Lecture 4 Amplification & Omission 增减法

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盘点托福听力讲座lecture4大主要出题点

盘点托福听力讲座lecture4大主要出题点【备考常识】盘点托福听力讲座lecture4大主要出题点出题点1：听讲学生半路提问—对应imply题或者function 题，100%考点1. professor的态度。

一般情况下老师对于提问的态度会十分诡异，比如突然傻笑，或者轻蔑的说一句不着边的很短的话，别害怕!这不是恐怖录音。

并且，这些做题的时候基本还会再放一遍。

关于教授的态度一般会出imply题，比如What does the professor imply/mean whenhe/she says this?Why does the professor say this?举个例子，比如老师在听完提问后讲了一个definition, 那么很有可能他前面是在暗示学生对概念的理解有问题，于是他clarify了一下;或者老师在后面转变了一个话题，那么很有可能前面就是在暗示他要转移重点了。

因此当我们听到imply的出题点的时候，一定要注意教授后面的讲解，并适当做笔记。

2. professor下面的回答。

如果教授说道it’s a fair question 之类的话，下面他就要开始展开了，而这就是考点，通常教授的回答会是例子+观点/观点+例子。

这里可能会出功能题，就是问professor举这个例子有什么用。

出题点2：professor举的例子—对应功能题Professor举例子的时候一定要把例子记下来，并且要知道他在例子之前说了什么，因为例子论证的一般都是前面的观点。

举例子的关键词有for example, for instance等，基本就是摆好架子要开说了，听到这些短语就抄起笔/竖起耳朵赶紧听吧。

还有在example中也有一些重点词语要注意，比如then, so, in this way, ok, the next stage, well等等，包括一些逻辑词，都是关键点。

这个考点出题的时候一般会问:Why does the professor use the example of。

Lecture Five

Ancient Chinese Education最早的学校教育•据古籍文献记载，古代中国早在四千多年前的虞舜时代就已经出现学校教育。

在河南安阳出土的三千多年前的商代甲骨文中，多处出现「学」字，就是当时进行教育活动的证明。

西周时期，学校教育已形成制度。

随后历经春秋战国五百年动荡，官学瓦解，私学兴起，出现了古代最伟大的教育家孔子和百家争鸣的学术繁荣。

Development of Ancient Education•Spring and Autumn Period–Confucius’private school:•3000 disciples;•72 virtuous and talented students•Han Dynasty Education–Great Academy or “Taixue”（太学）Development of ancient education •From Sui and Tang Dynasties to Ming andQing Dynasties•The Guozijian (国子监): Imperial Academy orImperial College–Song Dynasty•Shuyuan(书院): private educationalorganizationDevelopment of Ancient Education •Shang Xiang (上庠: shàng xiáng), was a schoolfounded in the Yu Shun 虞舜era in China. Shun (舜, 2257 BCE–2208 BCE), the Emperor of theKingdom of Yu 虞, or 有虞Youyu, founded twoschools. One was Shang Xiang (shang 上,means up, high), and the other one was XiaXiang 下庠, xia 下means down, low. ShangXiang was a place to educate noble youth.Teachers at Shang Xiang were generally erudite 博学的, elder and noble persons.Development of Ancient Education •Confucius’educational ideas:–“Education should be for all, irrespective of theirsocial status.”（有教无类）–“Six arts”: ritual, music, archery, chariot-riding, writing,and arithmetic.（六艺：礼、乐、射、御、书、数）–“Confused is one who learns without pondering;endangered is one who ponder without learning.”(学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆)–Extrapolation（推论）: if I hold up one corner and astudent cannot come back to me with the other three,I do not go on with the lesson. (举一隅不以三反，则不复也)Taixue （太学）•Taixue (太学) which literally means Greatest Study or Learning was the highest rank of educational establishment in Ancient China between the Han Dynasty and Sui Dynasty. It was replaced by the Guozijian（国子监）. The first nationwide government school system in China was established in 3 CE under Emperor Ping of Han（汉平帝）, with the Taixue located in the capital of Chang'an and local schools established in the provinces and in the main cities of the smaller counties.Taixue （太学）•Taixue taught Confucianism and Chinese literature among other things for the high level civil service, although a civil service system based upon examination rather than recommendation was not introduced until the Sui and not perfected until the Song Dynasty (960–1279).汉代学制结构Guozijian（国子监）•The Guozijian (国子监), the School of the Sons of State sometimes called the Imperial Central School, Imperial Academy or Imperial College was the national central institute of learning in Chinese dynasties after the Sui. It was the highest institute of learning in China's traditional educational system.唐代学制结构Guozijian（国子监）•Guozijian were located in the national capital of each dynasty --Chang'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng, and Nanjing. In Ming there were two capitals; thus there were two Guozijian, one in Nanjing and one in Beijing. The Guozijian, located in the Guozijian Street(or Chengxian street) in the Eater District, Beijing, the imperial college during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties (although most of its buildings were built during the Ming Dynasty) was the last Guozijian in China and is an important national cultural asset.北京国子监Shuyuan (书院：Academies)•The Shūyuàn (书院), usually known in English as Academies or Academies of Classical Learning, were a type of school in ancient China. Unlike national academy and district schools, shuyuan were usually private establishments built away from cities or towns, providing a quiet environment where scholars could engage in studies and contemplation without restrictions and worldly distractions.Shuyuan (书院：Academies)•Shuyuan as a modern term•In the late Qing dynasty, schools teaching Western science and technology were established. Many such schools were called Shuyuan in Chinese. Despite the common name, these shuyuan are quite modern in concept and are quite different from traditional academies of classical learning.Shuyuan (书院：Academies)•Notable Academies•In discussing the shuyuan, it is common to speak of the "Four Great Academies" (四大书院) of ancient China.Usually the "Four Great Academies" refers to the Four Great Academies of the Northern Song. However,sources give a number of different lists, sometimesexpanded to Six or Eight Great Academies. Only oneacademy, the Yuelu Academy, appears in all lists. Each school went up or down the list in different periods.White Deer Grotto Academy had long been anoutstanding academy. As for the impact on the politics of China, Donglin Academy in the Ming Dynasty isespecially notable.The Four Great Academies •Also known as the Four Great Academies of the Northern Song or the Four Northern Song Academies.–Songyang Academy–Yingtianfu Academy–Yuelu Academy–White Deer Grotto Academy•白鹿洞书院为宋代四大书院之首。

翻译lecture six

• 事实上，她们都是非常优雅的女士；她们并不是不
会谈笑风生，问题是要碰到她们高兴的时候；她们也不是不会待人和颜悦色，问题在于她们是否乐意这样做；可惜的是，她们一味骄傲自大
• The fan，with its modern，elegant，bright，and harmoniously colored design，is an excellent electrical household appliance for cooling purposes on hot summer days．
• 老人说，“听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。
他过去d never thought I’d be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was.
以往我从未想过，当我发觉人们认为我是无足轻重时，我会感到高兴。但这次情况确是如此。
• 3The magistrates are free to burn down houses while the common people are forbidden even to light lamps． (One man may steal a horse while another may not look over the hedge．) • 4上班，做家务，交朋友，(这些)占用了我的全部时间。
After-class assignment
1. 这个小男孩饭前都洗手，然后用餐巾纸擦干。 2. 交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。这样你才能把工作做好。 3 只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。 4．My work，my family，my friend are more than enough to fill my time． 5．To err is human，to forgive divine．

【大学笔译精品】4.2_amplification_and_omission(1)

laughed, proposed healths. • 他们的主人，（又是）割啊，（又是）倒啊，
（又是）上菜啊，（又是）切面包啊，（又是）说啊，（又是）笑啊，（又是）敬酒啊，忙个不停。（增加语气助词和概括词语）
增译法/增词法
• 英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯。但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。增词一般用于以下三种情况：
• 失踪事件接二连三地发生，显然越来越频繁。
• Conjunctions & articles： • 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
• Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
• 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument. • 我真替她万分担忧，但此时此地既不宜教训她一番，
也不宜与她争论一通。
• Tense markers:
• English prose is elaborate rather than simple. It was not always so.
• 现今英国散文华巧而欠简朴，过去却并非总是如此。 • I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection,
but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own… • 原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但是现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定是不是自己生的。

Amplification 增词法功能用法详细介绍.

1) For the Sake of Collocation (搭配的需要）
• For example:
• Marco quickly learned that language and custom of the Chinese.
• 马可很快学会了中国人的语言，适应了中
国人的风俗习惯。
• He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.
• As a matter of principle , a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to or subtract any meaning from the original work. However, this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words to make his or her version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with idiomatic use of the language to be translated into. In fact it is precisely for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the thought of the author that we often resort to “amplification”.
concerts and the table tennis exhibition,
he would work on the drafting of the

6.增词法amplification

The export is not permitted to exceed its limitation. 出口货物不得超出有关货物限制范围。
In order to improve a certain kind of battery, Edison spent almost ten years and made nearly 50,000 experiments. 为了改善一种电池的性能，爱迪生花了差不多十年的时间做了近50，000次实验。
Reasons for applying this translation
skill:
In fact it is precisely for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the thought of the author that we often resort to “amplification”.
Ⅰ. Classification of Amplification in English-Chinese Translation
1. Lexical Amplification（从词汇上考虑的增词）
This kind of amplification includes: amplification by supplying such kinds of words as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, measure words, generalization words, and the plural forms of nouns.
redundancy
测量方法/测量结果多余信息
After all preparations were made, the plane took off. 在所有的准备工作就绪之后，飞机起飞了。

U4_Amplification增词法

But Clinton and Gates are remarkably alike in other ways, particularly in their flaws. Both have almost limitless drive and self-absorption and a willingness to push the rules to the edge—or pass it—to get what they want. When called to account, both have been dismissive of the legal process and have had a strained relationship with the truth. These qualities have landed both men in similar binds: Clinton is waiting to hear if he will be removed from office; Gates is fending off the Justice Department’s effort to rein in, or even carve up, Microsoft. Their flaws will take center stage this week, as both men mount defenses in their respective trials.
Warming up Activity
When called to account, both have been dismissive of the legal process and have had a strained relationship with the truth.

Amplification（增词法）

Amplification（增词法）One of Translation Techniques Commonly Used---- AmplificationIt’s well known to us that as far as CET-4 & 6 are concerned, translation is an important and necessary part, but many students usually do a very poor job in this part. The shared problem that always puzzles them is that even though they have a very large vocabulary and know the Chinese meaning of each English word, but they cannot translate an English sentence or paragraph accurately. The main reason is that they lack English-Chinese translation skills and techniques. Today I’d like to introduce one of the commonly-used translation techniques, that is amplification. Then, what is amplification. Before we define it, let’s look at the following example.e.g. There are three chief effects of electric currents: the magnetic, heating and chemical.电流有三种主要效应，即磁效应，热效应和化学效应。

四级讲座英语作文模板

四级讲座英语作文模板Level 4 Lecture English Essay Template。

Introduction。

Begin with a hook: a compelling statement, question, or statistic that grabs the reader's attention.Briefly introduce the topic of the essay.State your main argument or thesis statement in a clear and concise manner.Body Paragraph 1。

Present the first key point that supports your main argument.Use evidence from credible sources such as research studies, expert opinions, or historical events.Explain how this evidence supports your point.Provide specific examples or case studies toillustrate your point.Body Paragraph 2。

Present the second key point that supports your main argument.Follow the same structure as Body Paragraph 1, providing evidence, explanations, and examples.Consider using a contrasting viewpoint or addressing a potential counterargument.Body Paragraph 3 (Optional)。

Amplification

Amplification of small electric fields by neurons; implications for spike timing Thomas Radman, Lucas Parra (Member, IEEE), Marom BiksonAbstract— Small (down to 1 mV/mm) electric fields will polarize neurons by only a small amount; for this reason small electric fields have previously been considered to have no physiologically relevant effects. However, here we propose a novel mechanism by which the non-linear properties of single neurons 'amplify' very small electric fields. Specifically, an amplified change in timing of action potential firing (∆T) is inversely proportional to the slope of depolarizing ramp stimulation and proportional to the amount of polarization (∆V) caused by the electric fields: ∆T=∆V/(ramp slope). Thus, when responding to slow depolarizing synaptic input, small electric fields can have significant effects on spike timing. Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons were depolarized with injections of depolarizing current ramps approximating synaptic input. Simultaneously, neurons were polarized by either DC holding currents or extracellular uniform DC electrical fields and the resulting changes in spike timing quantified. Consistent with our hypothesis, the polarization induced by each method was found to affect firing time linearly with the amount of polarization, scaled (amplified) with the inverse of the injected ramp slope consistent with our hypothesis.I.I NTRODUCTIONhough it is well established that electric fields can modulate brain function, many aspects of the interaction of electric fields with nervous tissue remain unclear [1]. In particular the mechanisms by which small (down to 1 mV/mm) electric fields modulate nervous system function needs to be quantified [2]. The study of how small electric fields affect brain function is important for several reasons. First, these studies directly address concerns about the potential risks of human exposure to environmental electro-magnetic fields such as those generated by power-lines and mobile phones. Second, these studies provide insight into the mechanisms by which electric fields generated by the brain itself (as are manifest in the EEG) could 'feed-back' unto the brain and modulate brain function. Lastly, they have practical application in the design of low-intensity brain stimulation devices for the treatment of neurological diseases.Temporal coding is emerging as an important concept of information processing in the central nervous system. While neurons often encode information in their firing rate, the timing of individual action potentials (spikes) has also been shown to carry significant information [3]. Cortical neurons have been identified that fire with an accuracy of a few milliseconds in response to sensory stimuli [4]-[8], in synchrony with overt behavior [9], and in phase with ongoing extracellular field potential oscillations [10], [11].Manuscript received April 24, 2006. This work was supported in part by the Wallace H. Coulter FoundationT. Radman, L. Parra, and M. Bikson are with the Biomedical Engineering Department, City College of the City University of New York, NY 10031 USA (contact: 212-650-6791; fax: 212-650-6727; e-mail: bikson@ ).Here we consider for the first time, how small electric fields, which are in themselves not sufficient to trigger or suppress action potential activation in response to synaptic input, may nonetheless have a profound effect on neuronal information processing through induced changes in spike timing. Specifically, we investigated in CA1 pyramidal neurons, if the neuronal firing time in response to a depolarizing ramp, varies linearly with field induced potential, with a gain factor equal to the inverse of the ramp slope.II.M ETHODSTransverse hippocampal slices (350 µm) were prepared from male Sprague-Dawley rats (125–150 g); anaesthetized with intraperitoneal ketamine (7.4 mg kg-1) and xylazine (0.7 mg kg-1) and killed by cervical dislocation. The slices were stored in a holding chamber submerged in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) consisting of (mM): 125 NaCl, 26 NaHCO3, 3 KCl, 1.6 CaCl2, 1.5 MgS04, 1.25 NaH2PO4, and 10 glucose, bubbled with a mixture of 95% O2–5% CO2. After >60 min, slices were transferred to an interface recording chamber at 33°C.Uniform DC electric fields were generated across individual slices by passing current between two parallel electrodes placed on the surface of the ACSF in the interface chamber (Figure 1); the wires were parallel to the direction of perfusate flow. Fields were applied using chlorided Ag wires, 12 mm long and placed 10 mm apart. Field waveforms were generated by a Power 1401 signal acquisition system (Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK) and converted to a constant current by a stimulus isolation unit (2200, A-M Systems, Carlsborg, WA, USA). The electric field (mV mm-1) in the chamber was measured by two recording electrodes separated by 1 mm and calibrated to the current passed through the Ag–AgCl electrodes [12]-[14]; the polarity convention used refers to the anode on the Alveus side of the hippocampus.T-+Ag/AgCl uniform field stimulation electrode+-18141062Electric fields were generated across tissue and the resulting potential of a single neuron was monitored. Application of a constant uniform field induced a membrane polarization. As explained, this polarization linearly affected the time to action potential in response to a depolarizing current ramp. The inverse of the ramp slope determined the efficacy of the field to induce this timing change. The polarization of the neuron was dependent on the direction of the field. Consistent with previous reports [14], the magnitude of the polarization was a linear function of field strength (Figure 4A). The steady-state sensitivity (coupling strength) of neurons ranged from 0.06 to 0.22 mV per 1 mV/mm applied uniform field (n =24).Fig. 1. A) Schematic of method for generating uniform extracellular fields across the CA1 region of the hippocampus and method for measuring artifact free transmembrane potential. B) Measured field strength distribution in mV/mm in relation to field generating electrodes.Conventional recording technniques were used to measure activity from the CA1 pyramidal cell region. Intracellular electrodes (70–120 M Ω, pulled on a P-97; Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA, USA) were filled with 3M potassium chloride. The voltage recorded by a field electrode (placed within 50 µm of the impaled neuron) was subtracted from the intracellular potential to obtain the transmembrane voltage and remove the exogenous potential artefact. Depolarizing intracellular current ramps were generated and triggered to halt upon action potential detection. The field waveforms were applied 400 ms before activation of depolarizing intracellular current ramps. The current ramps used (.1-.6nA/S) were selected to ensure a quasi-linear voltage response prior to sodium channel activation. Signals were subtracted, amplified, and low-pass filtered (1–10 kHz) with an Axoclamp-2B (Axon Instruments, Union City, CA, USA) and FLA-01 amplifiers (Cygnus Technology, Delaware Water Gap, PA, USA); digitized and processed using a Power 1401 and Signal software (CED).III. R ESULTSThe novel single neuron amplification mechanism was validated in hippocampal slices. CA1 Pyramidal neurons were slightly polarized by varied levels of DC intracellular holding current and their firing time in response to depolarizing ramps were measured. For each ramp, we determined the change in firing time resulting from a change in DC holding current. In separate experiments, the linear effects of DC electrical field polarization of a single neuron were then quantified and verified to be linear. Finally, current ramps were incorporated into electric field experiments to verify DC holding current timing amplification mechanisms held true for analogous extracellular DC electric field polarizations. A. Validation of Novel Amplification Mechanism Hyper-polarization of the neuron with an increasingly negative DC holding current, incrementally delayed action potential firing time in response to an intracellular ramp (n=10). The change in timing increased with the holding current, and inversely with ramp slope (Figure 2,3). These results show that the membrane dynamics of real CA1pyramidal neurons support the novel single neuron amplification mechanism proposed.B. Effects of Uniform DC Electric FieldsApplied fields could significantly modulate the firing latency of single neurons to intracellular ramp current injection. Fields inducing membrane hyperpolarization delayed action potential initiation while fields inducing membrane depolarization had the opposite effect (Figure 4B). The relationship between AP timing and depolarizing ramp slope, demonstrated for changes in intracellular holding current (Figure 3), was shown to be valid for polarization by extracellular fields (Figure 4).Using a ramp slope of .4 nA/s and 80 repetitions per field magnitude, we observed a significant (p<.05) change in timing under +/- 1 mV/mm field strengths (n=3). It is expected further experimental optimization can be incorporated in future studies of single neurons to resolve the effects of smaller fields on timing.IV. D ISCUSSIONHere we show the effects of electric fields, when coupled with a depolarizing input, affect the timing to firingthreshold. This process results from the non-linear properties of brain cells, and depends on the following: the threshold voltage is not a function of the baseline membrane potential100ms5mVAP Threshold∆T∆T = ∆V / Ramp Slope∆V∆TA) B)Fig. 2. Intracellular recordings of CA1 pyramidal cell response to depolarizing current ramps. A) Response to a .6nA/S intracellular current ramp. B) Response to a .4nA/S intracellular current ramp. In both cases hyperpolarization (∆V) delayed the AP firing time. The change (∆T), is inversely proportional to depolarizing ramp slope, ∆T A < ∆T B ). Action potentials clipped.or the depolarizing ramp slope. This holds if an injected current ramp to a neuron relates linearly to an induced voltage ramp [15], and that a uniform DC electric field has a linear relationship to neuronal polarization. Our previous studies have shown that hippocampal neuron polarization is a quasi-linear function of field magnitude, indicating that even very small extracellular fields will polarize neurons [14].We found that a 1 mV/mm uniform field induced a transmembrane potential change up to ~0.2 mV. Compared to the scale of depolarization necessary to bring a neuron from rest to threshold (~15 mV), these fields were previously considered insignificant with respect to actionpotential initiation. Previous action potential threshold studies identified changes due to electric fields less than 5 mV/mm [16]. Rather than spike generation, here we examined changes in timing, with respect to our novel amplification mechanism. Our results provide a mechanism for the effects on network spike timing previously demonstrated with exogenous uniform fields as low as 0.1 mV/mm [17], [18].In summary, these results demonstrate our hypothesis for magnification of the effect of small electric fields through changes in the timing of action potentials. These results are particularly relevant for situations in which small electric fields are manifest in the brain.A CKNOWLEDGMENTMadeline Lindvall; Chris Leonard of New York Medical College; Denis Paré of Rutgers University; Jack Belgum, Adair Osterle, and Rick Ayer of Sutter Instruments; Tim Bergel and Simon Gray of Cambridge Electronic Design (CED).-10-8-6-4-200.00.20.40.60.8 1.0Slope of Depolarizing Ramp (nA/s)E f f e c t o f P o l a r i z a t i o n o n T i m i n g (s /n A )Fig. 3. The inverse relationship between the ramp slope and the sensitivity to membrane polarization due to negative DC holding current can be summarized in a single plot. Experimental results (“x”) fit directly to the theoretical prediction of a 1/ramp slope timing change per transmembrane polarization. Error bars represent standard error of the slope of a regression line fitting holding current (nA) versus AP timing (s) data.Electric Field Strength (mV/mm)-20A)B)Polarization (mV)42-2-4-5-4-3-2-101234540200-20-40P o l a r i z a t i o n (m V )0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0403020100-10-30-40Electric Field Strength (mV/mm)T i m e t o A c t i o n P o t e n t i a l (s e c )Fig. 4. A) Application of a uniform field caused the polarization of a CA1 pyramidal neuron; the magnitude of the polarization was linearly related to the amplitude of the electric field (reported: mean +/- SD). B) Relationship between change in firing time and initial membrane polarization (induced by applied field) for three different ramp slopes. Note that for each ramp slope, the relationship between firing time (∆T) and polarization (∆V) is linear; moreover, the slope of this relationship is inversely related to the ramp slope. The injected current ramp (.4, .5, .6 nA/S) reported as voltage (6.8, 8.5, 10.2 mV/S respectively, scaled by this particular cell resistance of 17.5M Ω). The change in timing for any given membrane polarization increases (is ‘amplified’) as the slope of the ramp is decreased .R EFERENCES[1] Faber DS, Korn H. Field effects trigger post-anodal rebound excitationin vertebrate CNS. Nature . 1983 Oct 27-Nov 2;305(5937):802-4 [2] Parra LC, Bikson M. Model of the effect of extracellular fields onspike time coherence, 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 1 - 4 September 2004[3] de Ruyter van Steveninck RR, Lewen GD, Strong SP, Koberle R,Bialek W. Reproducibility and variability in neural spike trains. Science . 1997 Mar 21; 275 (5307): 1805-8.[4] Mainen ZF, Sejnowski TJ. Influence of dendritic structure on firingpattern in model neocortical neurons . Nature . 1996 Jul 25;382(6589):363-6.[5] Trussell LO. S ynaptic mechanisms for coding timing in auditoryneurons. Annu Rev Physiol . 1999;61:477-96.[6]Reinagel P, Reid RC. Temporal coding of visual information in thethalamus. J Neurosci. 2000 Jul 15;20(14):5392-400.[7]Kara P, Reinagel P, Reid RC. Low response variability insimultaneously recorded retinal, thalamic, and cortical neurons.Neuron. 2000 Sep;27(3):635-46.[8]DeWeese MR, Wehr M, Zador AM.Binary spiking in auditory cortex.J Neurosci. 2003 Aug 27;23(21):7940-9.[9]Riehle A, Grammont F, Diesmann M, Grun S. Dynamical changesand temporal precision of synchronized spiking activity in monkeymotor cortex during movement preparation. J Physiol Paris. 2000Sep-Dec;94(5-6):569-82.[10]Harris KD, Csicsvari J, Hirase H, Dragoi G, Buzsaki G. Organizationof cell assemblies in the hippocampus. Nature. 2003 Jul31;424(6948):552-6.[11]Kashiwadani H, Sasaki YF, Uchida N, Mori K. Synchronizedoscillatory discharges of mitral/tufted cells with different molecularreceptive ranges in the rabbit olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol. 1999Oct;82(4):1786-92.[12]Ghai RS, Bikson M & Durand DM (2000). Effects of applied electricfields on low-calcium epileptiform activity in the CA1 region of rathippocampal slices. J Neurophysiol 84, 274–280.[13]Durand DM & Bikson M (2001).Suppression and control ofepileptiform activity by electrical stimulation: a review. Proc IEEE 89, 1065–1082[14]Bikson M, Inoue M, Akiyama H, Deans JK, Fox JE, Miyakawa H,Jefferys JG. Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields onexcitability in rat hippocampal slices in vitro. J Physiol. 2004 May15;557(Pt 1):175-90. Epub 2004 Feb 20.[15]Fricker D, Verheugen J, Miles R (1999).Cell-attached measurementsof the firing threshold of rat hippocampal neurones. J Physiol 517.3,791-804[16]Jefferys JG. Influence of electric fields on the excitability of granulecells in guinea-pig hippocampal slices. J Physiol. 1981;319:143-52. [17]Deans JK, Bikson M, Fox JE & Jefferys JGR (2003). Effects of ACfields at powerline frequencies on gamma oscillations in vitro.Program No. 258.1 2003 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner.Washington DC: Society for Neuroscience On-line[18]Francis JT, Gluckman BJ, Schiff SJ Journal of Neuroscience, 23(19)pp. 7255-7261, 2003。

西电科技英语Chapter 4 Amplification

Chapter 4 Amplification•4.1 Amplification by Supplying Words Omitted in the Original•Traditionally chemistry has evolved into four provinces: organic, inorganic, physical and analytical chemistry.•This factory is ready to produce MPC, but that factory is not ready to.•Matters consist of molecules and molecules of atoms.•Electrons are injected into the P region, and holes into the N region.4.2 Amplification by Supplying NecessaryConnectives•Hydrogen burns in air or oxygen, forming water.•The first computer was heavy and power hungry. It also took much space.•But for water and air living things could not exist.•The first rule follows from the conservation of electric charge. The second rule is a consequence of the conservation of energy.4.3 Amplification by Supplying Words toConvey the Concept of Plurality•It took him hours to debug this program.•An emf is applied across the ends of a copper wire.•After a series of experiments important phenomena have been ascertained.•As is known to all, air is a mixture of gases.4.4 Amplification by Supplying Words toMake an Abstract Concept Clear •The duration of a variable is the period of time during which storage is allocated to the variable.•Due care must be taken to ensure that the pulse signal itself shall allow no irregularities and no interruptions.•In most instances, designs are affected in some significant way by manufacturing processes.•Space does not allow us to analyze this problem further here.4.5 Amplification for Logic •According to scientists, it takes nature 500years to create an inch of topsoil.•Steel and iron products are often coated lest they should rust.•Transistors have revolutionized electronics partly because of their efficiency.4.6Amplification by Supplying Words ofGeneralization•The principal features of notebook computers are small size, light weight and easy carriage.•Both water waves and electromagnetic waves have the characteristics of velocity, frequency and amplitude.•We should keep in mind that electric and magnetic fields are different manifestations of a single electromagnetic field.4.7 Amplification for Purposes of Rhetoric orCoherence•This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.•Computers are widely used, especially in science research fields.•This reduction of Boolean expressions eliminates unnecessary gates, thereby saving cost, space and weight.4.8 Amplification by Repetition •Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat,dust or humidity.•The current through, or the voltage across a resistance may take many possible waveforms.•I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.•Changing the number of turns of coils may set up or set down the voltage.•Practice• 1. Acids turn blue litmus red.• 2. Machinery has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly.• 3. It was necessary to calculate speed and direction with a high degree of precision.• 4. In some cases the proper operation of a circuit depends critically upon the source voltage.• 5. Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers can save man a lot of time and labor.• 6. One material can be distinguished from another by their physical properties: color, density, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal and electrical conductivity, strength and hardness.•7. Benzene finds use in a large number of derivatives.•8. The relation E = mc2 shows that in view of the magnitude of the velocity of light, there is enormous energy stored in even a small amount of matter.。

翻译增词法(amplification)

增词可分为三类：语义性增补，语义性增补，修辞性增补。
语义性增补（semantic amplification）
为了使语义明确，畅达通顺，符合汉语的习惯，翻译中常常根据意义的需要增加动词、名词、形容词、副词、量词、范畴词、概括词，以及表示名词的负数、动词时态等方面的词。
1.Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.
码丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，靠给人洗衣服维持生活。
2。When I came to I was in the water, swimming automatically, though I was about two thirds drowned.
当我醒来时，发觉自己在水里，虽然浸得半死，却本能地浮着。
毫无疑问，他以为会有热烈的拥抱，满桌的食物，激动的泪水，欢乐的笑声，一段接一段的谈话，一次又一次的拥抱，没完没了。（增加了三个形容词，形象描绘了他想象中的欢乐场景，使表达更加生动）
2。The sky is clear blue now the sun has flung diamonds down on meadow and bank and wood. 此时已是万里蓝天，太阳把颗颗光彩夺目的钻石洒向草原，洒向河岸，洒向树林。（增补形容词）
英语中常用省略句，翻译时要根据汉语的表达习惯，作些适当的增补。
Any person not putting litter in this basket will be liable to a fine of $ 5. 任何不把凌乱的东西放入这个筐内而任意乱扔的人将被处以五美圆罚款。（增补any person后省略的leaving litter about instead of这一部分。）

Amplification_(I_)

The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers , artificial satellites and rockets.
论文总结了电子计算机，人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。
6. Amplification For Purposes of Rhetoric or Coherence （从修辞连贯考虑增词）
Lecture six
Amplification (I )
Main contents of this lecture
I. Definition
II. Amplification in English – Chinese Translation
III. Exercises
Definition
我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也决不后退。
Exercises
1.Histories make men wise; poetry witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
7.The mountains began to throw their
long blue shadows over the valley. 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。
Amplification, also called addition, means supplying necessary words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.

增译法Amplification

第三讲增译法(Amplification)例1.You got a prejudice all right----against a race that’s black.That’s why I called you white racist that night.But when you deal with a black person,I don’t feel any bad vices.你这个人确有偏见。

你(结构性增补)对整个(语义性增补)黑人种族抱有偏见(结构性)。

那天晚上，我说你是个白人种族主义者，道理就在这里。

但是当你跟一个具体的(语义性)黑人打交道时，我倒不(修辞性增补)觉得你有什么恶意。

例2.其实地上本来没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。

Actually the earth had no roads to begin with,but when many men pass one way,a road is made.增译法定义：为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加一些在修辞上，语法结构上，语义上或语气上必不可少的词语。

一.翻译省略成分引起的增译(一)翻译为避免重复而出现的省略成分的增译例1.Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀数学使人周密，科学使人深刻。

例2.She makes a good teacher，as she has a good student.她原先是个好学生，现在是个好教师。

(二)翻译由于英语语法规则而出现的省略成分时的增译We suggest that the test(should)be done by12o’clock.我们建议这项实验应在12点之前完成。

二.语义修辞上需要的增译1.增加动词例1.He seized the chance for peace between them.他抓住了实现他们和解的机会。

翻译-lecture汉译英常用技巧(二)

2017/1/2
Southwest University
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School of Foreign Languages
2. 增补非人称的或强势句中的it it可以指天气、时间，还常用来表示强调、代替不定式等。汉语中的许多表达方法，翻译成英语时需要增补it。如： • 三点钟了。 It is three o’clock now. • 我们这样做都是为了你好。 It was for your benefit that we did all that. 3. 增补做宾语的代词或先行宾语it • 汉语里只要从上下文能看清楚，宾语常常可以省略，但英语中凡是及物动词都得有宾语，因此要增补宾语。如： • 我真的认为学好英语很重要。 I do think it important to learn English well. • 把这些故事看完以后，用你自己的话讲一遍。 After you have read these stories, tell them in your own words.
School of Foreign Languages
• 3. 原文中表示范畴的词： • 汉语中的名词，如任务、工作、情况、状态、问题、制度、事业、局面等通常具有具体的含义，应当照常翻译，但如果用来表示范畴，失去具体含义，可以省略不翻译。如： • 在党的领导下，中国人民已经完成了解放事业。 Under the leadership of the Party, the Chinese people have succeeded in their liberation. • 前怕龙后怕虎的态度不能造就干部。 “Fearing dragons ahead and tigers behind” will not produce cadres.

Lecture 4 Addition and omission 汉英翻译教学课件

The crowd melted away.
人群渐渐散开了。
Long-stemmed models ankled through the lobby.
身材修长的模特袅袅婷婷地从大厅走过。 4) Addition of adjectives 增译形容词
With what enthusiasm the class is learning the translation course!
狮子是百兽之王。（狮子是兽中之王。）
The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.
群山开始向山谷投下一道道蓝色长影。
7）Addition of words denoting logic 增补表示逻辑关系的词语
这个班正在以多么高的热情学习翻译课啊！
What a girl! 5）Addition of quantity words 增译量词 A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. 一轮红日从平静的海面冉冉升起。
Michael gave her a cold look.
The boy put knife, stones, eraser and scissors in his pocket. 小男孩口袋里装着刀子啦，石头啦，橡皮啦，剪刀啦。
Once they had a big quarrel. 有一次，他们大吵了一顿。
Better learn lessons by the defeat of others than by your own. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。
所谓“省略”并不是省略源文本的部分意义，而是省略一些可有可无，或有了反而累赘甚至违背译文语言习惯的词。

词法翻译

1、增加动词 1). Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记（写作）使人准确。 2) . We don’t regret, we never have and never will. 我们不会后悔，我们从来没有后悔过，我们将来也不会后悔。 3). After the basketball, he still has an important conference. 看完篮球比赛之后，他还有一个重要会议要参加。 4). He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。 5). Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. （compare this with S1) 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩。
6. Aunt Harriet used to entertain lavishly. 哈丽特阿姨时常慷慨地款待客人。 7. They wanted to ease the tension in the Middle East. 他们试图缓解中东的紧张局势。 8. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房子，都是他从来没有见过的。 9. Day after day he came to his work --- sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天来干活------扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。 10. The thesis summed up the new achievements made in computers, artificial satellites and rockets. 该论文总结了计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的最新成就。