Lecture 4 Amplification & Omission 增减法
考试时间4上课时间和教室精品文档
rate of the transition: the number of atoms in the higher state that make the transition to the lower state, per second.
lifetime of the transition: the reciprocal of the rate of transition.
2. Einstein's Prediction
7.1 Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Assume first: an ensemble of atoms is in thermal equilibrium and not subject to an external radiation field.
Light from bulbs are due to spontaneous emission
1. Many wavelengths 2. Multidirectional 3. Incoherent
1. Monochromatic 2. Directional 3. Coherent
Coherence
thermal equilibrium system absorption and spontaneous emission take place side by side N2 < N1, absorption dominates: an incident quantum is more likely to be absorbed than to cause emission.
Unit 4 Amplification(s)
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Definition of Amplification
Amplification, also called addition, means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.
汉语中的名词没有复数概念，也没有 词形上的变化，很多情况下不必表达 出来；而英语中的名词有词形的变化， 但没有量词，所以在翻译成汉语的时 候，可根据情况增加重叠词、数词或 其他一些词来表达复数的概念，以达
到修辞效果。
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The lion is the king of animals.
There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.
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5. Amplification by common sense
Air pressure decreases with altitude.
According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.
英文翻译技巧之Amplification(增益法)
Amplification , also called addition, means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. As a matter of principle, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to or subtract any meaning from the original work. However, this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words to make his/her version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the idiomatic use of the language to be translated into. In fact, it is precisely for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the thought of the author that we often resort to “amplification”. This is because English and Chinese are two entirely different languages and each has its own historical and cultural background. Besides, many ideas, idiomatic expressions and shorthand words, etc. That are well understood in the country of their origin can hardly make sense to people abroad. Therefore, it is unimaginable for a translator to stick to the orginal pattern without alteration.
2013 Translation_amplification 英语翻译技巧
• 1. The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature. • 即使是最强有力的人也不能改变自然的规律。 Or: 再强大的人也…….
• 2. Potatoes are an important source of starchy food in temperate countries and bananas in the tropics. • 马铃薯是温带国家淀粉食物的重要来源，而香蕉在热 带地区也是如此 / 也一样。 Or:马铃薯是温带国家淀粉食物的重要来源，香蕉则是 热带地区淀粉食物的重要来源。 Or:马铃薯和香蕉分别是温带国家和热带地区淀粉食物 的重要来源。
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• 3） In the past few years, the laser has made great progress. 近几年来，对激光的研究取得了巨大的进展。 • 4). You must come back before nine. Period! • period! [AmE spoken] = full stop! • used to emphasize that you have made a decision and that you do not want to discuss the subject any more E.g. I'm not going, period! • 你必须九点前回来。没有什么可商量的余地。
amplification英语释义
amplification的英语释义为：
1. 扩大，增加，放大：指将某物扩大、增加或放大的过程。
2. 放大器，扩音器：指将声音、电信号等放大的设备或系统。
3. 扩大范围，扩大影响：指将某个问题、现象、影响等扩大到更广泛的范围或程度。
4. 复制，扩增：指将DNA或RNA等生物分子进行复制或扩增的过程。
5. 加强，增强：指通过某种手段使某个观点、效果等更加强烈或明显。
6. 扩大，扩散：指某种思想、文化等在社会中的传播和影响的扩大。
7. 夸张，渲染：指为了吸引注意力或增强效果而对某个事物进行夸张或渲染的行为。
Lesson 4 Operational Amplifiers
Lesson 4 Operational Amplifiers
Lesson 4 Operational Amplifiers
• Backgrounds • Text tour • Language in use
– Vocabulary – Structure – Reading/writing techniques
2019/7/31
15
Language in use
• Vocabulary
– underlying , present, graphical , perceptive , passive, predominant
• Structure
– to the point where
• Reading/writing techniques
– The difference, expressed in Hertz, between the two limiting frequencies of a band.
– The data transfer capacity (in bits per second) of a bit-parallel bus.
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Present in use
• Introduce • Deliver • Put forward • Give
2023-2024学年高中英语人教版高考模拟习题及解析
2023-2024学年人教版高中英语高考模拟
班级：__________ 姓名：__________ 考号：__________
一、填空题（本大题共计3小题，每题3分，共计9分）
1.Many animal protectors don’t like the idea of doing ________(实验) on animals. （根据汉语提示单词拼写）
【答案】experiments
【解析】考查名词的数。句意：许多动物保护者不喜欢在动物身上做实验的观点。此处缺少名词作do的宾语，experiment（实验）是可
数名词，此处用复数表泛指，故填experiments.
2.他们说她与进食问题较劲已经很久了。
They say that she has________eating problems for a long time.
【答案】struggled with
【解析】考查固定短语。根据汉语提示可知空格处要翻译”与……较劲”这一词，struggle with sth. 是一个固定短语，意为：与……较劲；挣
扎着做某事；努力应付，根据时间状语for a long time. 和空格前的has 可知此处用现在完成时。故填struggled with.
3.同样重要的还有良好的学习习惯、实用的技能和积极的态度。
________importance are good study habits, useful skills and a positive attitude.
【答案】Of equal
【解析】考查倒装句和固定短语。分析可知，句子为完全倒装句，把整个表语放到了句首，表示“同样重要“为固定短语be of equal importance，注意句首字母需大写。故填Of equal.
U4_Amplification增词法
Two Bills When Bill Clinton and Bill Gates played golf on Martha’s Vineyard a few years ago, they didn’t click. The President gave Gates a heavy dose of the Clinton treatment, oozing charm and seeking emotional common ground in the fact that both had recently lost their mothers. Clinton must have been disappointed by the cool response of Gates, who saw the subject as unduly personal. Gates, for his part, was put off that Clinton didn’t engage him on his favorite topic, technology. When the golfing ended, the two men went their separate ways. Gates didn’t take sides in the Clinton-Dole election a couple of years later. Clinton let his Justice Department pursue a potentially devastating antitrust lawsuit against Microsoft.
Chapter 4-Differential Amplifiers
Differential Amplifiers
Differential pair (7)
Denote ID=ID1-ID2 and Vin=Vin1-Vin2,
4 I SS 2 2Vin I D 1 W nCoxW / L nCox Vin 2 L 4 I SS 2 Vin nCoxW / L
Use differential pair
Vout ,CM VDD RD I SS / 2
Independent on Vin,CM
Differential Amplifiers
Differential pair (3)
Common-mode behavior:
ISS ISS/2
Back >
What if the circuit is non-ideal? for example: What if the resistance of current source is finite; What if exists mismatch? Common-mode input will affect output signals. How?
Consider symmetry but channel-length modulation effect (0):
VX / Vin1 g m ( RD // ro1 ) VY /(Vin1 ) g m ( RD // ro 2 ) AV (VX VY ) /(2Vin1 ) g m ( RD // ro ) [if ro1 ro 2 ro ]
英汉互译4-amplification
Unit 4 Amplification
Amplification, also called addition, means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. As a matter of principle, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning or subtract any meaning from the original. However, this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words to make his/her version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the idiomatic use of the language to be translated into. In fact, it is precisely for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the author that we often resort to “amplification”.
I. Amplification in English-Chinese Translation
Chapter 5 (4) amplificatiom
Contains A:Amplification for syntactic completion B:Amplification for semantic completion 1.By supplying necessary verbs. (verb supplying) 2. By supplying necessary nouns (noun supplying) 3. By supplying necessary adj. and adv. 4. By supplying supplementary words. 5. By supplying necessary illustrating words for better understanding. 6. By supplying necessary words to convey the plural sense.
Eg. 1) He dismissed the meeting
without a closing speech.
2) Nobody could count on his restraint or rationality. 3) Expression often come into a language during a war or other times of strong national feelings.
文字增益法(Amplification)PPT教学课件
1.增补动词
Books must follow sciences,and not sciences books.(Francis Bacon) 书籍必须随科学出现，而科学不能随书籍产生。
In this mood, I went to the diplomatic circles,earnest but only sketchily . 我怀着这样的心情进入了外交界，虽有满腔热情，但知识肤浅得
新政府最紧迫、最艰巨的任务是解决日益增加的失业
问题。
Under the leadership of the CPC, the chinese people have suceeded in their liberation.
在中国共产党的领导下，中国人民完成了解放事业。
2020/12/10
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4）在具体名词后面增补名词 （1）照顾汉语习惯，因为汉语喜欢在某些具体名词后面再增加
敌对态度
Tension
紧张局势
Arrogance
自满情绪
Complacency
自满情绪
Madness
疯狂行为
Backwardness
落后状态
Rashness
急躁情绪
2020/12/10
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The first and the hardest task of the new government was to deal with the ever-growing unemployment.
翻译-lecture汉译英常用技巧(二)
汉译英常用技巧（二）
增词和减词
（Amplification and Omission）
2017/1/2
Southwest University
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School of Foreign Languages
• 增词法与减词法是翻译中非常常用的技巧。汉语和 英语在词法和句法结构存在极大的差别，所以要通 顺正确地翻译出汉语原文的含义，逐词翻译是不可 能的，译文必须有所增减。 • 无论增减，一般出于两方面的考虑：一是语义上的， 增减实义词；二是表达上的，包括增减功能词或为 了词义搭配。所增减的内容绝不能是原文的主要信 息，增减的目的在于使译语读者更准确的理解源语， 使译文更为通畅，地道。下面我们分别来讨论增词 和减词。
Southwest University
5
School of Foreign Languages
• • • • • • •
6. 增补介词 英语中的介词比汉语中活跃得多，因而汉译英时需适当 的增加介词。如： 你白天还是晚上飞广州？ Do you fly to Guangzhou in the daytime or at night? 我们应该逐步消灭城乡差别。 We should try to eliminate the difference between town and country. 7. 增补冠词 人为万物之灵。 Man of all creatures is the one endowed with intelligence. 他不把他当岳母，而当作亲娘。 She considered him not a mother-in-law but a mother.
英译汉 5 amplification
The inflation distorts our economic decisions, penalizes thrift and crushes the struggling young and the fixed income elderly alike. 通货膨胀使我们的经济决策难以顺利执行，使ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu 蓄的人利益受损，使为生活挣扎奔波的年轻人和 靠固定收入度日的老年人受到打击。 Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice(贪婪). 勇敢过度即成莽勇，感情过度即成溺爱，俭约过 度即成贪婪。
C. After abstract nouns (from verbs)
to persuade 说服 to prepare to resolve backward tense 准备 解决 落后 紧张 persuasion preparation resolution backwardness tension
We have another of our no conversations. 我们又进行了一次很不投机的 很不投机的谈话。 很不投机的 In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractor together. 在那时候的电影里，总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉 机手始而 始而相遇，继而 继而相爱，终而 终而并肩开拖拉机了。 始而 继而 终而
TPO-48+听力题目文本——讲座部分(lecture)
Lecture1 (Art History)
1.What aspect of Georgia O’Keeffe’s work do the speakers mainly discuss?
A.The kinds of objects that she selected for her paintings
B.The influence of her painting style on photography
C.The major abstract elements in her photographs
D.The techniques that contributed to her distinctive style
2.According to the professor, what characteristics of Large Dark Red Leaves on White
indicate that it could not be a photograph?
Click on 2 answers.
A.It depicts leaves in a setting that appears to be abstract.
B.It is larger than most photographs of the time.
C.It shows less realistic detail than a photograph does.
D.It included colors that could not have been reproduced in a photograph.
(增译法)
就连胸中也开出了花来。
She played the piano, the violin and in her later
years, the recorder. 她弹钢琴，拉小提琴，晚年时还吹直笛。
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2 Adding Nouns 增加名词
Adding nouns after abstract nouns在 抽象名词后面增加名词
当他知道使者是来借钱而不是来送 礼后，说话的口气马上就变了。
The horse is in the grassland 英ea语ti中ng的. 某些不及物动词虽然没有宾语，
马但正宾在语草实原际上上是吃隐草含。在动词后面的。 13
6. Adding Certain Words with the Concept of Plurality
掉英语中的连接词。
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Like most wildlife，tigers reproduce，grow，and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available.
与大多数野生动物一样，老虎在
of hydrogen get not appreciated
closer and
fully while they
closer with the were alive.
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增词与减词
英汉语中的词汇，无论涵义、搭配、习惯等都有很 大的差异，一一对应的现象一般不多。为使译文通 顺畅达，符合汉语表达习惯，英译汉时需要增加必 要的词语，省略不必要的词语，但是必须谨记的是： 增词不增意，减词不减意。现将增词和减词的翻译 技巧分述如下：
• 译文：中英两国在政治、商务、教育、文化、国 防和科技等方面的联系成倍地增加了。 • 分析：译文中增加了“两国”， “等方面” 这 样的范畴词；这是因为汉语中在列举几项名词之 后往往习惯于使用范畴词来做一概括。
• Old age is like a plane flying through a storm. Once you are aboard, there nothing you can do.
• Foreigners get degrees from Chinese colleges. • 一批外国人获得一些中国大学的学位。 • In spite of difficulties, he succeeded in finishing his task. • 尽管困难重重，他成功地完成了任务。 • Bodies of dead Japanese devils were lying all round. • 他周围躺着全是日本鬼子的尸体。
• 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会和观看乒乓球表 演以后，他还得起草最后报告。
• Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.
• 从别人的失败中汲取教训比从自己的失败中汲 取教训更好。
Amplification by Supplying Temporal Words
• Heated，water will change into vapor.
• 水如受热，就会汽化。
• Since air has weight，it exerts force on any object immersed in it.
• 因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的 任何物体都会受到空气的作用力。
• 译文：他们都希望把下一代美国人训练得忠于祖 国，尽职尽责。 • 分析：将loyalty翻译成动词，增加名词 “祖国” ， 意义明确；将duty译成“尽职尽责”是地道的汉 语表达。
• Sino-British links have multiplied—political, commercial, educational, cultural, defense, science and technology.
• Air pressure decreases with altitude.
• 气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。
• I was taught that two sides of a triangle were greater than the third.
• 我学过，三角形的两边之和大于第三 边。
Amplification by Supplying Words of Generalization
• 强调时间的对比时，要加词翻译。 • They say his father was a fisherman. He used to be as poor as we are.
• 听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去 也跟我们现在一样穷。 • We can learn what we did not know. • 我们能学会我们原来不懂的东西。
为了语法上的需要而增词 • Amplification by Supplying Words Omitted in the Original
• Matter can be changed into energy，and energy intomatter.
• 物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。
增词(Amplification)
增词翻译法是翻译技巧中非常重要的一种技巧，指在翻译 时按意义(或修辞)和句法的需要，增加一些词来更忠实、 通顺地表达原文的思想内容；换句话说，就是在译文中明 示原文读者视为当然而译语读者却不知道的意义。 增词法主要用于以下三种情况： 一、为了语法上的需要。比如英语的可数名词有复数形式 而汉语的名词却没有数的形式变化，在将英语的复数名词 翻译成汉语时就需要使用增词法才能译出原文的复数形式。
• 加注就是为了沟通不同文化而进行的增词翻译。
• 这对年轻夫妇并不相配，一个是西施，一 个是张飞。
• This young couple is not well-matched, one is a Xishi, while the other is a Zhangfei • This young couple is not well-matched, one is a Xishi,--a famous Chinese beauty, while the other is a Zhangfei— a well-known illtempered brute.
• Flowers bloom in the fields. • 朵朵鲜花开满原野。 • Every summer, tourists go to the coastal cities. • 一到夏季，旅游者纷纷涌到海滨城市。 • Rows of new houses have been set up. • 一排排的新房建成了。
为了沟通不同的文化。
• 在翻译中如果原文所涉及的文化是译语读者不熟悉的， 就需要采用增词法来阐释源语文化的内涵，使译语读者 理解原文的含义。 • 例如对于西安旅游点“华清池中龙吟榭”的翻译，译者 将其译为
• Long Yin Xie in the Hua Qing Pool • Long Yin Xie (a pavilion built specially for emperors to recite poetry) in the Hua Qing Pool
Amplification by Supplying Words of conceptual category
• Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.
• 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。
• After all preparations were made，the plane took off.
• The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest.
• 最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。
• In the evening，after the banquets，the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions，he would work on the drifting of the final report.
• On Biblioteka Baiduhe wings of hope, ( ) of love, ( ) of joy, Miss Chris sped back to he music hall, up the aisle, up the steps, over to the piano.
• 分析：这里原文括号中的空白处可以被视作承前 省略，省略的词语为the wings．译文则一定要将 这个省略的部分补充出来，否则意义肯定不会完 整。 • 译文：克里斯小姐仿佛插上了希望的翅膀，爱情 的翅膀，欢乐的翅膀，一路飞奔回到音乐厅，她 穿过通道，跑上台阶，三步并作两步走到钢琴前。
• A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses，his theories and his conclusion.
• 科学家经常设法否定自己的假设、 推翻自己的理论，并放弃自己的结 论。
• They wanted a generation of Americans conditioned to loyalty and duty.
为了表达的清晰和自然而增词 • 在翻译中，为了表达的清晰和自然而增加的词包 括以下一些词类：动词、形容词、名词、副词、 量词measure words、语气词an auxiliary word that indicates mood （啊、啦、了、而已、罢了）、范 畴词 words of conceptual category（方法、措施、情 况、状态、现象、关系、工作）、概括性的词 words of generalization(总之、等等、两人、双方)、 承上启下的词conjunction（结果、而且还有、这种 情况）等。增词的目的是勾了使译文更忠实、通 顺、地道并富有吸引力，而不是随意增加原文中 没有的信息。
• According to scientists，it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.
• 根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500年的 时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。
• The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.
蒸发作用 吹毛求疵的作法 崇高气质 必要性
• assimilation • indifference • readability • relativity • arrogance • lightheartedness
同化作用 冷漠态度 可读性 相对论 傲慢态度 轻松愉快的心境
Amplification by Logical Thinking
•Don’t take it so seriously. I just make fun of you. • 不要当真嘛！我不过是跟你开玩 笑罢了。 • As for me, I have nothing to say. • 我呢，也没有什么可说的了。
Amplification by Supplying Necessary Connectives
• 一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就起飞了。
• Recourse to arms is not the best solution to a quarrel between countries.
• 国与国之间的争端诉诸武力，并不是最好的解决 方法。
• evaporation • fault-finding • loftiness • Necessity
• 论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭 三方面的新成就。
Amplification for Purposes of Rhetoric or Coherence
• This printer is indeed cheap and fine. • 这部打印机真是物美价廉。 • Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days. Sort of the fashion. • 不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人都 喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点儿赶 时髦吧！
• 英语动词的时态是靠动词词型变化和加助 动词来表达的。汉语动词没有时态变化， 表达时态时除用具体表示时间的词或词组， 如昨天、此时此刻、下周、２０年前等， 还要借助于时态助词“曾、已经、过、了 ／正在、着、／将、就、要、会、便”被 用来表示过去／现在／将来发生的动作或 存在的状态。
• 对时间概念作强调时，往往加词翻译。 • I had heard about him before I met him. • 我在见到他之前就听说过他了。 • Once I was his boss ,but now he is mine. • 我一度曾是他的上司；不过现在是他领导 我。