Research Methodology--A Study on Pragmatic Compete
research method for organization studies中文版 -回复
research method for organization studies中文版-回复研究方法对于组织研究至关重要。
它提供了一种系统的方法来收集、分析和解释与组织相关的数据。
本文将介绍与组织研究相关的几种常见研究方法，并讨论它们的优势和限制。
第一种常见的研究方法是问卷调查。
问卷调查广泛应用于组织研究中，因为它可以收集大量的数据，并且相对容易实施。
问卷调查可以通过面对面、电话或在线方式进行。
研究人员可以设计一系列问题来收集参与者的观点、态度和行为。
问卷调查的优势在于可以涵盖大量的样本和广泛的主题，而且可以进行统计分析。
然而，问卷调查也存在一些限制，比如受访者可能不真实回答问题或者忽略某些问题，因此研究人员需要谨慎设计问卷，并确保样本的代表性。
第二种常见的研究方法是访谈。
访谈是一种深入了解参与者观点和经历的方法。
研究人员可以通过面对面或电话访谈的方式与参与者进行交流。
访谈可以提供详细的信息和洞察力，并有助于理解具体情况和背景。
访谈的优势在于可以收集质量较高的数据和参与者的真实观点。
然而，访谈也存在一些限制，比如样本是有限的，可能不能代表整个组织或群体，而且访谈可能会受到研究人员主观偏见的影响。
第三种常见的研究方法是观察。
观察是通过观察和记录参与者行为来收集数据的方法。
观察可以通过实地观察、视频记录或文件分析来进行。
观察可以提供真实、客观的数据，并且有助于研究人员洞察组织内部的运作和相互作用。
观察的优势在于可以收集涉及到特定行为或情境的数据，并且有助于理解实际行为和决策。
然而，观察也存在一些限制，比如观察者的主观偏见、难以准确记录所有相关信息等。
第四种常见的研究方法是实验研究。
实验研究是通过设定控制条件来检验因果关系的方法。
在组织研究中，实验可以用来研究特定的组织政策、管理实践或团队动力等。
实验的优势在于可以满足因果关系的要求，并且可以在实验室或实际场景中控制变量。
然而，实验研究也存在一些限制，比如实验环境与实际情况可能存在差异，实验结果可能难以推广到整个组织或群体。
科研论证方法
科研论证方法Research methodology is a crucial aspect of any scientific study. It encompasses the techniques and procedures used to conduct research and is essential for producing reliable and valid results. 科研方法论是任何科学研究的重要组成部分。
它包括用于进行研究的技术和程序，对于产生可靠和有效的结果至关重要。
One popular research method is the experimental approach, which involves manipulating variables to test a hypothesis. This method allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships and is often used in the natural and social sciences. 一个流行的研究方法是实验方法，它涉及操纵变量以测试假设。
这种方法允许研究人员建立因果关系，通常在自然和社会科学中使用。
Another widely used research method is the survey or questionnaire approach, which involves collecting data from a large sample of participants. This method is commonly used in social sciences and allows researchers to gather information about opinions, attitudes, and behaviors. 另一种广泛使用的研究方法是调查或问卷调查方法，它涉及从大量参与者中收集数据。
论文研究方法英文
论文研究方法英文Research Methodology in a ThesisIntroduction:Research methodology refers to the overall approach and systematic process employed in conducting a study or an investigation. It outlines the strategies, techniques, and tools used to gather, analyze, and interpret data in order to draw meaningful conclusions and contribute to knowledge in a particular field. This section will discuss the research methodology used in a thesis, highlighting the various components and their relevance.Research Design:The research design outlines the overall structure and plan for conducting the study. It provides a blueprint for how the study will proceed, including the research questions or hypotheses, variables to be examined, and the overall approach to data collection and analysis. The research design can be qualitative, quantitative, or a combination of both, depending on the nature of the research problem and objectives.Data Collection:Data collection methods involve gathering information or data fromrelevant sources to answer the research questions or test the hypotheses. There are various data collection methods, including interviews, surveys, observations, experiments, and document analysis. The choice of data collection methods depends on the nature of the research problem, availability of resources, and ethical considerations.Sampling:Sampling refers to the process of selecting a subset of individuals, entities, or elements from a population for research purposes. The sample should be representative of the population to ensure that the findings can be generalized. Common sampling methods include random sampling, stratified sampling, and purposive sampling. The sample size should be determined based on statistical considerations, such as the confidence level and desired margin of error.Data Analysis:Data analysis involves transforming raw data into meaningful information through the use of statistical techniques and other analytical tools. The specific data analysis techniques depend on the research design and the type of data collected. Qualitative data analysis may involve coding, categorizing, and thematic analysis, while quantitative data analysis often involves descriptive statistics, inferential statistics,and regression analysis.Validity and Reliability:Validity refers to the extent to which the research findings accurately represent the phenomena under investigation. Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of the research findings over time and across different researchers or study settings. Validity and reliability are critical considerations in ensuring the rigor and credibility of a study. Various strategies, such as triangulation, member checking, and inter-rater reliability, can be employed to enhance validity and reliability.Ethical Considerations:Ethical considerations involve the protection of participants' rights and the ethical conduct of research. This includes obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity, minimizing harm and risks, and maintaining integrity in data collection and analysis. Researchers should adhere to ethical guidelines and obtain necessary ethical approvals, particularly when involving human subjects.Conclusion:In summary, the research methodology in a thesis involves the selection of an appropriate research design, data collection methods, sampling,data analysis, and consideration of validity, reliability, and ethical considerations. A rigorous and systematic research methodology enhances the credibility and usefulness of the study findings, contributing to knowledge in the respective field.。
Research Methodology
Chapter 3 Research Methodology3.1 IntroductionThe research method it involves three elements which are the data collection, analysis and interpretation to help the researcher doing the research propose for their studies. In this study it applied the quantitative research method to find the housing index of Shanghai during 2000 to 2009, also the mortgage to income index during this period. By doing the research, for better and accurate measurement and analysis of these data to generate the better results, it has been applied the standardization (norming) method to the sampling data. The process of standardization, also called norming, removes the effect of relevant but different characteristics in order to make the important differences visible. (Neuman.W, 2011) And it also uses the secondary data analysis. The data collection will belong to secondary data collection. The sources of data are mainly in DataStream, National Bruno Database, ShangHai Bruno Database, Journal Article and Local Real-estate Agency Report, and the results will represent and analysis in finding part.3.2 Research strategy and ApproachesBy doing research there has two strategies one is quantitative research and the other is qualitative research. For quantitative research means using the numbers and statistic method. It attracts from particular instances to seek general description or test causal hypotheses; it seeks measurements and analyses that are easily replicable by other researchers. (King, Keohane, Verba, 1994.pp.3-4) And for qualitative research is multimethod in focus, involving an interpretive naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means qualitative researchers study things in their natural setting, attempting to make sense of, or interpret phenomena in terms of meaning people bring to them. It is involves use variety of empirical materials, case study, personal experience, interview, observation, interactional, visual text etc, that describe routine and problematic moments and meanings in people’s life. (Denzin, Lincoln, 1994, p2)Basic on above definition of quantitative and qualitative research methodology, according to this study is accessing housing affordability ratio to evaluate how people affordability during the decade, the research basic on analysis the statistic data and theoretical formulations, and tends to be on numerical measurements of specific aspects of phenomena, therefore the quantitative research has applied strategy in this study. After the strategy chosen, it needs to find the approaches to generate the results and analysis. Basic on the research purpose and objective, the foundation of this research is basic on the theory of housing affordability, which is called the price to income ratio indicator. This ratio is to interpreted the relationship between the housing price and people’s income, and it is by far the most welcome measure of housing affordability in policy research and mass media.(Hulchanski,1995) The price to income indicator is the ratio of median/mean market price of a standardized housing unite to median/mean(before –tax or disposable)household/family income. This ratio measures the relative shares of income spending on housing and aims to capture the cost burden of housing on household income. Also it can be considering as an index measurements.3.2.1 The reason to choose the housing affordability indexAs the developing and transforming of China Real Estate, nowadays it already becomes the significant components in domestic economic reform. Also the massive benefit from the real estate section makes it becomes the pillar industry in the domestic area and local cities. However during the time of the transforming of real estate, the properties prices has quickly changed to the market-oriented price, but the local householders income has not changed so much, therefore to obtained the information of the market situation and people’s consumption ability become more important for government to regulate the real estate market and make the responsible policies to protect people in different level’s, also it is important for commercial banks to landing money to the real estate developer and also to make a good portfolio to different housing mortgage loaners.When the housing affordability hasn’t appearance, if a country or cities plan to measure the level of people’s residential consumption, need to do a lot of research works. The research may including the level of economy development, the level of people’s income, housing price, the weight of commodity expenses in people’s income, the government housing supporting policies, and the mortgage term which required by the banking, etc. it not only because the large mount of working preparation, but also with different research aspects the results may generate the different way as well, it is hard to confirm the accuracy of its findings. Later, through the repeated experiment and practice and theory development, the housing affordability has been brought out. According to experts in this area, they have defined a housing cost burden of around 30 percent of income as affordable. And the proper range for housing burden to income ratio is 4 to 6. Currently, many countries are using the housing affordability ratio, the way to choose this index not only it is simple to understand, but the level of housing burden to income which is less than 30%. This is reasonable standard has been internationally recognized.In the middle of 19th century, lots of scholars has studied on the price to income ratio, the roots of this ratio can be back to the earlier of 19th century, at that time it used as studies of household budgets and in the commonly used turn-of-the-century expression 'one week's pay for one month's rent'. After following decades, people made a lots improvements to this ratio, and During the 1980s the often undefined term 'housing affordability' has come into widespread popular usage in North America and Western Europe with a growing body of literature, (Hallett, 1993; Linneman & Megbolugbe, 1992; Whitehead, 1991) And in 1995 Hulchanski at his paper identified six distinct ways in which the housing expenditure-to-income ratio is being used as an assumed measure of affordability.However the housing affordability ideal for the first time introduced to China in early of 1990’s by The World Bank's Chief Economist Bertrand Renaud, he has brought a new concept of a price to income ratio to the nation. In fact, the price earnings ratio isan indicator that reflects the ability of residential housing affordability to housing market conditions. It is also a comprehensive index to measure a country or a city the urban housing consumption level.According to the Bertrand Renaud, there have two foundations to decide the range of housing to income ratio which is safety in 4 to 6. First is the basis on the saving payment model, which is display below,m−1P/I=a×∑(1+i)nn=0‘P’ indicates the housing price;‘I’ indicate the household annual income,‘a’ indicate the proportion of particular saving for purchasing the house to the householder annual income‘m’ indicate the duration of saving‘n’ indicate the interest rateThrough the simple saving payment model it can interpret that the rational housing affordability is related to the percentage of housing purchasing saving of annual income, the saving duration and the interest rate. For this basis may lead to the further study on the mortgage payment, which will discuss later.The second foundation is that by cooperation with different countries in the worldwide.The real estate just transformed in the late of the 19th century which is year of 1998, during the 20years it has dramatic changes, the booming of the real estate become unreasonable. Not like the developing countries, the real estate market is market orientated, with the long time improving and experience with government regulation, the market is more maturated.3.1.4 Research question and research proposition。
ResearchMethodology研究方法、目的
ResearchMethodology研究方法、目的Research MethodologyThis thesis will explore the feminism in Mrs. Dalloway in through analysis and induction and deduction process.Analysis is a classic research method by breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts to gain a better understanding of the topic. This technique has been applied in many fields, especially in the study of mathematics and logic, and it has been widely adopted in literary text interpretation. Woolf believes that human history should be interpreted from female perspective in order to create a new civilization, and her feminism is obviously embodied in her novels such as Mrs. Dalloway. In this novel犷Woolf shows several ideas about feminism and these ideas are analyzed respectively.Induction is a way of reasoning using known facts to produce general laws. Deduction is a way of determining from the general principle in relation to a particular event, thing or fact. In the paper author studied the novel and inducted from the creation of the characters and setting the general ideas of feminism developed in the novel. In the early 1920s, Virginia Woolf developed her ideology about social political, economic and cultural system in the patriarchal society, and her thoughts can be applied in the analysis of her feminism. Form her novels. By the two reasoning process, the paper attempts to explore the hidden theme and overall ideology in the novel.Research GoalChina's study on feminism was borrowed from the west, and the same kind of patriarchy ruled in some places in China, especially in the rural area, and women were suffering from thesame kind of pain and agony as one sees in' the novel. Virginia Woolf's perception on feminism helps one to achieve a better understanding on the issue. In this paper, Virginia Woolf's opinion in Mrs. Dalloway is explored, alongwith her effort to promote women in the fight against the masculine suppression in pursuit of equal social status.To take this step, women then explore the contexts and reasons for why we experience what we experience. They examine history, the economy, the political economy and material realities, and ask who benefits, and how it is that unhelpful but dominant ideas are held in place (such as `women must be youthful and beautiful', or `father knows best', or `boys will be boys'). We ask how it is that we find ourselves colluding with these ideas that hurt us; what are we up against when we try and resist or act differently; what are our successes and triumphs and the conditions for these, and so on. Importantly, they may also investigate men, men's actions, and ideology, practices and institutions which favor men, or they might research men and women together.All of these questions comprise the critical process of examining the `structural' matters which surround and shape them, so that they can begin to form theories about alternative ways of acting.This thesis aims to seek the thread of lines that offers clues to the issue of feminism, the question that concerns author's interest are: how women can acquireself-confidence to come back to oneself and become an individual with the identity and strong will, and how women in the novel search to break away from the confinesof the society, a complete being not like a flower in greenhouse. Virginia argued that women should expand their horizon and enrich life experience to embody a new value. Women can have a hopeful future if they make effort and find time to explore life in a new way. Society offers the best resources where women can draw on develop their capabilities.Chapter Two Literature ReviewVirginia Woolf's feminism has long been studied by scholars around the world.In this section, the researches of feminism in Mrs. Dalloway both abroad and at home are introduced.。
选择哪些研究方法英语作文
选择哪些研究方法英语作文Title: Selection of Research Methods。
Research methods play a crucial role in the scientific inquiry process, providing a framework for gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data to address research questions effectively. In this essay, we will explore various research methods commonly utilized in academic and scientific endeavors.1. Experimental Research: Experimental research involves manipulating variables to observe the effects on other variables under controlled conditions. This method allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships and test hypotheses rigorously. Experimental designs include pre-test/post-test control group design, factorial design, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, experimental research may face challenges in terms of feasibility, ethical considerations, andgeneralizability of findings.2. Survey Research: Surveys involve collecting data from a sample of individuals through questionnaires, interviews, or online forms. This method is useful for gathering information about attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and characteristics of a population. Surveys can be conducted through various modes, such as face-to-face interviews, telephone surveys, mail surveys, or online surveys. Researchers must ensure the validity andreliability of survey instruments and consider factors like sampling methods, survey design, and response bias.3. Qualitative Research: Qualitative research aims to explore and understand phenomena in-depth by examining subjective experiences, meanings, and perspectives. Common qualitative methods include interviews, focus groups, observations, and content analysis. Qualitative research is valuable for generating rich, context-specific data, uncovering complex social processes, and exploring diverse viewpoints. Researchers must pay attention to issues of reflexivity, researcher bias, and the trustworthiness of qualitative findings.4. Quantitative Research: Quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data to test hypotheses and identify patterns or relationships. This method employs statistical techniques to analyze large datasets and draw conclusions about the population from which the sample is drawn. Quantitative research designs include descriptive, correlational, and experimental studies. Researchers need to ensure the reliability and validity of measurements, choose appropriate statistical methods, and address potential confounding variables.5. Mixed Methods Research: Mixed methods research combines qualitative and quantitative approaches within a single study to provide a comprehensive understanding of research problems. This method allows researchers to triangulate findings, complementing the strengths of each approach and addressing their limitations. Mixed methods designs can be sequential (qualitative followed by quantitative or vice versa) or concurrent (both qualitative and quantitative data collected simultaneously). Researchers must carefully integrate qualitative andquantitative components, maintain methodological rigor, and consider practical constraints.6. Action Research: Action research involves collaboration between researchers and practitioners to address real-world problems, improve practices, and bring about positive change in organizational or community settings. This method emphasizes participatory anditerative processes, where stakeholders actively engage in problem identification, intervention design, data collection, and reflection. Action research promotes empowerment, learning, and sustainable solutions but may face challenges related to power dynamics, researcher neutrality, and time constraints.7. Case Study Research: Case study research involvesin-depth exploration of a single case or a small number of cases to gain insights into specific phenomena, contexts,or processes. This method utilizes multiple sources of data, such as interviews, observations, documents, and artifacts, to construct detailed and holistic descriptions. Casestudies are particularly useful for examining rare orunique events, illustrating theoretical concepts, and generating hypotheses for further investigation. Researchers should consider issues of generalizability, validity, and ethical implications when conducting case study research.In conclusion, researchers must carefully consider the nature of their research questions, the characteristics of their study population, and the practical constraints they face when selecting appropriate research methods. By employing a variety of methods and integrating different approaches, researchers can enhance the validity, reliability, and relevance of their findings, contributing to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields.。
Research Methodology Philosophy
Pragmatism
• Do you have to adopt a philosophical position? • Pragmatism argues that your research question should determine the
• A researcher’s philosophy contains vital assumptions regarding the way he/she view the world.
• It underpins the type of research methods and strategies the researcher chooses to use.
Interpretivism
• This philosophical stance argues that rich insights into the complex world are lost if such complexity is reduced entirely to a series of law-like generalisations.
opposite positions. • It is intuitively appealing and avoids pointless debates about the
comfortable to the collection and analysis of facts. For this type of researcher, reality is represented by objects that are ‘real’ • There are two major ways of thinking about research philosophy: ontology and epistemology.
医学科研基本方法英文
Basic Methods in Medical ResearchIntroductionBodyMedical research plays a crucial role in advancing our understanding of diseases, developing new treatment methods, and improving patient care. Through rigorous scientific investigation, researchers are able to uncover new insights, test hypotheses, and make evidence-based recommendations. In this article, we will discuss some of the basic methods used in medical research.Observational Studies:Observational studies involve observing and analyzing the characteristics, behaviors, or outcomes of a group of individuals. These studies do not involve any intervention or manipulation by the researcher. Examples of observational studies include cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies. Observational studies are valuable for identifying associations between factors and diseases but cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship.Experimental Studies:Experimental studies involve manipulating a variable or intervention and observing its effects on a group of individuals. These studies are designed to establishcause-and-effect relationships. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for experimental studies. In an RCT, participants are randomly assigned to different groups: one group receives the intervention being tested, while the control group receives either a placebo or standard treatment. By comparing the outcomes between the two groups, researchers can determine the effectiveness of the intervention.Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis:Systematic reviews and meta-analysis are research methods that involve synthesizing and analyzing data from multiple studies. A systematic review involves identifying and critically appraising all relevant studies on a specific topic, while meta-analysis combines the results of these studies to provide a quantitative summary of the overall effect. These methods are valuable in summarizing existing evidence and providing a comprehensive overview of a particular research question.Laboratory Studies:Laboratory studies are conducted in a controlled setting, such as a laboratory, to investigate the underlying mechanisms of diseases or test the efficacy of new treatments. In these studies, researchers manipulate variables under controlled conditions to observe the effects. Laboratory studies may involve cell cultures, animal models, or in vitro experiments. While laboratory studies provide valuable insights, it is important to validate the findings in clinical settings before drawing conclusions.Survey Studies:Survey studies involve collecting data through questionnaires or interviews to gather information about a specific population or group. This method is often used to study prevalence, risk factors, or patient satisfaction. Surveys can provide valuable data quickly and efficiently, but it is crucial to ensure the validity and reliability of the survey instrument and sampling method.In conclusion, medical research employs a variety of methods to investigate diseases, test interventions, and improve patient care. Observational studies, experimental studies, systematic reviews, laboratory studies, and survey studies each have their own strengths and limitations. Byutilizing a combination of these methods, researchers can generate robust and reliable evidence that drives advancements in medical knowledge and practice.【参考译文】基础医学研究方法【文档简介】：引言医学研究在推动我们对疾病的理解、开发新的治疗方法和改善患者护理方面起着至关重要的作用。
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2362019年12期总第452期语言文化研究ENGLISH ON CAMPUSResearch Methodology——A Study on Pragmatic Competence in Using Apologies by Medical College Students文/王凤琼【Abstract】By raising research questions and analyzing research methods, to manifest the research methodology of the present study.【Key words】Medical College; subject; students【作者简介】王凤琼(1979.07-)，女，云南蒙自人，红河卫生职业学院讲师，硕士，研究方向：语用学。
“Excuse me” means “I have broken or am in danger ofbreaking a social rule”, and “I’m sorry” means “You are or you may be hurt.” Based on the previous researches, the present research deals with the following questions:ⅰ. What’s the difference in using “I’m sorry” and “Excuse me” among different majors at Honghe MedicalCollege?ⅱ. What’s the difference in using “I’m sorry” and“Excuse me” between boy students and girl students at Honghe Medical College?ⅲ. What’s the difference in using “I’m sorry” and“Excuse me” between the students who get 90 or over 90 marks in English in NCEE (National College Entrance Examination) and those get below 90 marks at Honghe Medical College?ⅳ. What causes all the differences?The present study involves altogether 199 subjects, who arestudents coming from four majors at Honghe Medical College: 56 students whose major are nursing, 50 students whose major are medical laboratory, 48 students whose major are pharmacy and 45 students whose major are medical image. The mainreason for choosing the four major students is that they will use English frequently in their future work whether they like it or not. All the students are aged from 18 to 20 years old. They are currently freshmen at Honghe Medical College. Male subjects are 33 while female are 166. The NCEE (National College EntranceExamination) English average score of all the participants is52.7. Of these, the highest NCEE English score is 110 and 55 students get over 90 marks. They are required to accomplish the questionnaire separately in the classroom under teachers’supervision in order to avoid copying with each other. So the survey about the use of “Excuse me” and “I’m sorry” of students at Honghe Medical College is truthful and reliable.InstrumentsThe instruments employed in the research include a testand a questionnaire. The test is constructed based on the onecompiled by Liu Si and Liu Runqing (2005) in their quantitative study of apology phrases. It presents ten situations with multiple choice for making apologies by using “I’m sorry”or “Excuse me” in English. It aims at testing the subjects’ level of using “I’m sorry” and “Excuse me” in their daily life. Four of them are relevant to “I’m sorry” and six ofthem are connected with “Excuse me”. The ten situations are brief conversations or statements often occur in daily life. The second part of the instruments used in theinvestigation is the questionnaire written in Chinese, whichalso consists of ten questions with multiple choice about learning experiences of “I’m sorry” and “Excuse me”of the subjects that is considered to be useful for the present research. It is designed for the survey of the subjects about their learning and using “I’m sorry” and “Excuse me”.The test and the questionnaire were handed out tosubjects who were willing to take part in this research when they had classes at Honghe Medical College. They were told that the test and the questionnaire were just used for research and didn’t affect their English marks in the final exam or bring with them any harm. They were required to finish the test and the questionnaire separately and truthfully, without copying the answer with each other. Of the 250 of the test and the questionnaire distributed, 199 of the test and the questionnaire which are suitable for the present study are analyzed. Later than collecting all the test and the questionnaire, the answers which are chosen by the subjectsto each situation of the test are counted. The answers to each question in the questionnaire also are counted.Next a content analysis is carried out on all of the datacollected from all the valid 199 questionnaires. All featuresabout using “I’m sorry” and “Excuse me” by subjects from Honghe Medical College are provided with the subjects’ proficiency and gender and major considered. Finally, thefactors leading to the result are concluded on the basis of testing and survey to the 199 subjects of Honghe Medical College.References：[1]Borkin, A & S. Reinhart. Excuse Me and I ’m Sorry[J]. Applied Linguistics(12),1998.[2]刘思,刘润清.对“道歉语”的语用定量研究[J].外国语(5),2005.。