanceis shrinking due to advances in transportation and telecommunications5、物质文化material culture6、一个相互依存的全球经济体系an interdependent globaleconomic system7、历史渊源historical basis8、在不同国家建立本土化基地set up local bases in differentcountries9、利用日益全球化的电信市场所带来的机遇先声夺人bewell-placed to take advantage of the increasingly global market fortelecommunications10、拥有许多跨国客户的公司companies with multinationalaccounts11、在该市场中处于有利地位be well-positioned in that marketplace12、承载通信量carry the traffic13、许多不同的成员连在一起的“全球胶”概念the “globalglue”that keeps the many dif ferent people together14、分散管理却又统一调控，既要扩大规模又要小巧灵活（既大又小），既要全球化又要本土化it is decentralized but centrally controlled, it is big and small at the same time and it is both global and local15、具备全球责任意识的业务领袖和掌管利润中心的地区经理global leaders with global responsibility and local managers working with their profit centers16、利用规模经济和既大又小的优势use a scale of economy andadvantages of bigness but being small17、大的组织竞争优势 a big organizational competitive edge18、现有基础上通过扩大公司规模而有机增长grow organically byexpanding from their existing base19、将客户需求从A大陆转移到B大陆的能力the ability to carrytheir customers’ needs from continent A to continent B20、如何选择取决于你you take your pick21、取得成功的秘诀 a winning recipe22、公司践行客户至上的理念make the organizationcustomer-driven23、创造一种根植于人们内心深处的企业文化create that culturedeep down24、一体化竞争举措integrated competitive moves25、跨国公司的经理managers of transnational corporations26、识别和利用跨境协同作用identify and exploit cross-bordersynergies汉译英传统百货1、e-commerce market：电子市场2、the total transactions：整体交易规模3、market share：市场占有率4、household electrical appliances：家电5、fitting room：试衣间6、homogenization：同质化7、product layout：产品布局8、store design：店面设计9、sale contents：销售内容10、internal and external pressure：内忧外患11、the integration of online and offline sale：线上线下一体12、differentiation competition：差异化竞争13、business mode innovation：商业模式创新14、counter-attack：逆袭15、differentiated management and marketing：错位经营，差异化营销16、after-sale services：售后服务17、personalized service：个性化服务18、retail industry：零售业19、per capita GDP：人均国内生产总值20、large-scale comprehensive supermarkets：大型综合超市21、franchised stores：专卖店22、specialty stores：专业店我们的感恩1、蔓越莓cranberry sauce 南瓜派pumpkin pie2、认为理所当然take for granted3、欲望和感恩的情感是不相容的the desire is incompatible withthe gratitude4、更不用说not to mention贝斯特公司面临的现状1、paper profits 票面利润2、liquidation （债务的）清偿，了结3、broker 经纪人4、the Resene Banks 储备银行5、rediscount rate 再贴现率6、corporation 大公司7、concerns 公司8、overproduction of capital 资本生产过剩9、installment buying 分期付款10、stock-market profits 股票市场收益11、artificial price 人为确定的价格4牛市1、a business cycle 商业周期2、a new order of values 新的价值体系3、ever-shifting currents 不断变化着的趋势4、mass emotion 民众情感5、The Post-war Decade 战后十年6、competiveness 竞争力7、leadership 领导力8、corporate officer 管理人员9、board 董事会10、general manager总经理11、director 董事，负责人12、corporate headquarters 公司总部13、global strategic vision 全球战略眼光14、geographic power 地域性的决策权15、performance measurement system 绩效评价体系16、the balanced scorecard 平衡记分卡17、people development 员工培训18、business practice 业务状况19、financial performance 业绩20、functional group 分支结构21、senior executive 高级行政人员22、annual sales 年度总销量23、strategic driver 战略驱动希拉里回忆录1、White House：白宫2、First Lady：第一夫人；总统夫人3、student activist：学生活动分子4、U.S. Senator：美国参议员5、push and pull of events：丰富人生的事物6、Senate：参议院时文术语整理时文一：About CPC's mass line campaignmunist Party of China = CPC 中国共产党2.mass line campaign 群众路线活动3.the CPC rank and file 党员4.strengthen Party-people ties 加强民党联系5.the Political Bureau of CPC Central Committee 中共中央政治局常委6.Party General Secretary 党的领导人7. a "thorough cleanup" of undesirable work styles 彻底清理不良工作作风8.formalism, bureaucratism, hedonism and extravagance 形式主义，官僚主义，享乐主义，奢侈风气9.to adhere to the mass line 拥护群众路线10.fight corruption 反腐败11.the founding fathers of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国的开国元勋12.prioritize the interests of the people 优先考虑人民利益13.vice chairman of the Central Military Commission 中央军委副主席14.guideline 指导方针15.the reinforcement of the "mass line" 群众路线的巩固16.get in the way of its development. 阻碍发展17.the revolutionary forerunners of the CPC 中国共产党的革命先驱18.the Agrarian Revolutionary War 土地革命战争19.the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression 抗日战争20.the War of Liberation 解放战争21.at or above county level 县级或县级以上22.to address deep-rooted social problems 解决根深蒂固的问题=shoot persistent problems23.high-ranking officials 高级官员24.Chongqing Municipality 重庆市25.be expelled from the Party 开除党籍26.legitimate rights and interests 合法利益时文二：GM rice1. China’s Agricultural University 中国农业大学2. genetically modified food 转基因食品3. human digestive systems 人体消化系统4. process nutrition 吸收营养5. metabolism, immunity, and reproductive systems新陈代谢、免疫力、生殖系统6. China’s Ministry of Agriculture 中国农业部7. a standardized testing procedure 标准化的测试程序8. an emotive intervention into the polarized debate about genetically modified crops对转基因农作物两极化争论情绪化的干预9. the World Health Organization 世界卫生组织10. dietary vitamin A deficiency compromises the immune systems膳食维生素A缺乏症损害了免疫系统11. Greenpeace 绿色和平组织12. anti-GM organizations 反转基因组织13. follow the GM industry line 走转基因产业路线14. fall into a trap over GM 掉入转基因的圈套15. swallow the industry spin hook, line and sinker全然相信企业的观点16. compromise immune systems 破坏免疫系统17 . malnutrition 营养失调18. an industrial monoculture production 工业化单一栽培的生产方式19. a Trojan horse for the GM industry 转基因产业的病毒20. a feelgood product 自我感觉良好的产品21. give the moral high ground to the industry 给该行业提供了一个道德高地22. the International Rice Research Institute 国际水稻研究所23. night blindness 夜盲症24. a product recall 产品召回25.reduce poverty，improve health减少贫困，改善健康状况时文三：Quake kills 45 in Pakistan, creates new island in sea1. 7.8 magnitude quake 7.8级地震2. Aftershock 余震3. thinly populated mountainous area 人口稀少地区4. epicenter 震中5. was hard to assess the impact 难以估计其影响6. the death toll was expected to increase 死亡总人数预计上升7. relief supplies 救援物资8. the worst - hit area in the earthquake 地震重灾区9. were leveled to 夷为平地10. The latest death toll figure 最新死亡总人数11. kicked off rescue operation in collaboration with the army and other security forces.与军队及其他安保力量协同展开救援工作12. at 29.09 degrees north latitude and 65.61 degrees east longitude.北纬29度，东经65.5度13. lack of doctors and medical facilities 缺少医药14. neighboring districts周边地区15. strong tremors 震感时文四：Li Keqiang's speech at Summer Davos opening ceremony1. the Summer Davos Forum夏季达沃斯论坛2. Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Friends,尊敬的各位贵宾、女士们、先生们、朋友们3. a warm welcome诚挚欢迎4. hearty congratulations热烈祝贺5. Meeting the Innovation Imperative“创新：势在必行6. a forward-looking one that points the way to the future.具有很强的引领性和前瞻性。
听觉来源提取的材料差异性：来自ERP的证据
听觉来源提取的材料差异性：来自ERP的证据1聂爱情1，郭春彦2，沈模卫11浙江大学心理与行为科学系，杭州 (310028)2首都师范大学心理系，北京 (100037)E-mail：guocy@摘要：采用事件相关电位方法，分别以图形和汉字作为实验材料，通过两个实验考察了项目再认与听觉来源提取新/旧效应的时空分布特征。
学习分别由不同性别声音读出的刺激后进行两类测验：一是判断视觉呈现的刺激是否已学的项目再认；二是将由某一性别声音读过的刺激判断为目标而将其它刺激判断为非目标的来源测验。
结果发现：与项目再认任务相比，图形和汉字的听觉来源提取的新/旧效应的持续时程更长、头皮分布更广；两类材料在前额区记录到明显的听觉来源提取新/旧效应，且不同材料的听觉来源提取新/旧效应有所不同；溯源分析结果显示，图形与汉字相应效应的差异可能源于颞区。
上述结果表明，听觉来源提取与项目再认的新/旧效应头皮分布关系与双重加工模型的观点相一致，且实验材料与声音特性共同调节听觉来源提取新/旧效应的时空分布特征。
关键词：听觉来源；项目再认；新/旧效应；ERPs；LORETA中图分类号：B842忘记或错报事件相关特性是经常会遇到的现象，如证人在作证时有时会把红头发的持枪罪犯描绘成红头发的旁观者或是黑头发的持刀者。
上述现象表明，人们对事件内容(content)与事件背景(context)的记忆产生了分离。
其中，有关事件内容的记忆称项目记忆（item memory），有关事件背景的记忆称来源记忆（source memory）[1]。
描述上述两种记忆关系的双重加工模型（dual-process model）指出，项目再认主要依赖于相对自动的熟悉（familiarity）加工完成；来源提取则不能自动完成，该任务需要依赖于有意识控制的回忆（recollection）加工完成[2]。
迄今为止，来源记忆与需要意识控制的回忆之间的密切关联已为行为研究[3]、遗忘症病人研究[4]、脑损伤病人研究[5]以及老龄化研究[6]所证实，表明项目记忆与来源记忆是在认知功能上分离的加工过程。
培训英语口译教程
Interpretation requires high levels of concentration and stress management, as interpreters must stay focused for long periods of time and handle pressure during tense occasions.
Simultaneous Interpretation
The interpreter translates the spoke language into the target language as the speaker is speaking without any delay It requires high levels of concentration, language proficiency, and experience
Simultaneous interpretation requires translators to have extremely high listening comprehension ability, language expression ability, memory, and quick reaction ability.
Simultaneous Interpretation: Simultaneous Interpretation is an advanced form of interpretation in which interpreters perform oral translation while the speaker is speaking, without waiting for the speaker to finish speaking.
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Abstract Density and neutron well log processing algorithms designed for conventional oil and gas reservoirs are not optimum for coal bed methane evaluation. In particular the corrections applied to measured electron density values (to derive bulk density) assume a calcium carbonate rock matrix, and quantitative analysis of neutron porosity logs is hindered by low count rates in coal and a lack of published information regarding the sensitivity of the measurement to variations in coal composition. The thinly-bedded nature of many coals is an additional challenge. This paper describes a new log processing method that simultaneously enhances statistical precision and vertical resolution whilst seeking to avoid additional sensitivity to the borehole environment. It then describes a fast nuclear rock properties modelling application developed to study the sensitivity of density, photo-electric cross-section (Pe) and neutron porosity measurements to variations in coal chemistry. The model has been validated using an accurate (but slow) Monte Carlo particle transport code which has been extensively benchmarked in independently characterized test blocks. The findings are applied to high resolution log data acquired in wells drilled for the evaluation of coal bed methane reservoirs. The key parameter used in the transformation of electron to bulk density is investigated and optimum values suggested. The sensitivity of density and neutron porosity measurements to variations in the volumes and chemistry of organic material, mineral matter and moisture is determined, and it is shown that appropriately processed neutron porosity logs have usable sensitivity to such compositional variations. The inclusion of neutron porosity improves our ability to differentiate coal types from logs, and addresses an important source of uncertainty in the reconciliation of log and core density values; in so doing it helps improve estimates of in-situ coal properties and associated quality attributes including gas-in-place. Introduction Well logging measurements developed for the evaluation of oil and gas wells can usefully be applied to the evaluation of coal bed methane reservoirs if the tools have been properly characterized for these environments and attention paid to basic low-level processing. The primary nuclear measurements (density, Pe and neutron porosity) provide “apparent” values that match true values only when certain assumptions are satisfied: for example, that the reservoir lithology matches that used in the basic characterization of the measurement response. Deviations from these assumptions are typically small for conventional reservoirs, but coal is anomalous in respect of the difference between electron and bulk density values, the difference between apparent and true Pe, and its high apparent neutron porosity (which also results in poor statistical precision due to the associated low counting rates). The interpretation of coal log data is further hindered when the vertical resolution of some measurements does not resolve thin beds or structures within seams. This paper reviews the issues and challenges in processing nuclear well log data for coal evaluation. It proposes a raw data processing workflow optimized for coal evaluation, and presents results from a new nuclear rock properties model which has been used to quantify the sensitivity of each measurement to variations in the elemental composition of coal.
SPE 150216 Processing and Interpretation of Density and Neutron Logs for the Evaluation of Coal Bed Methane Reservቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱirs
J. A. Whetton63(DQGP. A. S. ElkingtonSPE, Weatherford
Copyright 2012, Society of Petroleum Engineers
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE/EAGE European Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition held in Vienna, Austria, 20-22 March 2012. This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.