第四讲.初始化阶段Chapter4-7

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Chap-4安装和初始化

Chap-4安装和初始化

4.Installation and start-up 安装和初始化LiquiTOC未经授权的人员打开运输包装会失去保单权。

4.1Preparations for operation 操作的准备These prerequisites are absolutely adhered to for a smooth operation of the liquiTOC.对于liquiTOC的顺利操作必须遵照这些先决条件。

4.1.1Working environment 工作环境The installation site for the liquiTOC and the respective peripheral equipment asautosampler and PC should be protected from draught and direct sources of heat. An air conditioned room is recommended as some parts of the analyzer give off heat.In addition, appropriate steps are to be taken to avoid electrostatic charges. Electrical discharges on the unit can lead to malfunctions.At the installation site the surrounding CO2 concentration should be stable and low(< 800 ppm CO2).LiquiTOC安装地点和相应的周围设备如自动进样器和PC应通风和直接热源的排放。

我们推荐有空调的房间因为一些分析配件散发热量。

另外,要采取适合的方法避免静电。

仪器上的电子排放会引发生故障。

第四章初始化和清除 4.4

第四章初始化和清除 4.4

//: OrderOfInitialization.java
// Demonstrates initialization order.
// When the constructor is called, to create a
// Tag object, you'll slization.java
// Specifying initial values in a
// class definition.
class Bowl {
Bowl(int marker) {
System.out.println("Bowl(" + marker + ")");
class Tag {
Tag(int marker) {
System.out.println("Tag(" + marker + ")");
}
}
class Card {
Tag t1 = new Tag(1); // Before constructor
Card() {
4.4.2 构建器初始化
可考虑用构建器执行初始化进程。这样便可在编程时获得更大的灵活程度,因为我们可以在运行期调用方法和采取行动,从而“现场”决定初始化值。但要注意这样一件事情:不可妨碍自动初始化的进行,它在构建器进入之前就会发生。因此,假如使用下述代码:
class Counter {
int i;
甚至可通过调用一个方法来提供初始值:
class CInit {
int i = f();
//...

行为的阶段变化模型

行为的阶段变化模型

行为的阶段变化模型行为的阶段变化模型是指行为在不同阶段经历的变化过程。

在心理学和行为科学中,研究者们提出了不同的模型来描述行为的阶段变化,其中最为重要的是普罗舍卡模型(Prochaska Model)。

普罗舍卡模型也被称为“阶段变化模型”或“变化循环模型”,是由詹姆斯·普罗舍卡(James Prochaska)等人在20世纪80年代提出的。

该模型主要用于描述人们在改变某一不良行为或培养某一良好行为时的阶段性变化过程。

普罗舍卡模型一共包括了六个阶段,分别是:1. 未思考期(Precontemplation):在这个阶段,个体可能对于不良行为的危害性和需要改变的必要性毫无认识和意识。

2. 思考期(Contemplation):在这个阶段,个体开始思考是否需要改变行为,权衡利弊以及改变带来的挑战和收益。

3. 决策期(Preparation):在这个阶段,个体已经决定要改变行为,并开始制定具体的行动计划。

4. 行动期(Action):在这个阶段,个体已经开始实施行动计划,并积极参与到改变行为的过程中。

5. 巩固期(Maintenance):在这个阶段,个体已经成功改变了行为,并且正在努力保持这一良好的行为习惯。

6. 复发期(Relapse):在这个阶段,个体可能会出现复发的情况,即重新回到了先前的不良行为。

需要注意的是,普罗舍卡模型并不是线性的,个体在不同阶段之间可能会多次循环,也可能会倒退到前面的阶段。

例如,一个人在行动期之后可能会复发到思考期,然后重新进入行动期。

普罗舍卡模型提供了一种理论框架,帮助人们理解和管理行为变化的过程。

它认识到人们改变行为需要时间和努力,并给予了充分的自由度和灵活性。

在实际应用中,普罗舍卡模型被广泛应用于促进健康行为的改变、心理治疗和成瘾恢复等领域。

总结而言,普罗舍卡模型是一种描述行为阶段变化的模型,包括了未思考期、思考期、决策期、行动期、巩固期和复发期六个阶段。

chapter- 7 Heat transfer

chapter- 7 Heat transfer

Heat transfer by conduction
Fourier’s First Law of Heat Transfer
q dT = −k A dx
q is the rate of heat flow, A is the area through which heat is transferred. The expression q/A, the rate of heat transfer per unit areas, is called the heat flux. The derivative dT/dx is the temperature gradient. K is thermal conductivity.
Conduction: Heat will be transferred between adjacent molecules. Convection: Heat is transferred when molecules move from one point to another and exchanges energy with another molecule in the other location. Radiation: the phenomenon of heat transfer by electromagnetic waves.
If the wall of the cylinder consists of layers having different thermal conductivities. T1 and T2 must transect a layer bounded by r1 and r2, which has a uniform thermal conductivity k1. Similarly, the layer bounded by r and r where the temperatures are T and T must also have a uniform thermal conductivity, k2.

济胜知识体系05-08 初始化-方式二:先初始化再开帐的方式

济胜知识体系05-08 初始化-方式二:先初始化再开帐的方式

初始化-方式二:先初始化再开帐的方式这种初始化方式初期工作量大,对客户要求高。

但是在以下情况此种初始化方式也会被采用。

1.对于管理基础好的企业,比如,在应用本系统前,在每月底均有一份完整的财务报表反应公司经营情况的。

2.由会计主导引入此系统的企业,由于会计的思维严密,从财务管理角度出发,先初始化要更严密些。

3.如果帐目完整,通过期初建帐阶段完成初始化工作,会大大减轻应用软件后调整帐目的精力。

下面就介绍一下这种方式初始化数据的具体方法。

一、初始化流程这种实施方法基本流程如下。

这种实施方法的新建帐套和设置会计期间与第一种方法相同,只是设置了会计期间后,不立即着手开帐,而是先进行一系列的期初数据设置。

下面就简单介绍一下这种方法的期初数据的设置方法。

二、选择或新建帐套可以直接使用安装软件之后的“SWGL”帐套,或者帐套选择窗体中创建的新帐套。

三、设置会计期间进入新帐套后,首先通过软件『资料』→『期初建帐』→『会计期间』来完成会计期间的指定,启动的窗体如下图所示。

说明:这里指定的年份就是最早的开帐年份。

四、期初库存商品在开帐前,期初库存商品可以通过【期初库存商品】窗体进行输入。

启动方法:『资料』→『期初建帐』→『期初库存商品』。

启动后窗体如下图所示。

通过这个窗体可以直接新增物品,也可以通过『功能』→『复制物品信息到期初库存』项将物品信息中存在而“期初库存”中还不存在的物品复制过来。

在这个窗体中可以输入各仓库的数量和平均价。

也可以通过将EXCEL文件的物品信息和库存通过这个窗体『功能』→『导入物品资料及库存』项导入。

导入的EXCEL文件的格式如下。

说明:由于通过此窗体可以导入期初库存,使期初库存的初始化更显简单。

五、期初应收应付在开帐前,往来单位的期初应收应付通过【期初应收应付】窗体输入。

启动方法:『资料』→『期初建帐』→『期初应收应付』。

启动后窗体如下图所示。

往来单位的期初应收可以通过将EXCEL文件导入,导入方法:『功能』→『导入物品资料及库存』项导入。

货币银行学题库Chapter4 (7)

货币银行学题库Chapter4 (7)

货币银行学第六章纸质练习姓名:班级:学号:请注意,选择题的答案请写在下面的方框中,否则判为0分。

Multiple Choice1)The risk structure of interest rates is(a)the structure of how interest rates move over time.(b)the relationship among interest rates of different bonds with the same maturity.(c)the relationship among the term to maturity of different bonds.(d)the relationship among interest rates on bonds with different maturities.2)Default risk is the risk that(a)a bond issuer is unable to make interest payments.(b)a bond issuer is unable to make a profit.(c)a bond issuer is unable to pay the face value at maturity.(d)all of the above.(e)both (a) and (c) above.3)The spread between the interest rates on bonds with default risk and default-free bonds iscalled the(a)risk premium.(b)junk margin.(c)bond margin.(d)default premium.4)When the default risk in corporate bonds decreases, other things equal, the demand curve forcorporate bonds shifts to the _____ and the demand curve for Treasury bonds shifts to the _____.(a)right; right(b)right; left(c)left; left(d)left; right5)The risk premium on corporate bonds becomes smaller if(a)the riskiness of corporate bonds increases.(b)the liquidity of corporate bonds increases.(c)the liquidity of corporate bonds decreases.(d)the riskiness of corporate bonds decreases.(e)both (b) and (d) occur.6) A decrease in the liquidity of corporate bonds will _____ the price of corporate bondsand _____ the yield of Treasury bonds.(a)increase; increase(b)reduce; reduce(c)increase; reduce(d)reduce; increase(e)reduce; not affect7)An increase in marginal tax rates would likely have the effect of _____ the demandfor municipal bonds, and _____ the demand for U.S. government bonds.(a)increasing; increasing(b)increasing; decreasing(c)decreasing; increasing(d)decreasing; decreasing8)Three factors explain the risk structure of interest rates:(a)liquidity, default risk, and the income tax treatment of a security.(b)maturity, default risk, and the income tax treatment of a security.(c)maturity, liquidity, and the income tax treatment of a security.(d)maturity, default risk, and the liquidity of a security.(e)maturity, default risk, and inflation.9)The term structure of interest rates is(a)the relationship among interest rates of different bonds with the same maturity.(b)the structure of how interest rates move over time.(c)the relationship among the term to maturity of different bonds.(d)the relationship among interest rates on bonds with different maturities.10)When yield curves are steeply upward sloping,(a)long-term interest rates are above short-term interest rates.(b)short-term interest rates are above long-term interest rates.(c)short-term interest rates are about the same as long-term interest rates.(d)medium-term interest rates are above both short-term and long-term interest rates.(e)medium-term interest rates are below both short-term and long-term interest rates.11)According to the expectations theory of the term structure(a)the interest rate on long-term bonds will equal an average of short-term interestrates that people expect to occur over the life of the long-term bonds.(b)buyers of bonds do not prefer bonds of one maturity over another.(c)yield curves should be as equally likely to slope downward as slope upward.(d)all of the above.(e)only (a) and (b) of the above.12)If the expected path of one-year interest rates over the next five years is 4 percent, 5percent, 7 percent, 8 percent, and 6 percent, then the expectations theory predicts that today’s interest rate on the five-year bond is(a)4 percent.(b)5 percent.(c)6 percent.(d)7 percent.(e)8 percent.13)According to the segmented markets theory of the term structure(a)the interest rate for each maturity bond is determined by supply and demand forthat maturity bond.(b)investors’ strong preferences for short-term relative to long-term bondsexplains why yield curves typically slope upward.(c)bonds of one maturity are close substitutes for bonds of other maturities, therefore,interest rates on bonds of different maturities move together over time.(d)all of the above.(e)only (a) and (b) of the above.14)The liquidity premium theory of the term structure(a)indicates that today’s long-term interest rate equals the average of short-terminterest rates that people expect to occur over the life of the long-term bond.(b)assumes that bonds of different maturities are perfect substitutes.(c)suggests that markets for bonds of different maturities are completely separatebecause people have preferred habitats.(d)does none of the above.15)If 1-year interest rates for the next four years are expected to be 4, 2, 3, and 3 percent, andthe 4-year term premium is 1 percent, than the 4-year bond rate will be(a)1 percent.(b)2 percent.(c)3 percent.(d)4 percent.(e)5 percent.16)According to the liquidity premium theory of the term structure(a)when short-term interest rates are expected to rise in the future, the yield curvewill be steeply upward sloping.(b)when short-term interest rates are expected to remain unchanged in the future, theyield curve is likely to be slightly upward sloping.(c)when short-term interest rates are expected to decline moderately in the future, theyield curve is likely to be flat.(d)all of the above.(e)only (a) and (b) of the above.17)Which of the following theories of the term structure is (are) able to explain the factthat interest rates on bonds of different maturities tend to move together over time?(a)The expectations theory(b)The segmented markets theory(c)The liquidity premium theory(d)Both (a) and (b) of the above(e)Both (a) and (c) of the above18)The preferred habitat theory of the term structure is closely related to the(a)expectations theory of the term structure.(b)segmented markets theory of the term structure.(c)liquidity premium theory of the term structure.(d)the inverted yield curve theory of the term structure.(e)risk premium theory of the term structure19)A particularly attractive feature of the _____ is that it tells you what the market ispredicting about future short-term interest rates by just looking at the slope of the yield curve.(a)segmented markets theory(b)expectations theory(c)liquidity premium theory(d)both (a) and (b) of the aboveFigure 6-120)The steeply upward sloping yield curve in Figure 6-1 indicates that(a)short-term interest rates are expected to rise in the future.(b)short-term interest rates are expected to fall moderately in the future.(c)short-term interest rates are expected to fall sharply in the future.(d)short-term interest rates are expected to remain unchanged in the future.Essay Questions21)Demonstrate graphically and explain how a reduction in default risk affects the demandor supply of corporate and Treasury bonds.22)What is the shape of the yield curve when short rates are expected to fall in themedium term, and then increase? Demonstrate this graphically.。

医学词汇复习提纲4-7

医学词汇复习提纲4-7

医学词汇复习提纲(Chapter 4-7)Chapter Four Word formation of Medical TermsSeven types of word formation1.affixationposition3.conversion4.blending5.backformation6.clipping7.a cronymAffixationsemantically orientedadd new meaning without changing the part of speech 1.autograft 自体(身)移植物auto- self2.graft: Material, especially living tissue or an organ,surgically attached to or inserted into a bodily part toreplace a damaged part or compensate for a defect 3.Isograft 同系移植物,同基因移植物(identicaltwinsiso- equal; uniformisoantibodyisoantigenisoconcentrationisotonic4.allograft(同种)异体移植物,异基因移植=homograftallo- Other; differentallogenous异源的,异生的allosome异染色体,异形染色体5.xenograft 异种移植物= heterograftxeno- strange; foreign; differentxenophobiaxenophthalmia异物性眼炎6.Intracranialintra- within7.antiallergenicanti- against 、allergenic 引起过敏的antineoplastic // neoplastic ,瘤形成的8.Restenosisre- again, backStenosis: A constriction or narrowing of a duct or passage; a stricture9.asymptomatica- withoutsymptomatic: pertaining to symptom10.Nondiabetic // non- not1.hyperlipidemiahyper- more than normal or necessarylipid- lipid, fat(h)em- blood-ia abnormal condition2.h eterogeneoushetero- other; differentgeneous: of kind or typesuffixationbasically class-changingchange the part of speech×immuneimmunityimmunizeimmunization×eradicationspecificitysensitivitysuckling (suck + -ling: One that is young, small, or inferior) = A young mammal that has not been weanedPatterns of affixationprefix + rootinjectin- (into) + jec(t)- (to throw)put material into a particular location, often using a syringe prefix + combining vowel + rootEctoderm the outer laver of the embryoect- (outside) + derm- (skin)Cf. Mesoderm; endodermroot +suffixstasissta- ( to stand) + -sis (a condition of),slowing of fluid movement, such as the blood circulation root + combining vowel + suffixsclerosisscler- ( to harden) + -sis ( a condition of),hardening or stiffening of a tissueprefix + root + suffixperirenal:peri- (around) + ren- ( kidney) + -al (pertaining to) located around the kidneyprefix + root + combining vowel + suffix synarthrosissyn- (together) + arthr- (joint) + -sis ( a condition of) immobilization of a joint by fusion不动关节prefix + prefix + root + combining vowel + suffix contraindicationcontra- (against) + in- (toward) + dic(t)- (to speak) + -tion (the action or process involved)a condition that precludes using a drugroot + root + suffixsialadenitissial- (saliva) + aden- (gland) + -itis (an inflammatory condition)inflammation of a salivary glandroot + combining vowel + root + suffix hemophiliahemo- (blood) + phil- (beloved, loving) + -ia (pathological or abnormal condition)any of several hereditary blood-coagulation disordersprefix + root + root + suffixhyperglycemiahyper- (excessive) + glyc- (sweet) + (h) em- (blood) -ia (condition)the presence of an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood.Compositionjoining two or more wordscompound wordopen compound : made up of two or more words written separately×sleeping sickness×brain death×family planning×birth controlDifferences between an open compound and a noun phrase: Semantica red coat a redder coatPhonetica ‵green room a green‵roome.g. scarlet feverA hyphenated compoundconsists of two or more words connected by a hyphen high-resolution1.host-specific寄主专化的,寄主专一性的2.deaf-mute3.air-borne×bottle-feed×graft-versus-host移植物抗宿主A solid compoundconsists of two words written as one word1.windpipe2.sleepwalk3.overweight4.nosebleedNeo-classic compoundcoined from elements of the classical languages (Latin and Greek)1.Biocide 生物杀灭剂2.Lysosome 溶酶体3.Bacteriophobia4.Biophysics5.Chemotherapy6.Psych(o)analysisconversionemail“Can I have your e-mail address in case I need to e-mail you. stentEnglish dentist, Charles R. Stent (1845-1901)1. a device used to support a bodily orifice or cavity during skin grafting or to immobilize a skin graft following placement2. a slender thread, rod, or catheter inserted into a tubular structure, such as a blood vessel, to provide support during or after anastomosis (吻合术).“A new gamma radiation treatment intended to prevent stented arteries from renarrowing was approved by the FDA last year for widespread use.”love (v.>n.)taste (v.>n.)smell (v.>n.)skin (n.>v.)plaster (n.>v.)石膏,膏药mask (n.>v.)faint (adj.>v.)empty (adj.>v.)blendingas chortle 哈哈大笑from snort (呼哧声) plus chuckle (咯咯叫) — the -ort- of the first being surrounded by the ch-. . .-le of the secondbrunch, from breakfast plus lunchformed by blending parts of two words (or more)three major patterns are defined×part + part×whole + part×part + wholepart + partgenome (gene + chromosome)autocide (automobile + suicide)chunnel (channel + tunnel)Cremains骨灰(cremate + remains)whole + partbreathalyzer (breath + analyzer)lunarnaut (lunar + astronaut)part + wholeMedicaid (medical + aid)medicare (medical + care)medichair (medical + chair)paramedic (parachute + medic)backformationthe original name for a type of fruit was cherise, but some thought that word sounded plural, so they began to use what they believed to be a singular form, cherry, and a new word was born. The creation of the verb enthuse from the noun enthusiasm is also an example of a back-formationverbs are made from existing nouns by deleting seeming or imagined affix1.chain-smoke from chain-smoker2.eavesdrop from eavesdropping3.babysit from babysitter4.automate from automation5.donate from donationOther backformed medical terms1.diagnose from diagnosis2.ovulate from ovulation3.palpitate from palpitation4.injure from injury5.contracept from contraception6.transcript from transcription7.psychoanalyze from psychoanalysis.exceptions that involve other part of speech are not rare1.paramedic from paramedical,2.pathogen from pathogenic3.gloom from gloomy4.carcinogen (1936) from carcinogenic (1926)clippingshorteninga word is shorten by clipping off part of the word without change in its meaning and word class1.flu of influenza2.polio of poliomyelitis 小儿麻痹症3.psych of psychology4.quack of quacksalver 庸医5.Docb7.Fig.8.Vet9.Veg10.Pro11.HypoacronymAn acronym: a word coined from the initial letters of a group words in a title or phrase1.CT (computerized tomography)2.RBC (red blood cell)3. C.C (chief complain)4.BMR (basal metabolic rate)5. B.P (blood pressure)6.G.P (general practitioner)7.N.P (nurse practitioner)Some acronyms: mostly composed of the initial letter of the word plus the first letter of other componentsTB (tuberculosis)OD (overdose)IV (intravenous)NP (neuropsychiatry)神经精神医学those not formed from modern English but from Latin or Greek1. b.i.d (bis in die = twice a day)2. b.i.n (bis in nocte = twice a night)3.t.i.d (ter in die = three time a day)4. a.c (ante cibum = before meal)5.p.c. (post cibum = after meal)6.O.D. (oculus dexter = right eye)7.O.S. (oculus sinister = left eye)8.p.r.n. (pro re nata = as needed)9.q.h (quaque hora = every hour)Acronyms? Initials?AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome LASER =light amplification by stimulated emission of radiationMRI magnetic resonance imagingForming new words by analogy a process whereby a new word is coined by analogy between the newly created one and an existing corresponding one1.myalgia < neuralgia2.proteomics < genomics3.retrogress < progress4.pandemic <epidemicChapter Five Roots and Combining FormsSpecialty & Specialist1.operationsurgery surgeon2.anesthetic technologyanesthesiologyanaesthesiologyanesthesiologist (A physician who specializes in anesthesiology) 麻醉学家anesthetistA person who is specially trained to administeranesthetics 麻醉师3.bloodhematology hematologist1.boneosteopathy 疗骨术, 整骨术; 骨病osteopathistosteology 骨学2.osteologist 骨(骼)学家3.orthopedist 矫形外科医师oste/o- (Gr. osteon) bone1.osteoblast造骨细胞2.osteoclast 破骨细胞3.periosteum (pl. periosteums, -tea [-tiE])骨膜4.osteopathy疗骨术, 整骨术; 骨病arthr/o- (Gr. arthron) joint (关节)1.arthroplasty 关节造形术, 关节形成术2.arthritis 关节炎3.arthrosis关节,关节病4.arthralgia 关节痛braincerebrology cerebrologistcerebr/o- (L. ) cerebrum, brain1.cerebrosclerosis 脑硬化2.cerebrospinal 脑脊髓的3.cerebrovascular 脑血管的4.What is CV A?1.[=cardiovascular accident]心血管意外[=cerebrovascular accident]脑血管意外2.crani/o- (L. cranium; Gr. kranion) skull3.craniectom 部分颅骨切除术4.craniotomy 颅骨切开术,穿颅术,破颅术5.pericranium 颅骨膜cause or origin of diseaseetiology (aetiology) 病因学etiologistear/nose/throatotorhinolaryngologyotorhinolaryngologistENT[=ear(s),nose,and throat] Physicianot- (Gr. ōtos) ear1.otosclerosis 耳硬化症2.otoscope 耳镜3.otorrhea 耳漏(耳液溢)4.otology 耳科学5.otolaryngology 耳鼻喉科学rhin/o- (Gr. rhís, rhinós) noserhinitis 鼻(粘膜)炎rhinorrhea (=rhinorrhoea) 鼻液溢rhinology 鼻科学otorhinolaryngology 耳鼻喉科学laryng/o- (L. nāsus) larynx, voice box laryngitis 喉炎eyeophthalmologyophthalmologist or oculist or eye doctor but not Opticianocul/o- (Gr. oculus ) eyeocular眼睛的, 视觉的oculomotor 眼球运动的; 动眼的monocular单眼的ophthalm/o- (Gr. ophthalmos) eye ophthalmologist 眼科专家, 眼科医师ophthalmometer检眼计, (眼)屈光计ophthalmoscope 眼膜曲率镜, 检眼(屈光)镜ophthalmia,-mitis 眼炎; 结膜炎opt/o- (Gr. optos) visible; vision or sight optician眼镜商optic眼的; 视力的; 视觉的embryoembryology embryologistfootpodology or podiatry but not pedicure足疗podologist or podiatrist but not pedicure / pedicurist ped/o- (L. pes, pedis) foot = pod-pedopathy 脚病pedal足的, 脚的; 脚踏的pedestrian 步行的pedicure 脚病治疗pod/o- (Gr. pous, podos) footpodagra [足痛风,痛风的podiatry 足病学; 足医术children’s medicinepedology or pediatricspedologist or pediatrician or pediatristheartcardiology cardiologistcardi/o- (Gr. kardiā) heartcardiant心兴奋剂cardiogram 心电图myocarditis 心肌炎pericardium 心包; 心包膜, 围心膜angi/o- (Gr. aggeîon) vessel (脉管)angiotomy 血管切开angitis 脉管炎, 血管炎, 淋巴管炎angiocardiogram心血管照片angialgia血管痛lymph/o- (L. lympha (water)) lymph lymphocyte 淋巴细胞intestineenterology enterologistenter(o)- intestineEnterovirusParenteral and Enteral Nutrition非经肠和经肠营养kidneynephrology nephrologistnephr/o- (Gr. nephros) kidneynephrogenic肾原性的,肾发生的nephritic 肾的; 肾病的nephrosis 肾(变)病nephritis 肾炎nephroid 肾形的nephridium 肾, 肾管pyelonephritis 肾盂肾炎nephropyelitis 肾盂肾炎glomerulonephritis 肾小球性肾炎ren/o- (L. renis) kidneyreniform 肾脏形的renography 肾X线照相术, 肾造影照片rennin 肾素renculus 肾小叶ur/o, urin/o- (Gr. ouron) urineuremia尿毒症urochrome 尿色素urinometer 尿比重计liverhepatology hepatologisthepat/o- (Gr. hēpatos) liverhepatatrophy肝萎缩hepatitis 肝炎heparin 肝素hepatology 肝脏病学, 肝脏学hepatectomy 肝切除术hepatocele 肝脏脱出hepatocyte 肝细胞hepatomegaly 肝肿大hepatopexy 肝固定术hepatoptosis 肝下垂lungpneumology pneumologistcost/o- (L. costa) ribcostectomy肋骨切除术costalgia肋骨疼痛precostal 在肋骨前的subcostal 肋下的sternocostal 胸肋的; 胸骨锁骨的pleur/o- (Gr. pleurá) pleura (胸膜)pleurodynia 胸膜痛pleuritispleurocentesisstern/o- (Gr. sternon (breast)) sternum sternoschisis 胸骨裂thorac/o- (Gr. thrombos) thorax or chest thoracotomy 胸廓切开术; 开胸术pneumothorax 气胸hemathorax 血胸protothorax 前胸pyothorax 脓胸mechanism of diseasepathology pathologistpath- diseasehepatic encephalopathy hepatocerebral diseaseHCD=HEmedicine×pharmacology×pharmacologist 药理学家×pharmaceutics 配药学, 制药学preparing and dispensing drugs×pharmaceutist 药师, 药剂师×pharmacist 配药者, 药剂师×druggist or chemist×pharmacodynamics 药效学×pharmacokinetics药物(代谢)动力学mental processes and behavior psychology psychologistpsychiatry 精神病学, 精神病治疗法psychiatristpsycho- mindPsychogeriatrics 老年精神病学psychoacoustic 心理声学的,心理听觉的nerveneurology neurologistneur/o- (Gr. neuron) nerveneurocyte 神经细胞neurosis 神经(机能)病; 神经精神病neuroblast 成神经细胞neuralgia 神经痛radiationradiology radiologistskindermatology dermatologistcutane- (L. cutis) skinsubcutaneous皮下的dermat/o-, derm/o- (Gr. dermatos) skin dermatology 皮肤病学dermalaxia 皮肤软化dermatitis 皮肤炎, 皮炎hypodermic?epitheli/o- epithelium (上皮)epithelioma 上皮瘤stomachgastrology gastrologistgastr/o- (Gr. gastēr) stomach gastrointestinal 胃与肠的gastrohydrorrhea 胃液溢, 胃溢水gastrotomy 胃切开术, 胃造口术gastrolith 胃结石, 胃石gastroenterology : stomach and intestine gastroenterologisttissuehistology histologistchondr/o- (chondros) cartilage (软骨)chondrification软骨化chondrodystrophia 软骨营养障碍chondrosarcoma 软骨肉瘤fibr/o- (L. fibra) fiberfibromyositis纤维肌炎my/o- (Gr. mys) musclemyoatrophy 肌萎缩amyotonia肌弛缓; 肌罕张缺乏myocardium 心肌(层) dermatomyositis 皮肌炎toothdentistry dentistgeriodontics ? 老年牙科学denture ? 托牙,牙列periodontitis ? 牙周炎tumoroncology oncologistvirusvirology virologistfemale diseasesgynecology / gynaecology gynecologist / gynaecologistmamm/o-,mast/o- (Gr. mammē) breast mammoplasty乳房成形术mastectomy 乳房切除手术mastotomy乳房切开术mammogram 乳房X线照片childbirth and perinatal careobstetrics obstetrician hormonesendocrinology endocrinologistaden/o- (Gr. adēn) gland (腺)adenocarcinoma 腺癌adenectomy 腺切除术,增殖腺切除术adenofibroma腺纤维瘤adenositis 腺炎adenosis 腺病legal medicineforensic medicine 法医学forensic expert or medical examineror medicolegal physicianrecoveryrehabilitation / physiotherapist理疗学家中西医TCM and Western Med expertChapter Six PrefixesAn English Case History×PC = Presenting Complaint 主诉4-hour crushing retrosternal chest painretro- (P037)Backward, or located behinda retrospective studyretrograde amnesia 逆行性遗忘ante(ro)- (P036)anterograde amnesia顺行性遗忘×HPC = History of Presenting Complaint 现病史发病:胸骨后压榨性疼痛4小时,向颈与双臂放射,5-10分钟内逐渐起病Onset: 4 hours of “crushing tight” retrosternal chest pain, radiating to neck and both arms, gradual onset over 5-10 minutes.×Duration : persistent since onset持续时间/间期:发病起持续至今×Severity : worst pain ever had严重程度:从未痛得如此厉害过×Relieving / exacerbating factors 缓解与恶化因素GTN (glyceryl trinitrate) provided no relief although normally relieves pain in minutes, no other relieving/exacerbating factors. 硝酸甘油(三硝酸甘油脂)平时能在数分钟内缓解疼痛,但本次无效,无其它缓解和恶化因素。

货币银行学题库Chapter4 (7)

货币银行学题库Chapter4 (7)

货币银行学第六章纸质练习姓名:班级:学号:请注意,选择题的答案请写在下面的方框中,否则判为0分。

Multiple Choice1)The risk structure of interest rates is(a)the structure of how interest rates move over time.(b)the relationship among interest rates of different bonds with the same maturity.(c)the relationship among the term to maturity of different bonds.(d)the relationship among interest rates on bonds with different maturities.2)Default risk is the risk that(a)a bond issuer is unable to make interest payments.(b)a bond issuer is unable to make a profit.(c)a bond issuer is unable to pay the face value at maturity.(d)all of the above.(e)both (a) and (c) above.3)The spread between the interest rates on bonds with default risk and default-free bonds iscalled the(a)risk premium.(b)junk margin.(c)bond margin.(d)default premium.4)When the default risk in corporate bonds decreases, other things equal, the demand curve forcorporate bonds shifts to the _____ and the demand curve for Treasury bonds shifts to the _____.(a)right; right(b)right; left(c)left; left(d)left; right5)The risk premium on corporate bonds becomes smaller if(a)the riskiness of corporate bonds increases.(b)the liquidity of corporate bonds increases.(c)the liquidity of corporate bonds decreases.(d)the riskiness of corporate bonds decreases.(e)both (b) and (d) occur.6) A decrease in the liquidity of corporate bonds will _____ the price of corporate bondsand _____ the yield of Treasury bonds.(a)increase; increase(b)reduce; reduce(c)increase; reduce(d)reduce; increase(e)reduce; not affect7)An increase in marginal tax rates would likely have the effect of _____ the demandfor municipal bonds, and _____ the demand for U.S. government bonds.(a)increasing; increasing(b)increasing; decreasing(c)decreasing; increasing(d)decreasing; decreasing8)Three factors explain the risk structure of interest rates:(a)liquidity, default risk, and the income tax treatment of a security.(b)maturity, default risk, and the income tax treatment of a security.(c)maturity, liquidity, and the income tax treatment of a security.(d)maturity, default risk, and the liquidity of a security.(e)maturity, default risk, and inflation.9)The term structure of interest rates is(a)the relationship among interest rates of different bonds with the same maturity.(b)the structure of how interest rates move over time.(c)the relationship among the term to maturity of different bonds.(d)the relationship among interest rates on bonds with different maturities.10)When yield curves are steeply upward sloping,(a)long-term interest rates are above short-term interest rates.(b)short-term interest rates are above long-term interest rates.(c)short-term interest rates are about the same as long-term interest rates.(d)medium-term interest rates are above both short-term and long-term interest rates.(e)medium-term interest rates are below both short-term and long-term interest rates.11)According to the expectations theory of the term structure(a)the interest rate on long-term bonds will equal an average of short-term interestrates that people expect to occur over the life of the long-term bonds.(b)buyers of bonds do not prefer bonds of one maturity over another.(c)yield curves should be as equally likely to slope downward as slope upward.(d)all of the above.(e)only (a) and (b) of the above.12)If the expected path of one-year interest rates over the next five years is 4 percent, 5percent, 7 percent, 8 percent, and 6 percent, then the expectations theory predicts that today’s interest rate on the five-year bond is(a)4 percent.(b)5 percent.(c)6 percent.(d)7 percent.(e)8 percent.13)According to the segmented markets theory of the term structure(a)the interest rate for each maturity bond is determined by supply and demand forthat maturity bond.(b)investors’ strong preferences for short-term relative to long-term bondsexplains why yield curves typically slope upward.(c)bonds of one maturity are close substitutes for bonds of other maturities, therefore,interest rates on bonds of different maturities move together over time.(d)all of the above.(e)only (a) and (b) of the above.14)The liquidity premium theory of the term structure(a)indicates that today’s long-term interest rate equals the average of short-terminterest rates that people expect to occur over the life of the long-term bond.(b)assumes that bonds of different maturities are perfect substitutes.(c)suggests that markets for bonds of different maturities are completely separatebecause people have preferred habitats.(d)does none of the above.15)If 1-year interest rates for the next four years are expected to be 4, 2, 3, and 3 percent, andthe 4-year term premium is 1 percent, than the 4-year bond rate will be(a)1 percent.(b)2 percent.(c)3 percent.(d)4 percent.(e)5 percent.16)According to the liquidity premium theory of the term structure(a)when short-term interest rates are expected to rise in the future, the yield curvewill be steeply upward sloping.(b)when short-term interest rates are expected to remain unchanged in the future, theyield curve is likely to be slightly upward sloping.(c)when short-term interest rates are expected to decline moderately in the future, theyield curve is likely to be flat.(d)all of the above.(e)only (a) and (b) of the above.17)Which of the following theories of the term structure is (are) able to explain the factthat interest rates on bonds of different maturities tend to move together over time?(a)The expectations theory(b)The segmented markets theory(c)The liquidity premium theory(d)Both (a) and (b) of the above(e)Both (a) and (c) of the above18)The preferred habitat theory of the term structure is closely related to the(a)expectations theory of the term structure.(b)segmented markets theory of the term structure.(c)liquidity premium theory of the term structure.(d)the inverted yield curve theory of the term structure.(e)risk premium theory of the term structure19)A particularly attractive feature of the _____ is that it tells you what the market ispredicting about future short-term interest rates by just looking at the slope of the yield curve.(a)segmented markets theory(b)expectations theory(c)liquidity premium theory(d)both (a) and (b) of the aboveFigure 6-120)The steeply upward sloping yield curve in Figure 6-1 indicates that(a)short-term interest rates are expected to rise in the future.(b)short-term interest rates are expected to fall moderately in the future.(c)short-term interest rates are expected to fall sharply in the future.(d)short-term interest rates are expected to remain unchanged in the future.Essay Questions21)Demonstrate graphically and explain how a reduction in default risk affects the demandor supply of corporate and Treasury bonds.22)What is the shape of the yield curve when short rates are expected to fall in themedium term, and then increase? Demonstrate this graphically.。

Chapter4-7(等离子体)

Chapter4-7(等离子体)

e v E t m
n e n0 ' n 0 2 t m 0
2 ' 2
n' n0 v 0 t
e ' e
' '
ip t
p
n0 e 2 mε0
13
p称为等离子体频率.
大气中的电离层是稀薄的等离子体, n0为1010~1012m-3它的等离子体频率 fp=p/2 = 1~10MHZ 。
§8 等离子体 *
当物质温度升高或受到电离时, 电子和正离子 分离, 形成由电子和正离子组成的物质状态。这种 电离物质在宏观上保持电中性, 称为等离子体。等 离子体物理在天体物理, 受控核聚变等领域内有着 重要应用。本节讨论等离子体的一些主要电磁性质。 麦克斯韦方程组是电磁现象中普遍成立的方 程.不同物质状态所表现出的不同特性是由该物 质的特殊电磁性质方程引起的。在通常介质中, 电子是束缚在原子内的,在电场和磁场作用下, 产生比较简单的极化和磁化现象. 1
e x' 40 x x '
e
x x'

' dx
7
上式也适用于等离子体内由于密度涨落 而引起的净电荷分布。由于屏蔽效应,这 种局域性净电荷的影响也在屏蔽长度之外 被消除。因此,在线度l>>范围内,可以把 等离子体看作电中性的。这种性质称为准电 中性.
上述三式是等离子体 的流体运动和电场相 互制约的方程
11
我们只考虑在平衡态附近的微小振 荡.设n’ = n-n0 及v为一级小量,把方程线 性化后得
n n0 v 0 t v e E t m
'
e ' E n

chapter_4

chapter_4
周立功单片机
4.1 ARM处理器寻址方式
• 寻址方式分类——寄存器移位寻址
寄存器移位寻址是ARM指令集特有的寻址方式。 当第2个操作数是寄存器移位方式时,第2个寄存器 操作数在与第1个操作数结合之前,选择进行移位操 逻辑左移3位 作。寄存器移位寻址指令举例如下: MOV R0,R2,LSL #3 R2 0x01 ;R2的值左移3位,结果放入R0, 0x08
向上生长:向高地址方向生长,称为递增堆栈
向下生长:向低地址方向生长,称为递减堆栈
周立功单片机
4.1 ARM处理器寻址方式
• 寻址方式分类——堆栈寻址
堆栈压栈 SP栈顶 0x12345678 栈底
栈区
向上 增长
堆栈存 储区
向下 增长
栈区
栈底 0x12345678 堆栈压栈
栈顶SP
周立功单片机
LDR R1,[R2] ;将R2指向的存储单元的数据读出
SWP
R1,R1,[R2]
R2 0x40000000 ;保存在R1中 R0 0xAA 0x55
;单元的内容交换
;将寄存器R1的值和R2指定的存储
LDR
R1,[R2]
周立功单片机
4.1 ARM处理器寻址方式
• 寻址方式分类——基址寻址
基址寻址就是将基址寄存器的内容与指令中给 出的偏移量相加,形成操作数的有效地址。基址寻 址用于访问基址附近的存储单元,常用于查表、数 0x4000000C 0xAA 组操作、功能部件寄存器访问等。基址寻址指令举 例如下: 将R3+0x0C作 R3 0x40000000 LDR 为地址装载数 R2,[R3,#0x0C] ;读取R3+0x0C地址上的存储单元 R2 0xAA 0x55 据 ;的内容,放入R2

C语言程序设计(第4版)

C语言程序设计(第4版)

教学资源
《C语言程序设计(第4版)》提供有配套教学课件和源代码、与纸质教材内容配套的数字课程资源、《C语 言程序设计精髓》和《程序设计基》Mooc课程。
《C语言程序设计(第4版)》的配套教材是《C语言程序设计学习指导(第4版)》。
教材特色
该教材在内容的指导思想上,以C语言为工具,介绍计算思维方法和程序设计的基本方法,不拘泥于C语言 的基本语法知识,面向实际应用,把计算思维方法和程序设计中的思想和方法渗透到C语言的介绍中。
2019年8月6日,《C语言程序设计(第4版)》由高等教育出版社出版。
内容简介
全书由14章组成,第1章介绍为什么要学习编程;第2章介绍基本数据类型,包括常量与变量、简单的屏幕输 出、数据类型等内容;第3章介绍基本算术运算符,包括C运算符和表达式、宏常量与宏替换、常用的标准数学函 数等内容;第4章介绍键盘输入和屏幕输出,包括单个字符的输入/输出、数据的格式化屏幕输出、数据的格式化 键盘输入等内容;第5章介绍选择控制结构,包括关系运算符与关系表达式、用于分支控制的条件语句、逻辑运算 符和逻辑表达式等内容;第6章介绍循环控制结构,包括循环控制结构与循环语句、条件控制的循环、流程的转移 控制等内容;第7章介绍函数与模块化程序设计,包括向函数传递值和从函数返回值、函数的递归调用和递归函数、 模块化程序设计等内容;第8章介绍数组和算法基础,包括数组的定义和初始化、向函数传递数组、排序和查找等 内容;第9章介绍指针,包括变量的内存、指针变量的定义和初始化、函数指针及其应用等内容;第10章介绍字 符串,包括字符串字面量、字符指针、向函数传递字符串等内容;第11章介绍指针和数组,包括指针和数组间的 关系、指针数组及其应用、动态数组等内容;第12章介绍结构体和数据结构基础,包括结构体数组的定义和初始 化、结构体指针的定义和初始化、向函数传递结构体等内容;第13章介绍文件操作,包括按字符读写文件、按格 式读写文件、按数据块读写文件等内容;第14章介绍简单的游戏设计,包括动画的基本原理、迷宫游戏、Flappy bird游戏等内容。

KIS产品课件_SMB1.1_初始化

KIS产品课件_SMB1.1_初始化

流程与功能 流程与功能
返回上级
版权所有 ©1993-2009 金蝶软件(中国)有限公司
P19
目 录 结束初始化
结束初始化,是进行日常业务操作的关键环节
系统概述
结束初始化前提条件
总流程图
所有单据是否均已审核 财务是否通过试算平衡,包括科目和现金流量初始数据 综合本位币平衡才能结束初始化
流程与功能 流程与功能
系统会自动备份账套文件,并提示备份的文件及 存放路径
返回上级
版权所有 ©1993-2009 金蝶软件(中国)有限公司
P20
谢 谢!
温馨提醒: 温馨提醒: 在进入系统之后,建议用户立即修改账套管理的密码, 在进入系统之后,建议用户立即修改账套管理的密码, 以确保系统的安全性。 以确保系统的安全性。
返回上级
版权所有 ©1993-2009 金蝶软件(中国)有限公司
P7
目 录 新建账套
系统概述
新建账套操作步骤
配置账套信息 配置购销存参数
返回上级
版权所有 ©1993-2009 金蝶软件(中国)有限公司
P13
目 录 现金流量初始数据
系统概述
现金流量初始化是针对年中启用账套,且需要制 作现金流量表年报的企业设计的功能 现金流量初始余额录入界面与现金流量表的格式 相同,同时显示主表与附表 钩稽检查
总流程图
流程与功能 流程与功能
主表“经营活动产生的现金流量净额”=附表“经营活 动产生的现金流量净额” 主表“现金及现金等价物的净增加额”=附表“现金及 现金等价物的净增加额”
总流程图
流程与功能
版权所有 ©1993-2009 金蝶软件(中国)有限公司
P2
目 录 总流程图

智能制造编程与调试教程

智能制造编程与调试教程

智能制造编程与调试教程第一章智能制造编程基础 (2)1.1 编程概述 (2)1.1.1 任务分析 (2)1.1.2 动作规划 (3)1.1.3 编程实现 (3)1.1.4 调试与优化 (3)1.2 编程语言简介 (3)1.2.1 Python (3)1.2.2 C (3)1.2.3 MATLAB (3)1.2.4 ROS(Robot Operating System) (3)1.3 编程环境搭建 (3)1.3.1 Python 环境搭建 (3)1.3.2 C 环境搭建 (4)1.3.3 MATLAB 环境搭建 (4)1.3.4 ROS 环境搭建 (4)第二章坐标系与运动学 (4)2.1 坐标系介绍 (4)2.2 运动学基础 (4)2.3 坐标变换与运动规划 (5)第三章传感器与执行器集成 (5)3.1 传感器概述 (5)3.2 执行器概述 (6)3.3 传感器与执行器的集成 (6)第四章控制策略 (7)4.1 控制策略概述 (7)4.2 PID控制 (7)4.3 逆运动学控制 (7)第五章视觉系统 (8)5.1 视觉系统概述 (8)5.2 图像处理基础 (8)5.3 视觉伺服 (9)第六章路径规划与导航 (9)6.1 路径规划概述 (9)6.2 路径规划算法 (9)6.2.1 基于图的搜索算法 (9)6.2.2 基于采样的方法 (10)6.2.3 基于多项式的路径规划 (10)6.3 导航技术 (10)第七章编程语言与工具 (10)7.1 编程语言概述 (10)7.2 编程工具介绍 (11)7.3 编程实例分析 (11)第八章编程实践 (12)8.1 实践项目概述 (12)8.2 编程步骤与技巧 (12)8.3 调试与优化 (13)第九章调试技术 (13)9.1 调试概述 (13)9.2 调试工具与方法 (14)9.2.1 调试工具 (14)9.2.2 调试方法 (14)9.3 常见问题与解决方案 (14)9.3.1 硬件问题 (14)9.3.2 软件问题 (14)9.3.3 控制系统问题 (15)第十章故障诊断与维护 (15)10.1 故障诊断概述 (15)10.2 常见故障分析 (15)10.3 维护与保养 (16)第十一章智能制造与协同作业 (16)11.1 智能制造概述 (16)11.2 协同作业技术 (17)11.3 应用案例解析 (17)第十二章智能制造编程与调试发展趋势 (18)12.1 技术发展趋势 (18)12.2 行业应用前景 (18)12.3 人才培养与挑战 (19)第一章智能制造编程基础科技的不断发展,智能制造已成为我国制造业转型升级的重要方向。

权重初始化方法及原理

权重初始化方法及原理

权重初始化方法及原理权重初始化是深度学习中非常重要的步骤之一。

合理选择和设计权重初始化方法可以有助于加快模型的收敛速度和提高模型的性能。

本文将介绍权重初始化的方法及其原理,并给出相应的例子进行说明。

1. 权重初始化的重要性:在深度学习中,模型的权重起到了至关重要的作用,权重的初始化将直接影响模型的收敛过程和最终性能。

合理的权重初始化方法可以避免模型陷入局部最小值,提高训练的稳定性和泛化能力。

2. 常见的权重初始化方法及原理:2.1 随机初始化(Random Initialization):随机初始化是最常用的权重初始化方法之一。

对于每个权重参数,从某个分布(如均匀分布或高斯分布)中随机初始化权重。

这样可以打破对称性,使得模型可以学到更多不同的特征。

2.2 零初始化(Zero Initialization):零初始化是一种简单的权重初始化方法,在模型的每个权重参数上直接设置为0。

然而,这种方法会导致参数无法更新,模型无法进行有效的学习,因此不推荐使用。

2.3 Xavier初始化(Xavier Initialization):Xavier初始化是一种常用的权重初始化方法,在深度学习中被广泛使用。

它根据输入层和输出层的神经元数量来定义权重的标准差,以此保持每层激活值经过激活函数后的方差相对稳定。

这样可以避免激活函数的饱和和梯度消失问题。

2.4 He初始化(He Initialization):He初始化是Xavier初始化的一种改进版本,在深度学习中也被广泛使用。

不同于Xavier 初始化根据输入层和输出层的神经元数量定义权重的标准差,He初始化根据输入层的神经元数量来定义权重的标准差。

这样可以更好地适应ReLU等激活函数的使用。

3. 权重初始化方法的选择和实践:3.1 选择适合的初始化方法:在选择权重初始化方法时,需要考虑激活函数的选择、网络结构的复杂程度以及任务的特点等因素。

对于不同的情景和要求,选择合适的初始化方法可以提高模型的性能和训练效果。

9. initial process study -回复

9. initial process study -回复

9. initial process study -回复关于“初始过程研究”的问题。

以下是我对这个问题的回答:初始过程研究是指对一个系统、项目或业务过程的最初阶段进行细致分析和调查的过程。

这个过程的目的是了解问题、要求和约束,并为后续的设计和开发工作打下基础。

在这篇文章中,我将一步一步回答有关初始过程研究的问题。

第一步:确定研究目标和范围在开始初始过程研究之前,我们需要明确研究的目标和范围。

这意味着明确我们想要了解和解决的问题,以及我们需要收集哪些信息和数据。

例如,我们可能希望了解一个系统的需求、用户的期望、竞争对手的市场份额等等。

明确研究的目标和范围对于后面的研究工作非常重要,可以帮助我们集中精力并确保研究的有效性。

第二步:收集信息和数据一旦我们明确了研究的目标和范围,接下来就是收集信息和数据。

这可以通过多种方式进行,如面对面访谈、问卷调查、文献研究等等。

根据研究的目标和范围,我们可以选择最适合的方法来收集信息和数据。

例如,如果我们想了解用户的需求,我们可以进行面对面的访谈或设计问卷来收集用户的反馈。

在这个阶段,要确保信息和数据的准确性和可靠性,并遵循一定的研究伦理原则。

第三步:分析和解释数据一旦我们收集了足够的信息和数据,接下来就是分析和解释这些数据。

这包括对数据进行整理、分类、统计和可视化等处理方式,从而得出一些有意义的结果。

例如,我们可以使用图表和统计方法来分析用户对一个产品的满意度,或者使用SWOT分析法来评估一个项目的优势和劣势。

在这个阶段,我们需要确保使用合适的工具和方法来分析数据,并从中得出可靠的结论。

第四步:制定建议和解决方案一旦我们对数据进行了分析和解释,接下来就是制定一些建议和解决方案。

这些建议和解决方案应该是基于研究结果和对问题的深入理解。

例如,如果我们发现用户对一个产品的某个功能不满意,我们可以提出改进该功能的建议。

或者,如果我们发现一个项目存在着潜在的风险和障碍,我们可以提出相应的解决方案。

【2024版】操作系统教程第5版第3章【PV】

【2024版】操作系统教程第5版第3章【PV】
int X2=Aj; if(X2>=1) {
X2- -; Aj=X2; {输出一张票}; } else {输出信息"票已售完"}; }
13
3、与时间有关的错误(例子3 )
T1、T2并发执行,可能出现如下交叉情况: T1:X1=Aj; //X1=m T2:X2=Aj; //X2=m T2:X2--;Aj=X2;{输出一张票}; //Aj=m-1 T1:X1--;Aj=X1;{输出一张票}; //Aj=m-1 同一张票卖给两位旅客
22
4.2.1 互斥与临界区(1)
并发进程中,与共享变量有关的程序段叫“临 界区”, 共享变量代表的资源叫“临界资源” 。
与同一变量有关的临界区分散在各进程的程序 段中,而各进程的执行速度不可预知。
如果保证进程在临界区执行时,不让另一个进 程进入临界区,即各进程对共享变量的访问是 互斥的,就不会造成与时间有关的错误。
……
……
Step1: P先上CPU
28
软件方法1
free:临界区空闲标志 true:有进程在临界区;false:无进程在临界区 初值:free为false
P:
Q:
……
…… CPU 2
while(free);CPU free=true;
1
while(free); free=true;
临界区
临界区
➢ 顺序程序设计是把一个程序设计成一个顺序执行 的程序模块,顺序的含义不但指一个程序模块内 部,也指两个程序模块之间。
3
顺序程序设计特点
程序执行的顺序性 程序环境的封闭性 程序执行结果的确定性 计算过程的可再现性
顺序程序设计的缺点:计算机系统效率不高。
4
4.1.2 进程的并发性

【Java】Java初始化过程总结

【Java】Java初始化过程总结

【Java】Java初始化过程总结概述Java字节代码:byte[]Java类在JVM的表现形式:Class类的对象;Java源代码被编译成class字节码 :Java字节代码 --> Class类的对象:1. 加载:把Java字节码byte[]转换成JVM中的ng.Class类的对象;2. 链接:Java类的链接指的是将Java类的⼆进制代码合并到JVM的运⾏状态之中的过程。

3. 初始化:主要是执⾏静态代码块和初始化静态域;Java类的加载作⽤把Java字节码转换成JVM中的ng.Class类的对象;1. 通过⼀个类的全限定名获取描述此类的⼆进制字节流;2. 将这个字节流所代表的静态存储结构保存为⽅法区的运⾏时数据结构;3. 在java堆中⽣成⼀个代表这个类的ng.Class对象,作为访问⽅法区的⼊⼝;类加载器分类1. 启动类加载器(Bootstrap ClassLoader):负责加载 JAVA_HOME\lib ⽬录中的,或通过-Xbootclasspath参数指定路径中的,且被虚拟机认可(按⽂件名识别,如rt.jar)的类;2. 扩展类加载器(Extension ClassLoader):负责加载 JAVA_HOME\lib\ext ⽬录中的,或通过java.ext.dirs系统变量指定路径中的类库;3. 应⽤程序类加载器(Application ClassLoader):负责加载⽤户路径(classpath)上的类库;双亲委派模型⼯作过程:当⼀个类加载器收到类加载任务,优先交给其⽗类加载器去完成,因此最终加载任务都会传递到顶层的启动类加载器,只有当⽗类加载器⽆法完成加载任务时,才会尝试执⾏加载任务。

双亲委派模型有什么好处?⽐如位于rt.jar包中的类ng.Object,⽆论哪个加载器加载这个类,最终都是委托给顶层的启动类加载器进⾏加载,确保了Object类在各种加载器环境中都是同⼀个类。

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2.2 目的
该阶段的目的不是定义所有的需求,而是做适当
的调研(to do just enough investigation) 何谓“适当的”:

对新系统的整体目的和可行性形成一个合理的意见 确定是否值得深入研究
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的一系列活动,这些活动产生了对每个参与者而 言可观察的返回值”(RUP) 描述了从参与者(Actor)角度看系统(黑盒子) 做了什么 WHAT 用例模型本身不是面向对象建模技术
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用例的好处



从用户的角度获取操作性需求 对系统的功能进行清晰而一致的描述 系统测试的基础 提供了从功能需求跟踪到系统中真正的类和操作的能 力
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功能性


特性集(feature sets) 功能(capabilities ) 安全性(security ) 人性化因素 (Related Concepts: User-Centered Design) 美学特性(aesthetics ) 用户接口的一致性(consistency in the user interface ) 在线和上下文相关的帮助(online and context-sensitive help ) 智能助手(wizards and agents ) 用户文档(user documentation ) 训练材料(training materials )
速度(speed ) 效率(efficiency ) 可用性(availability ) 精度(accuracy ) 吞吐量(throughput ) 响应时间(response time ) 恢复时间(recovery time ) 资源利用率(resource usage )
性能

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理解Use Cases



参与者Actor: 是某些具有行为的事物,可以是人(由 角色标识),计算机系统或组织,例如收银员 场景Scenario: 参与者和系统之间的一系列特定的活动 和交互,也称为用例实例。场景是使用系统的一个特 定情节或用例的一条执行路径。 用例Use Case: 一组相关的成功和失败场景集合,用 来描述参与者如何使用系统实现其目标
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处理退货-非正式格式

主成功场景
A customer arrives at a checkout with items to return. The
cashier uses the POS system to record each returned item…
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3.2涉及到谁?
客户(Client) – 为开发付钱的人,将来是产品
的拥有者 顾客(Customer) – 买商品化软件的人,或者 将来有发言权确定是否产品可以接受(开发产 品)。可能与客户是同样的人 涉众 – 任何对系统的需求有直接或者间接影响的 人 参考: Mastering the Requirements Process, Robertson and Robertson
9
初始化阶段的主要目标为:




建立项目的软件范围和边界条件,包括一个操作“前 景”,“接受准则”和产品中包含什么,不包含什么 确定核心的用例,这是系统运行的主要场景,它将决 定系统设计的方案 针对主要的场景,确定或者演示至少一个备选的系统 结构 对整个项目估计总成本和计划 (更详细的估计将安排 在细化阶段中) 估计可能的风险 (不可预计性的来源) 为项目准备支持环境



真正的需要是什么 不同的细节层次 无法控制的复杂性
存在许多方法

越简单的往往应用越广
通过讲述如何利用系统满足不同涉众的目标的故
事来记录功能需求-cases of use
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4.3 什么是用例 ?
“一组用例的实例,其中每个实例都是系统执行
机系统,它一般用于零售店
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体系结构
minor focus
Interface
explore how to connect to other layers
application logic and domain object layer
primary focus of case study Sale Payment
Iteration 3 Likewise.
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2. 初始化阶段
2.1 在我们开始一个项目前…
在项目启动前,我们需要回答下列问题:


该项目的vision(设想,前景) 和business case(业务 案例) ? 可行吗? 购买and/or 构造? 成本的大致估计; 是$10K-100K 或者几百万? 我们需要继续还是停止?

外部需求
“The system shall not disclose any personal information
about customers apart from their name and reference number to the operators of the system”
4.2目标和故事
人类的行动主要是由目标驱动的.
对于一个图书馆信息系统,某些目标为:


每一本书的请求都必须最终实现 新系统必须高度可靠
通过做某些事情或者避免(不做)某些事情来实
现 系统构造时,我们必须记住我们的目标
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获取目标并不容易
上海交通大学计算机科学与工程系


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3. 理解需求 (Chapter 5)
3.1 概述
需求



每一个人都有需求 在不同的时间我们有不同的需求 需求驱动了软件过程
正式的定义

“需求就是系统(更广义的说法是项目)必须提供的 能力和必须遵从的条件".
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可用性

2019/2/25Fra bibliotek21 可靠性

失效频率和严重性(frequency and severity of failure ) 可恢复性(recoverability ) 可预测性(predictability ) 精度(accuracy ) 平均失效时间(mean time between failure (MTBF) )
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4. 基于用例的需求获取
Chapter 6
4.1 目标
如何识别和编写用例 使用摘要、非正式和详述等用例形式的基本式样 将测试应用于确定适当的用例上 将用例分析与迭代开发联系起来
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例子

用户能够搜索所有的数据集合或者从中选择一部分进 行搜索 系统需要为用户提供合适的浏览器从文档库中读取文 档 每一个订单需要分配一个唯一标识符,用户可以永久 保存起来.


2019/2/25
上海交通大学计算机科学与工程系
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3.5非功能需求
the APSE and the user to be expressed in the standard Ada character set.”

组织需求
“The system development process and deliverable documents
shall conform to the process and deliverables defined in XYZCo-SP-STAN-95”
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上海交通大学计算机科学与工程系
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可支持性


可测试性(testability ) 可扩展性(extensibility ) 适应性(adaptability ) 可维护性(maintainability ) 匹配性(compatibility ) 可配置性(configurability ) 可服务性(serviceability ) 可安装性(installability ) 本地化,国际化localizability (internationalization)
第四讲. 初始化阶段
Chapter 4-7
内容
案例简介 初始化阶段 需求概念 基于用例的功能性需求获取 非功能性需求
2019/2/25
上海交通大学计算机科学与工程系
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1. 案例
NEXTGEN POS 系统
NextGen 销售终端(point-of-sale, POS) 系统 POS系统是用来记录销售信息和处理支付的计算
上海交通大学计算机科学与工程系
2019/2/25
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2.3 制品
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