财务管理chapter-9
财务管理-第九章
资本结构
2-1
资本结构的定义
广义—财务结构: 全部资金的构成及比例;
狭义—资本结构: 长期资金的构成及比例(长期债务资本 与权益资本)。
2-2
资本结构理论
传统学派的资本结构模式 M&M资本结构无关论 考虑公司所得税之M&M理论 米勒模式 抵换模式 融资顺位理论 信息不对称理论
2-3
传统学派的资本结构模式
2-29
案例:中国平安
此次平安A股再融资采用公开增发股票和分离交 易可转债两种方式“双管齐下”,并考虑给老股东优先 认购权的模式,在国内融资市场上并不多见。
某证券公司保险业研究员认为,考虑到市场接受程 度,中国平安此次加上了一部分债券融资,而为了降低 债券融资成本以及未来的再次融资,采用了可转债的形 式。同时,可转债模式也是为了给市场以信心,因为如 果股价未来表现不好的话,公司就没有办法利用认股证 进行再次融资。
2-16
融资决策的决策依据
企业融资决策的决策依据应该是每 股收益最大化和企业财务风险可控 两者的结合。至于两者如何权衡,
则是一个“艺术性”的问题。
2-17
债务融资的两面性
1.放大财务杠杆效应; 2.增加财务风险。
2-18
权益融资的结果
1.减小财务杠杆效应; 2.降低财务风险; 3.至少短期内会摊薄EPS。
实际上,上述资产注入后,2019年中国船舶的每股收益 达到5.53元,远远高于2019年的1.02元。
2-23
案例:京东方(1)
京东方2019年8月25日公告称,公司非公开发行A股股 票的申请获证监会有条件通过。京东方的本次定向增发可 谓一路坎坷,6月26日,京东方发布公告称,公司决定将 定向增发价格由不低于4.64元/股下调为不低于3.03元/股 ,与此前相比,下调幅度达34.70%,不过募集规模有所 增加,上调为29.85亿股。募集资金净额约为90亿元,用 于建设第八代TFT-LCD生产线项目。相关增发方案已于7 月2日获得北京市国资委批准。不过其8月24日的收盘价仅 为3.02元/股,京东方的股价可谓未发先破。
财务管理第九章
第九章财务预算学习目标:通过本章的学习,要求掌握财务预算的具体构成内容,掌握弹性预算、零基预算和滚动预算等具体方法的特征及操作技巧;理解财务预算编制程序和方法;了解财务预算的概念和作用,了解固定预算、增量预算和定期预算的含义及内容。
第一节财务预算概述一、财务预算的概念及内容全面预算就是企业未来一定期间内全部经营活动各项具体目标的计划与相应措施的数量说明。
具体包括特种决策预算、日常业务预算和财务预算三大类内容。
其中,财务预算是一系列专门反映企业未来一定预算期内预计财务状况和经营成果,以及现金收支等价值指标的各种预算总称。
具体包括反映现金收支活动的现金预算、反映企业财务状况的预计资产负债表、反映企业财务成果的预计损益表和预计现金流量表等内容。
二、财务预算的作用财务预算是企业全面预算体系中的组成部分,它在全面预算体系中具有重要的作用,主要表现在:(一)财务预算使决策目标具体化、系统化和定量化在现代企业财务管理中,财务预算必须服从决策目标的要求,尽量做到全面地、综合地协调、规划企业内部各部门、各层次的经济关系与职能,使之统一服从于未来经营总体目标的要求。
同时,财务预算又能使决策目标具体化、系统化和定量化,能够明确规定企业有关生产经营人员各自职责及相应的奋斗目标,做到人人事先心中有数。
(二)财务预算是总预算,其余预算是辅助预算财务预算作为全面预算体系中的最后环节,可以从价值方面总括地反映经营特种决策预算与业务预算的结果,使预算执行情况一目了然。
(三)财务预算有助于财务目标的顺利实现通过财务预算,可以建立评价企业财务状况的标准,以预算数作为标准的依据,将实际数与预算数对比,及时发现问题和调整偏差,使企业的经济活动按预定的目标进行,从而实现企业的财务目标。
编制财务预算,并建立相应的预算管理制度,可以指导与控制企业的财务活动,提高预见性,减少盲目性,使企业的财务活动有条不紊地进行。
第二节财务预算的编制方法一、固定预算与弹性预算(一)固定预算固定预算又称静态预算,是把企业预算期的业务量固定在某一预计水平上,此为基础来确定其它项目预计数的预算方法。
财务管理课件 第9章
现金管理的动机与内容
现金预算管理
现金持有量决策 现金的日常控制
现金预算管理
现金预算的作用:
揭示现金过剩或现金短缺的时期,避免不必要的资金闲置 或短缺,减少机会成本。 了解经营计划的财务结果,预测未来到期债务的直接偿付 能力。 对其他财务计划提出改进建议。
编制方法:
收支预算法:现金收入、现金支出、净现金流量、现金余 缺
按实物形态
–短期投资 –应收及预付款 –存货 –生息领域中的短期资产
按照在生产经营循环中所处的流程
–流通领域中的短期资产
–生产领域中的短期资产
短期资产管理
短期资产的特征与分类
短期资产又称作流动 资产,是指可以在1 年以内或超过1年的 一个营业周期内变现 或运用的资产
短期资产的持有政策
短期资产政策对公司风险和收益的影响
项目 销售收入 收现期
坏账损失率
信用标准
恒远公司备选的两种信用标准测算结果
项目 销售利润 A方案 (较紧的信用标准) B方案 (较松的信用标准)
PA S0 S A P (100000 10000) 20% 18000
PB S0 S B P (100000 15000) 20% 23000
短期资产的持有政策
在权衡确定短期资产的最优持有水平时,应当综 合考虑如下因素: 风险与收益 企业所处的行业 企业规模 外部融资环境 短期资产政策类型
短期资产的持有政策
在权衡确定短期资产的最优持有水平时,应当综 合考虑如下因素: 风险与收益 企业所处的行业 企业规模 外部融资环境 短期资产政策类型
(完整word版)国际财务管理课后习题答案chapter9
CHAPTER 9 MANAGEMENT OF ECONOMIC EXPOSURESUGGESTED ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTERQUESTIONS AND PROBLEMSQUESTIONS1. How would you define economic exposure to exchange risk?Answer: Economic exposure can be defined as the possibility that the firm’s cash flows and thus its market value may be affected by the unexpected exchange rate changes.2. Explain the following statement: “Exposure is the regression coefficient.”Answer: Exposure to currency risk can be appropriately measured by th e sensitivity of the firm’s future cash flows and the market value to random changes in exchange rates. Statistically, this sensitivity can be estimated by the regression coefficient. Thus, exposure can be said to be the regression coefficient.3. Suppose that your company has an equity position in a French firm. Discuss the condition under which the dollar/franc exchange rate uncertainty does not constitute exchange exposure for your company.Answer: Mere changes in exchange rates do not necessarily constitute currency exposure. If the French franc value of the equity moves in the opposite direction as much as the dollar value of the franc changes, then the dollar value of the equity position will be insensitive to exchange rate movements. As a result, your company will not be exposed to currency risk.4. Explain the competitive and conversion effects of exchange rate changes on the firm’s operating cash flow.Answer: The competitive effect: exchange rate changes may affect operating cash flows by altering the firm’s competitive position.The conversion effect: A given operating cash flows in terms of a foreign currency will be converted into higher or lower dollar (home currency)amounts as the exchange rate changes.5. Discuss the determinants of operating exposure.Answer: The main determinants of a firm’s operating exposure are (1) the structure of the markets in which the firm sources its inputs, such as labor and materials, and sells its products, and (2) the firm’s ability to mitigate the effect of exchange rate changes by adjusting its markets, product mix, and sourcing.6. Discuss the implications of purchasing power parity for operating exposure.Answer: If the exchange rate changes are matched by the inflation rate differential between countries, firms’ competitive positions will not be altered by exchange rate changes. Firms are not subject to operating exposure.7. General Motors exports cars to Spain but the strong dollar against the peseta hurts sales of GM cars in Spain. In the Spanish market, GM faces competition from the Italian and French car makers, such as Fiat and Renault, whose currencies remain stable relative to the peseta. What kind of measures would you recommend so that GM can maintain its market share in Spain.Answer: Possible measures that GM can take include: (1) diversify the market; try to market the cars not just in Spain and other European countries but also in, say, Asia; (2) locate production facilities in Spain and source inputs locally; (3) locate production facilities, say, in Mexico where production costs are low and export to Spain from Mexico.8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of financial hedging of the firm’s operating exposure vis-à-vis operational hedges (such as relocating manufacturing site)?Answer: Financial hedging can be implemented quickly with relatively low costs, but it is difficult to hedge against long-term, real exposure with financial contracts. On the other hand, operational hedges are costly, time-consuming, and not easily reversible.9. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of maintaining multiple manufacturing sites as a hedge against exchange rate exposure.Answer: To establish multiple manufacturing sites can be effective in managing exchange risk exposure, but it can be costly because the firm may not be able to take advantage of the economy of scale.10. Evaluate the following statement: “A firm can reduce its currency exposure by diversifying across different business lines.”Answer: Conglomerate expansion may be too costly as a means of hedging exchange risk exposure. Investment in a different line of business must be made based on its own merit.11. The exchange rate uncertainty may not necessarily mean that firms face exchange risk exposure. Explain why this may be the case.Answer: A firm can have a natural hedging position due to, for example, diversified markets, flexible sourcing capabilities, etc. In addition, to the extent that the PPP holds, nominal exchange rate changes do not influenc e firms’ competitive positions. Under these circumstances, firms do not need to worry about exchange risk exposure.PROBLEMS1. Suppose that you hold a piece of land in the City of London that you may want to sell in one year. As a U.S. resident, you are concerned with the dollar value of the land. Assume that, if the British economy booms in the future, the land will be worth £2,000 and one British pound will be worth $1.40. If the British economy slows down, on the other hand, the land will be worth less, i.e., £1,500, but the pound will be stronger, i.e., $1.50/£. You feel that the British economy will experience a boom with a 60% probability and a slow-down with a 40% probability.(a) Estimate your exposure b to the exchange risk.(b) Compute the variance of the dollar value of your property that is attributable to the exchange rate uncertainty.(c) Discuss how you can hedge your exchange risk exposure and also examine the consequences of hedging.Solution: (a) Let us compute the necessary parameter values:E(P) = (.6)($2800)+(.4)($2250) = $1680+$900 = $2,580E(S) = (.6)(1.40)+(.4)(1.5) = 0.84+0.60 = $1.44Var(S) = (.6)(1.40-1.44)2 + (.4)(1.50-1.44)2= .00096+.00144 = .0024.Cov(P,S) = (.6)(2800-2580)(1.4-1.44)+(.4)(2250-2580)(1.5-1.44)= -5.28-7.92 = -13.20b = Cov(P,S)/Var(S) = -13.20/.0024 = -£5,500.You have a negative exposure! As the pound gets stronger (weaker) against the dollar, the dollar value of your British holding goes down (up).(b) b2Var(S) = (-5500)2(.0024) =72,600($)2(c) Buy £5,500 forward. By doing so, you can eliminate the volatility of the dollar value of your British asset that is due to the exchange rate volatility.2. A U.S. firm holds an asset in France and faces the following scenario:In the above table, P* is the euro price of the asset held by the U.S. firm and P is the dollar price of the asset.(a) Compute the exchange exposure faced by the U.S. firm.(b) What is the variance of the dollar price of this asset if the U.S. firm remains unhedged against thisexposure?(c) If the U.S. firm hedges against this exposure using the forward contract, what is the variance of thedollar value of the hedged position?Solution: (a)E(S) = .25(1.20 +1.10+1.00+0.90) = $1.05/€E(P) = .25(1,800+1,540+1,300 +1,080) = $1,430Var(S) = .25[(1.20-1.05)2 +(1.10-1.05)2+(1.00-1.05)2+(0.90-1.05)2]= .0125Cov(P,S) = .25[(1,800-1,430)(1.20-1.05) + (1,540-1,430)(1.10-1.05)(1,300-1,430)(1.00-1.05) + (1,080-1,430)(0.90-1.05)]= 30b = Cov(P,S)/Var(S) = 30/0.0125 = €2,400.(b) Var(P) = .25[(1,800-1,430)2+(1,540-1,430)2+(1,300-1,430)2+(1,080-1,430)2]= 72,100($)2.(c) Var(P) - b2Var(S) = 72,100 - (2,400)2(0.0125) = 100($)2.This means that most of the volatility of the dollar value of the French asset can be removed by hedging exchange risk. The hedging can be achieved by selling €2,400 forward.MINI CASE: ECONOMIC EXPOSURE OF ALBION COMPUTERS PLCConsider Case 3 of Albion Computers PLC discussed in the chapter. Now, assume that the pound is expected to depreciate to $1.50 from the current level of $1.60 per pound. This implies that the pound cost of the imported part, i.e., Intel’s microprocessors, is £341 (=$512/$1.50). Other variables, such as the unit sales volume and the U.K. inflation rate, remain the same as in Case 3.(a) Compute the projected annual cash flow in dollars.(b) Compute the projected operating gains/losses over the four-year horizon as the discounted present value of change in cash flows, which is due to the pound depreciation, from the benchmark case presented in Exhibit 12.4.(c) What actions, if any, can Albion take to mitigate the projected operating losses due to the pound depreciation?Suggested Solution to Economic Exposure of Albion Computers PLCa) The projected annual cash flow can be computed as follows:______________________________________________________Sales (40,000 units at £1,080/unit) £43,200,000Variable costs (40,000 units at £697/unit) £27,880,000Fixed overhead costs 4,000,000Depreciation allowances 1,000,000Net profit before tax £15,315,000Income tax (50%) 7,657,500Profit after tax 7,657,500Add back depreciation 1,000,000Operating cash flow in pounds £8,657,500Operating cash flow in dollars $12,986,250______________________________________________________b) ______________________________________________________Benchmark CurrentVariables Case Case______________________________________________________Exchange rate ($/£) 1.60 1.50Unit variable cost (£) 650 697Unit sales price (£) 1,000 1,080Sales volume (units) 50,000 40,000Annual cash flow (£) 7,250,000 8,657,500Annual cash flow ($) 11,600,000 12,986,250Four-year present value ($) 33,118,000 37,076,946Operating gains/losses ($) 3,958,946______________________________________________________c) In this case, Albion actually can expect to realize exchange gains, rather than losses. This is mainly due to the fact that while the selling price appreciates by 8% in the U.K. market, the variable cost of imported input increased by about 6.25%. Albion may choose not to do anything.。
《财务管理》第九章
(一)投资理论的演进与组合投资的变迁 1、社会投资的类型与投资理论研究对象的分化
(1)组合投资概念
组合投资,也称“投资组合”,是指投资者有意识地把一
系列对象、期限、性质不同的投资项目联系在一起所形成的 投资项目群组。
(2)社会投资的类型
依据投资的对象和在再生产中的作用,投资可以区分为:
1776年,亚当·斯密在《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》中, 就对投资与经济增长的关系作了较深入的研究。继亚当·斯密 之后,大卫·李嘉图、马歇尔等经济学家都对实业投资作过 较多的研究。
与实业投资相比,金融投资受到理论界重视的时间要晚得多。但 从历史的观点看,金融投资也同样有着漫长的历史。早在奴隶社 会,以放贷生息为目的的高利贷资本就出现了,这也可以说是一 种最古老最特殊的金融投资形式。
3、组合投资的效果
组合投资的效果被归纳为:
●风险吸纳效应
●收益释放效应
●风险吸纳效应——指某一单项投资与其他投资有机地结合在一起时,其风险会
被稀释或吸收,从而使总的投资风险相对降低的现象。风险吸纳效应表现为两个 方面:一是当总投资被分散投放时,不同投资项目的风险不同,只要组合是有效 的,由于平均化的作用,总投资的风险必然相对下降;二是由于不同的投资之间 存在互补关系,以至于通过投资组合可以减少甚至消除某些风险,从而使总的投 资风险下降。
十九、 组合投资的风险与收益
(一)证券投资组合的风险
1、非系统风险(可分散风险,公司特别风险)
●概念:非系统风险,是指某些因素对单个证券造成经济损失的可能性。 这种风险可以通过证券投资组合来分散化消除。 ●结论:当两种股票完全负相关(r=-1.0)时,所有的非系统风险都可以分散
悼;当两种股票安全正相关(r=+1.0)时,不能分散风险。
财务管理 第7版 第9章 企业分配管理
企业分配概述 企业与员工之间的分配 企业与股东之间的分配
员工持股
优点
增强员工的积极性 扩大企业资金来源
缺点
增加企业的负担 增加了流通中的股本,股价可能下跌
持股计划到期时可能亏损
企业分配概述 企业与员工之间的分配 企业与股东之间的分配
(3) 股权激励与员工持股的区别
第一,目的不同。股权激励计划通过折价优惠、业绩考核、行权自主、盈多亏少的制度 设计,更加侧重对管理层的“激励作用”;员工持股计划通过资金自筹、集中管理、长期导向 、盈亏自负的制度安排,更多发挥了对员工的“利益绑定”功能。
企业分配概述 企业与员工之间的分配 企业与股东之间的分配
9.2.3 利润分享制度
利润分享制度是员工与股东共同分享企业利润的一种分配方式 ,是指直接从企业利润中提取一定比例的利润支付给员工。按支付 方式的不同,可以分为现期支付和延期支付两种形式。
利润分享制度中,员工只参与利润的分享,而不承担企业的亏 损和风险;企业根据盈利情况决定是否进行利润分享、利润分享的 比例及方式。
短期内,工资一般具有相对固定性,与企业业绩无关。 长期看,基本工资一般具有刚性,表现为上升趋势。
企业分配概述 企业与员工之间的分配 企业与股东之间的分配
工资分配制度的优点:
1 有利于企业的财务安排 可以给企业带来杠杆作用 2
3 可以降低员工的风险
企业分配概述 企业与员工之间的分配 企业与股东之间的分配
企业分配概述 企业与员工之间的分配 企业与股东之间的分配
9.2.4 股权激励与员工持股
(1) 股权激励 股权激励是指公司以本公司股票或股票期权,对其董事、监事、高
级管理人员进行的长期性激励,进而使核心人才能够勤勉尽责地为公司 的长期发展服务。
财务管理第九章
第九章财务预算学习目标:通过本章的学习,要求掌握财务预算的具体构成内容,掌握弹性预算、零基预算和滚动预算等具体方法的特征及操作技巧;理解财务预算编制程序和方法;了解财务预算的概念和作用,了解固定预算、增量预算和定期预算的含义及内容。
第一节财务预算概述一、财务预算的概念及内容全面预算就是企业未来一定期间内全部经营活动各项具体目标的计划与相应措施的数量说明。
具体包括特种决策预算、日常业务预算和财务预算三大类内容。
其中,财务预算是一系列专门反映企业未来一定预算期内预计财务状况和经营成果,以及现金收支等价值指标的各种预算总称。
具体包括反映现金收支活动的现金预算、反映企业财务状况的预计资产负债表、反映企业财务成果的预计损益表和预计现金流量表等内容。
二、财务预算的作用财务预算是企业全面预算体系中的组成部分,它在全面预算体系中具有重要的作用,主要表现在:(一)财务预算使决策目标具体化、系统化和定量化在现代企业财务管理中,财务预算必须服从决策目标的要求,尽量做到全面地、综合地协调、规划企业内部各部门、各层次的经济关系与职能,使之统一服从于未来经营总体目标的要求。
同时,财务预算又能使决策目标具体化、系统化和定量化,能够明确规定企业有关生产经营人员各自职责及相应的奋斗目标,做到人人事先心中有数。
(二)财务预算是总预算,其余预算是辅助预算财务预算作为全面预算体系中的最后环节,可以从价值方面总括地反映经营特种决策预算与业务预算的结果,使预算执行情况一目了然。
(三)财务预算有助于财务目标的顺利实现通过财务预算,可以建立评价企业财务状况的标准,以预算数作为标准的依据,将实际数与预算数对比,及时发现问题和调整偏差,使企业的经济活动按预定的目标进行,从而实现企业的财务目标。
编制财务预算,并建立相应的预算管理制度,可以指导与控制企业的财务活动,提高预见性,减少盲目性,使企业的财务活动有条不紊地进行。
第二节财务预算的编制方法一、固定预算与弹性预算(一)固定预算固定预算又称静态预算,是把企业预算期的业务量固定在某一预计水平上,此为基础来确定其它项目预计数的预算方法。
财务管理 第九章练习题答案
答案一、单项选择题1、答案:A解析:本题的主要考核点是内含增长率的计算。
代入公式可求得内含增长率为14.3%。
2、答案:B解析:本题的主要考核点是内含增长率的计算。
设销售增长率为g,因为:0=1.6―0.4―0.1×[(1+g)÷g]×(1-0.55),所以:g=3.90%当增长率为3.90%时,不需要向外界筹措资金。
销售额为200×(1+3.90%)=207.8(万元)3、答案:D解析:本题的主要考核点是弹性预算的编制前提。
弹性预算的编制前提是将成本按性态分析要求,划分为固定成本和变动成本。
4、答案:B解析:本题的主要考核点是可持续增长率的计算。
可持续增长率=(0.7×6%×1.5×30%)÷[(1-0.7×6%×1.5×30%)]=1.93%。
5、答案:B解析:本题的主要考核点是外部融资销售增长比的计算。
外部融资需求量=3500-190-520=2790(万元),则外部融资销售增长比=2790/6000=46.5%。
6、答案:B解析:本题的主要考核点是弹性预算的业务量范围的确定。
弹性预算的业务量范围,一般来说,可定在正常生产能力的70%—110%之间,或以历史上最高业务量和最低业务量为其上下限。
7、答案:B解析:本题考核的主要考核点是有关业务预算的编制。
销售费用预算是在销售预算的基础上编制的,其他预算则是在生产预算上编制的。
8、答案:D解析:该企业2004年度应追加资金量=×100-×100-50=150(万元)9、答案:B解析:本题的主要考核点是外部融资需求量的计算公式。
若用增量公式,公式中的各项目都要采用增量计算;若用总量公式,公式中的各项目都要采用总量计算。
其中掌握增量计算公式。
10、答案:C解析:本题的主要考核点是采购现金流出的计算。
全年销售成本=8000×(1-28%)=5760(万元)2007年年末存货=5760/8=720(万元)由于假设全年均衡销售,所以,第四季度预计销售成本=5760/4=1440(万元)第四季度预计的采购现金流出=期末存货+本期销货-期初存货=720+1440-480=1680(万元)。
9财务管理 第九章
第三节 利润分配
二、企业税后利润分配的程序
3.向投资者分配利润。根据股份制企业的特点,财务制度对其 利润分配作了特殊的规定。股份公司税后利润分配的前两项程 序与利润分配的一般程序相同。即先弥补以前年度亏损;提取 法定盈余公积金。进行上述利润分配的余额,加上以前年度未 分配利润,为可供股东分配的利润。其分配顺序是: 1.支付优先股股利。 2.提取任意盈余公积金。任意盈余公积金按照公司章程或者股 东会议决议提取。 3.支付普通股股利。
(二)倒算法
倒算法是指企业基于自我发展和自我积累、改善集体 福利、增加投资分理
三、目标利润制定方法
(三)比率法
比率法是根据利润同有关财务指标的比例关系,通过 相关比率预测未来某一时期利润的方法。其中常见的比率 有:销售利润率、资金利润率、成本费用利润率等。以下 以销售利润率为例作具体说明。
第二节 目标利润管理
二、目标利润的规划程序
3.通过综合平衡,最终确定目标利润。最终目标利润是在 考虑各种环境条件变化的基础上,通过对影响目标利润的 诸要素进行全面分析综合评价的基础上,确定目标利润。
第二节 目标利润管理
三、目标利润制定方法
(一)本量利分析法
本量利分析法是利用商品销售量(额)、固定成本、变 动成本与利润之间的变动规律对目标利润进行预测的方法。
第一节 利润管理概述
一、利润及其构成
利润是指企业在一定会计期间的经营成果。利润包括 收入减去费用后的净额、直接计入当期损益的利得和损失。 利润的相关计算公式如下: (一)营业利润 (二)利润总额 (三)净利润
第一节 利润管理概述
二、利润的意义
利润在企业经营管理中,特别是在财务管理中具有重 要的意义: (一)利润是企业经营所追求的目标。 (二)利润是投资、信贷决策的重要依据。 (三)利润是企业实现自身积累的主要途径。 (四)利润是企业分配的基础。 (五)利润是改善职工生活福利的必要条件。
财务管理第九章课件-51页文档资料
9-8
Decision Criteria Test - NPV
9-3
Good Decision Criteria
• We need to ask ourselves the following questions when evaluating capital budgeting decision rules:
Does the decision rule adjust for the time value of money?
Does the decision rule adjust for risk? Does the decision rule provide
information on whether we are creating value for the firm?
9-4
Net Present Value
9-5
Project Example Information
• You are reviewing a new project and have estimated the following cash flows:
Year 0: CF = -165,000 Year 1: CF = 63,120; NI = 13,620 Year 2: CF = 70,800; NI = 3,300 Year 3: CF = 91,080; NI = 29,100 Average Book Value = 72,000
• Since our goal is to increase owner wealth, NPV is a direct measure of how well this project will meet our goal.
财务管理课件chapter9
教学过程其次,根据上述标准对A、B、C三类存货进行具体划分。
最后,在对存货进行ABC分类的基础上,企业应分清主次,采取相应的对策进行有效的管理、控制。
(二)经济批量法1、含义:经济进货批量是指能够使一定时期存货的总成本达到最低点的进货数量。
决定存货经济进货批量的成本因素主要包括变动性进货费用(简称进货费用)、变动性储存成本(简称储存成本)以及允许缺货时的缺货成本。
不同的成本项目与进货批量呈现着不同的变动关系。
因此存在一个最佳的进货批量,使成本总和保持最低水平。
它是在合理预测的基础上,根据一定时期企业存货需求量来确定成本最低的存货采购量的方法。
2、基本假设基本模型有下列假设条件:(1)企业能够及时补充存货,即需要订货时便可立即取得存货;(2)能集中到货,而不是陆续入库;(3)不允许缺货,即无缺货成本,为零,这是因为良好的存货管理本来就不应该出现缺货成本;(4)需求量稳定,并且能预测,即为已知常量;(5)存货单价不变,不考虑现金折扣,即为已知常量;(6)企业现金充足,不会因现金短缺而影响进货;(7)所需存货市场供应充足,不会因买不到需要的存货而影响其他。
实行数量折扣条件下,存货进价成本已经与进货数量的大小有了直接的联系,属于决策的相关成本。
进货企业对经济进货批量的确定,除了考虑进货费用与储存成本外,还应考虑存货的进价成本。
允许缺货的情况下,企业对经济进货批量的确定,就不仅要考虑进货费用与储存费用,而且还必须对肯的缺货成本加以考虑,即能够使三项成本总和最低的批量便是经济进货批量。
3、存货储备的成本与存货储备有关的成本主要包括(1)取得成本取得成本是指为取得某种存货而支出的成本,通常用来表示。
其下又可进一步分为订货成本和购置成本。
订货成本。
订货成本是指取得存货订单的成本,如办公费、邮资、电报、电话等费用支出。
订货成本有一部分与订货次数无关,如常设采购机构的基本开支等,称为订货的固定成本,用表示。
另一部分与订货次数有关,如差旅费、邮资等,称为订货的变动成本。
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7 -Y e a r 1 4 .2 9 % 2 4 .4 9 1 7 .4 9 1 2 .4 9 8 .9 3 8 .9 2 8 .9 3 4 .4 6
Depreciable Basis
In tax accounting, the fully installed cost of an asset. This is the amount that, by law, may be written off over time for tax purposes.
Examples: Shipping and installation
12-17
Sale or Disposal of a Depreciable Asset
Generally, the sale of a “capital asset” (as defined by the IRS) generates a capital gain (asset sells for more than book value) or capital loss (asset sells for less than book value). Often historically, capital gains income has received more favorable U.S. tax treatment than operating income.
12-10
Include effects of inflation
Example— Make or Buy Decision
You have the option to manufacture your own parts or purchase them from outside suppliers. If we purchase the parts, it will cost $ 50.00 per part. Our factory is operating at 70% of capacity and our total costs to manufacture parts is:
Chapter 9
Capital Budgeting and Estimating Cash Flows
12-1
Capital Budgeting and Estimating Cash Flows
The Capital Budgeting Process
Generating Investment Project Proposals Estimating Project “After-Tax Incremental Operating Cash Flows”
Evaluate project incremental cash flows.
12-4
The Capital Budgeting Process
Select projects based on a valuemaximizing acceptance criterion. Reevaluate implemented investment projects continually and perform post-audits for completed projects.
12-9
After-tax flows
Incremental flows
Estimating After-Tax Incremental Cash Flows
Principles that must be adhered to in the estimation
Ignore sunk costs Include opportunity costs Include project-driven changes in working capital net of spontaneous changes in current liabilities
R e c o v e ry Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12-15
P ro p e rty C la s s 3 -Y e a r 5 -Y e a r 3 3 .3 3 % 2 0 .0 0 % 4 4 .4 5 3 2 .0 0 1 4 .8 1 1 9 .2 0 7 .4 1 1 1 .5 2 1 1 .5 2 5 .7 6
12-3
The Capital Budgeting Process
Generate investment proposals consistent with the firm’s strategic objectives. Estimate after-tax incremental operating cash flows for the investment projects.
12-13
Depreciation and the MACRS Method
Everything else equal, the greater the depreciation charges, the lower the taxes paid by the firm. Depreciation is a non-cash expense.
Depreciable Basis = Cost of Asset + Capitalized Expenditures
12-16
Capitalized Expenditures
Capitalized Expenditures are expenditures that may provide benefits into the future and therefore are treated as capital outlays and not as expenses of the period in which they were incurred.
Solution— Make or Buy Decision
Since
we are operating at 70% capacity, we do not expect an increase in fixed overhead; this is a sunk cost. We would manufacture the parts since it is $ 2.00 / part cheaper: $ 50.00 vs. Manufacture
Assets are depreciated (MACRS) on one of eight different property classes. Generally, the half-year convention is used for MACRS.
12-14
MACRS Sample Schedule
Opportunity cost:what is lost by not
taking the next-best investment alternative .
Side
effects:another difficulty in
12-8
determining incremental cash flows comes from the side effects of the proposed project on other parts of the firm .The most important side effect is erosion which is the cash flow transferred to a new project from customers and sales of other products of the firm.
12-6
Screening Proposals and Decision Making
1. Section Chiefs
Advancement to the next 3. VP for Operations level depends on cost 4. Capital Expenditures and strategic Committee importance.
12-18
Corporate Capital Gains / Losses
Currently, capital gains are taxed at ordinary income tax rates for corporations.
Capital losses are deductible only against capital gains.
Purchase
$ 48.00 ($ 15.00 + $ 19.00 + $ 14.00)
12-12
Tax Considerations and Depreciation
Depreciation
represents the systematic allocation of the cost of a capital asset over a period of time for financial reporting purposes, tax purposes, or both. Generally, profitable firms prefer to use an accelerated method for tax reporting purposes (MACRS).
12-2
What is Capital Budgeting?
The process of identifying, analyzing, and selecting investment projects whose returns (cash flows) are expected to extend beyond one year.