二十一世纪初全合成的科学艺术翻译

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药学英语(化学工业出版社)课文翻译

药学英语(化学工业出版社)课文翻译

药学英语课文翻译Unit1药品依据他们的产品或来源药物能够被分为三种:Ⅰ、全合成Ⅱ、天然产物和Ⅲ、由局部合成产物〔半合成产物〕本书的重点是关于最重要化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ——这类药物合成。

然而,这并不意味天然产物和其他的药物就不重要。

它们能够被用作有价值的先导化合物,同时它们通常被用作起始原料或作为重要合成产物的中间体。

而更加经济的。

在过往的几年里发酵,即微生物工程,差不多变得极其重要。

通过现代技术和基因的选择结果,导致了微生物高突变体演变的产生,发酵差不多变成了对物质广泛围的选择方式。

真核细胞〔酵母和霉菌〕和原核细胞〔单细菌细胞和放线菌〕都被用作微生物。

以下为可获得的生产形式:1.细胞原料〔单细胞蛋白质〕2.酶3.初级的落解产物〔初级酶代谢物〕4.次级的落解产物〔次级的代谢物〕在次级代谢物中,必先提起的是抗生素,以下五种药代表了每年世界范围内价值170亿美元的药物:青霉素,头孢菌素,四环素,红霉素,氨基糖苷类。

大约有5000种抗生素差不多从微生物中不离出来了,但在这些中仅有那些少于100种用于治疗使用。

然而,一定明白,那些衍生物通过局部合成被先进用于治疗。

在过往十年中,单单从β-内酰胺半合成的就有五万种药物。

发酵在容积大于400m3的不锈钠发酵罐中进行,防止了微生物噬菌体的污染等等,整个过程必须在无菌条件下进行。

〔倒数第五段开始〕大量使用的试剂不仅仅是酸〔盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、醋酸〕,还有无机和有机碱〔氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、碳酸钾、重碳酸钾、铵碱、三乙胺、吡啶〕。

还有辅助化学物质包括活性炭和催化剂。

所有这些补充的化学物质〔比方中间体〕在最终产物中可能是杂志的来源。

在1969年,世界卫生组织出版了关于“药品平安质量保卫〞的论述。

名目2是有关“药品赔偿和平安保卫质量的规定〞〔世界卫生组织,1969年第418号技术报告,名目2;1975年第567号名目1A〕这同时变为众所周知的“药品质量治理标准〞或GMP标准,同时这些规定在现在药品生产中也应遵守。

现代分子生物学第1章绪论

现代分子生物学第1章绪论
• 统计全世界引用指数(Impact factor)在10以上 的超一流学术刊物,也发现80%左右是生物科学 相关刊物。
表 1.引 用 指 数 在 10 以 上 的 自 然 科 学 刊 物 分 科 比 较
学 科 杂志总数 平均引用指数 >30 杂志 数
总论
3
17. 8
0
化学
2
11. 8
0
物理
5
22. 0
• 1972年,Paul Berg(美)第一次进行了 DNA重组。
• 1977年,Sanger和Gilbert(英)第一次进 行了DNA序列分析。
1980年,获诺贝尔化学奖
1983年,McClintock由于在50年代提出并发 现了可移动遗传因子(jumping gene或称 mobile element)而获得Nobel奖。
模型,为充分揭示遗传信息的传递规律铺平
了道路。
1953, Watson &
Crick 提出DNA的反向平 行双螺旋模型; Wilkins通过对 DNA分子的X射线
衍射研究证实了该 模型。
Rosalind E. Franklin
1920-1958
• 1961年,法国科学家Jacob和Monod提出 并证实了操纵子(operon)作为调节细菌细 胞代谢的分子机制。
• 1993年,英国科学家Roberts和Sharp因 发现断裂基因(introns)而获得Nobel奖;
• 1993年,(美)Mullis由于发明PCR仪而 与加拿大学者Smith(第一个设计基因定 点突变)共享Nobel化学奖。
• 1994年,Gilman和Rodbell(美)由于发现了G蛋 白在细胞内信号转导中的作用而分享Nobel生理医 学奖;

21世纪大学英语综合教程2课文翻译

21世纪大学英语综合教程2课文翻译

Unit 1 Text A选择健康饮食,不论有机与否自联邦政府六年半前认证“有机”食品以来,美国人以极大地热情接受了这一概念。

有机食品的销售额至少翻了一倍,国内四分之三的杂货店都在出售有机食品。

2007年10月的哈里斯民意调查发现,大约30%的美国人至少偶尔会购买有机食品,而且绝大多数人认为它更安全、更有力于环境,也更健康。

菲尔·霍华德是密歇根州立大学研究社区、食物和农业方面的助理教授,他谈到:“人们相信有机食物一定对人更有利。

”最近我在美国和加拿大宣传新书的途中也发现了这个问题。

当我对着一群热衷饮食健康的观众讲如何健康饮食时,无论我多么小心翼翼地避免使用“有机”这个词,还是不可避免地有人问:“如果我买不起有机食物怎么办?”有机食物似乎已经成了治愈一切疾病的神奇妙方。

每当人们想到吃有机食物,他们会认为自己吃得好,吃的健康,吃的合理,甚至吃的道德。

但吃“有机”食物并不能保证如此。

事实上,大多数美国人的饮食方式是如此糟糕---我们身体摄取的热量7%来自于软饮料,超过我们从蔬菜中所摄取的;卡里路摄入的最重要来源是“甜食”;国内有三分之一的成年人目前存在过度肥胖问题---以致于有机食物问题成为次要问题。

并非它不重要,而是它不是美国人饮食中的首要问题。

“吃得好,”《食物无罪》的作者迈克尔·波伦说,“意味着避免摄入‘可食用的类似食品的物质’,并坚持提高从蔬菜中获取真正营养成分的原则。

”(平均每个美国人每天消费近两磅的动物产品。

)有足够的证据证明,只要对饮食习惯做一个简单的改变,即从以食用肉类食品和高度加工食品为主转为以植物产品或可能被称为“真正的食物”这样的食品为主,就可以增进人类健康,改善居住环境。

这样的饮食变化使美国人得以减少用于生产食物的土地、水和化学品的使用量,同时也降低由于不健康的饮食而引发的与生活方式有关的疾病的发病率,降低由于大规模生产肉类产品所排放的温室气体量。

“政府的有机规划,”农业部发言人琼·谢佛说,“是为了推广有机食物的认证标准。

21世纪科技英语Unite1 textB翻译

21世纪科技英语Unite1 textB翻译

1-2 美国政府计划推出一个重大机构间主动培育,纳米技术称为爆炸性增长的科学兴趣的行为的材料在纳米尺度。

国家科学基金会(基金会),它支持大多数大学的研究,在纳米科学和有可能导致倡议,报告说,它可以基金只有13%的拨款申请,它接收到的领域,而40%的成功率在许多学科在办事处。

3 资金竞争领域中是“绝对凶残,”斯坦说,威廉姆斯,头的基础研究在惠普和积极支持的倡议。

威廉姆斯喜欢的纳米技术纳米技术因为后者已成为柏油的幻想的索赔代表它。

4 “问题是,纳米技术已经过头了,”他说,“我们没有恐惧与厌恶,有些人认为,联想长期愿景的一个厂安置在一个火柴盒。

5 相反,越来越多的认识材料在纳米尺度,在尺寸可比的长度个别分子,可能是把大型产品和过程。

”这是不需要的小东西,它可能是在汽车,”解释克罗可的国家科学基金会的工程,谁主持一个机构间工作组,正在规划的倡议。

”利用纳米技术是非常广泛的,但所有领域,它使用相同的工具和方法。

”6 也许最壮观的应用迄今使用巨磁电阻在1988发现。

在读取头的计算机磁盘驱动器。

相关现象的隧道磁阻不久将允许生产的快速和紧凑的随机存取存储器计算机。

7 但是,正如威廉姆斯指出的,迫在眉睫的纳米技术的应用远远超出了计算机行业。

柯达,他说,发展纳米颗粒称为“染色精”-一个跨之间的粉末颜料和染料分子在印刷图像使用。

轮胎制造商计划和纳米粘土与橡胶轮胎,收尾的聚合物分子和大大延长轮胎的使用寿命。

而五分之四的可能的药物疗法,不可测试的患者因为它们是不溶于水,能产生纳米粒子在水中悬浮,并可能因此成为可行的治疗候选人。

8 所有这种潜力是吸引注意在华盛顿,在支持研究倡议越来越多。

在年度预算准则分发给机构可能,杰克卢主任,管理和预算办公室在白宫,尼尔巷,主任办公室的科学和技术政策,确定纳米技术作为一种成熟的特殊机构间关注。

上月,听证会在众议院和参议院概述了潜在的领域。

9 这一切指向重大加入纳米技术倡议的预算提案的2001财年,,克林顿总统向国会明年二月。

21世纪大学英语读写教程4第一单元课文中英对照

21世纪大学英语读写教程4第一单元课文中英对照

21世纪大学英语读写教程复习资料Unit11.当阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦是个小男孩的时候,他在学校里的成绩很差,老师们都觉得他反应迟钝。

拿破仑-波拿巴年轻时只是法国陆军中几百名炮兵中尉中的一名。

没有接受过什么正规教育的乔治-华盛顿,十几岁时不是受训当兵而是受训做土地测量员。

As a young boy, Albert Einstein did so poorly in school that teachers thought he was slow. The young Napoleon Bonaparte was just one of hundreds of artillery lieutenants in the French Army. And the teenage George Washington, with little formal education, was being trained not as a soldier but as a land surveyor.2.尽管他们的起步平淡无奇,但是后来个个都青史留名。

究竟是什么使他们成了伟人呢?是否他们生来就有什么特别?亦或他们的伟大与生逢其时、与献身精神,也许与一种坚定的个性更为有关?Despite their unspectacular beginnings, each would go on to carve a place for himself in history. What was it that enabled them to become great? Were they born with something special? Or did their greatness have more to do with timing, devotion and, perhaps, an uncompromising personality?3.几十年来,科学家们一直在问这样的问题。

The Computerfor the 21st Century中文版

The Computerfor the 21st Century中文版

版权所有:商用请联系作者辛振 xinzhen2015@Mark D. Weiser简介Mark D. Weiser (July 23, 1952 – April 27, 1999) was a chief scien ti st at Xerox PARC in th e Uni te d Sta te s. Weiser is widely considered to be th e fa th er of ubiqui to us compu ti ng, a te rm he coined in 1988.[1]——维基百科马克.约瑟(⽣于1952年7月23日,卒于1999年4月27日)是美国施乐帕洛阿尔托研究中⼼的首席科学家。

约瑟是公认的“普适计算”之⽗,“普适计算”是⼀个专业术语,1988年由约瑟提出。

——维基百科1991年马克.约瑟在《Scien tific American》上发表⽂章“Th e Compu te r for th e 21st Century”,正式提出了普适计算(ubiqui to us compu ti ng)。

【注】Xerox PARC(Xerox Palo Al to Research Cen te r,简称Xerox PARC)即施乐帕洛阿尔托研究中⼼。

The Computer for the 21st Century Mark Weiser最具深远意义的技术是那些消失在我们视野里的技术。

它们将自⼰融⼊⼈们的日常⽣活中以致不易被察觉。

说到书写,它也许是第⼀种信息技术。

书写是这样⼀种能⼒:它能获取⼝语的⼀种符号表述,并且能长期的在个⼈有限的记忆里存储、释放信息。

现如今,这种信息技术在⼯业化国家是⽆处不在的。

不仅仅是书籍、杂志和报纸传递⽂字信息,⽽且街边的标语、⼴告牌、商店的⼴告,甚⾄是墙上乱写乱画的东西都在传递⽂字信息。

糖果的包装纸被⽂字覆盖着,“读写技术”是存在于这些产品上的永恒背景,不必特别的关注,但是我们只要轻轻⼀瞥,这些⽂字就会被用于传递信息,为我们所知。

21世纪大学英语读写教程(第二册)课文翻译(1-4单元)

21世纪大学英语读写教程(第二册)课文翻译(1-4单元)

21世纪大学英语读写教程(第二册)课文翻译(1-4单元)推荐文章21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册的课文翻译(5-8单元) 热度:经济学双语版阅读精选英文带翻译热度:初三上册政治《中华文化与民族精神》单元练习试题热度:初二历史星星之火可以燎原单元测试题及答案热度:月亮河(MoonRiver)的英文歌词带翻译热度:21世纪高等院校教材作为国家教委组织攻关的项目,正在各高校、各学科中进行酝酿、计划、编写之中。

而21世纪大学英语教材更受人瞩目。

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册的课文翻译(1-4单元)我的父亲温斯顿·丘吉尔是在40几岁开始迷恋上绘画的,当时他正身处逆境。

1915年,作为海军大臣,他深深地卷入了达达尼尔海峡的一场战役。

原本那次战役是能够缩短一场血腥的世界大战的,但它却失败了,人员伤亡惨重,为此丘吉尔作为公务员和个人都付出了代价:他被免去了海军部的职务,失去了显赫的政治地位。

“我本以为他会因忧伤而死的。

”他的妻子克莱门泰因说。

被这一不幸压垮的他同家人一起退隐到萨里郡的一个乡间居处---耘锄农场。

在那儿,正如丘吉尔日后所回忆的,“绘画女神拯救了我!”一天他正在花园里漫步,正巧碰上他的弟妹在用水彩画素描。

他观看了她几分钟,然后借过她的画笔,试了一下身手----于是缪斯女神施展了她的魔法。

自那天以后,温斯顿便爱上了绘画。

任何能让沉浸在忧思中的温斯顿分心的事情都让克莱门泰因高兴。

于是,她赶紧去买来她所能找到的各种颜料和画具。

水彩颜料、油画颜料、纸张、帆布画布---很快耘锄农场里便堆满了一个绘画者可能想要或需要的各样东西。

画油画最终成了温斯顿的一大爱好---但是最初几步却出奇地艰难。

他凝视着他的第一块空白画布,异乎寻常地紧张。

他日后回忆道:“我迟疑不决地选了一管蓝色颜料,然后小心翼翼地在雪白的底子上的画上蚕豆般大小的一笔。

就在这时,我听到车道上传来一辆汽车的声音,于是惊恐地丢下我的画笔。

当我看清是谁从汽车里走出来时,更是惊慌失措。

初级版 21世纪英语翻译

初级版 21世纪英语翻译

21世纪英语翻译1. 汤姆是个非常好奇的男孩,他不仅对“是什么”感兴趣,而且也对“为什么”和“怎么会”感兴趣。

A very curious boy, Tom is interested not only in whats but also in whys and hows.2. 据史密斯教授说,幸福就是你能充分利用你所有的一切。

Happiness, according to Prof. Smith, is the ability to make the most of what you have.3. 你最好把这本书放在你15岁的儿子找不到的地方。

You’d better keep the book where your 15-year-old son can’t get his hands on.4. 这故事非常滑稽,比尔一边读一边不停地笑。

Happiness, according to Prof. Smith, is the ability to make the most of what you have.5. 成绩优秀的学生未必比他们得分较低的同学在学习上花费更多的时间。

High-achieving students do not necessarily put in more time at their studies than their lower-scoring classmates.6. 你是怎样设法说服这些学生修读快速阅读课的How did you manage to persuade these students to take the speed-reading course?7. 用功是重要的,但知道如何充分利用自己的才能更重要得多。

Working hard is important, but knowing how to make the most of one's abilities counts for much more.8. 她要求学生独立思考,而不是告诉他们该思考什么。

经典文献及翻译-Inspirations Total Synthesis全合成的未来

经典文献及翻译-Inspirations Total Synthesis全合成的未来

Inspirations, Discoveries, and Future Perspectives in Total Synthesis全合成的未来The last one hundred years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the power and reach of total synthesis.过去的100年见证了全合成在能力和范围方面无与伦比的进步。

The pantheon of accomplishments in the field includes the total synthesis of molecules of unimaginable beauty and diversity such as the four discussed in this article: endiandric acids (1982), calicheamicin γI (1992), Taxol (1994), and brevetoxin B (1995). Chosen from the collection of the molecules synthesized in the author’s laboratories, these structures are but a small fraction of the myriad constructed in laboratories around the world over the last century.这些成就包括了全合成出了不可思议的美和纷繁复杂的分子。

下面将介绍四个代表性的分子。

这些分子选自作者实验里合成出的分子,它们只是全世界在实验室里合成的众多分子中的一个。

Their stories, and the background on which they were based, should serve to trace the evolution of the art of chemical synthesis to its present sharp condition, an emergence that occurred as a result of new theories and mechanistic insights, new reactions, new reagents and catalysts, and new synthetic technologies and strategies.它们的故事以及它们所基于的背景,能够帮助我们追溯全合成艺术进化到目前清晰的条件,新的理论和机制,新的反应,新试剂和催化剂,新合成技术落后和策略的出现。

21世纪大学英语课文翻译unit2

21世纪大学英语课文翻译unit2

Unit 2 Book 3What does the word feminist mean to you? A man-hating female who gets offended at common courtesy? Someone who insists that women can and should do everything men do? A person who sees women's strengths and abilities as different from men's, but equally valuable? Or someone who's sensitive to the unfair treatment that women have suffered for centuries and wants to correct it? The feminist movement has made great progress in ensuring women equal legal rights, but social critics in most countries agree that there's still a long way to go. The three texts in this unit explore some of the difficulties that both men and women encounter along the road to equal rights. Text A challenges us to examine our priorities and attitudes more closely, while Texts B and C contemplate some of the complications of putting our visions of equal rights into practice in everyday life.The Titanic PuzzleShould a good feminist accept priority seating on a lifeboat?by Charles KrauthammerYou're on the Titanic II. It has just hitan iceberg and is sinking. And, as lasttime, there are not enough lifeboats. Thecaptain shouts, “Women and childrenfirst!” But this time, another voice isheard: “Why women?”Why, indeed? Part of the charm of the successful movie Titanic are the period costumes, the period extravagance, and the period prejudices. An audience can enjoy these at a distance. Oddly, however, of all the period attitudes in the film,the old maritime tradition of “women and children first” enjoys total acceptance by modern audiences. Listen to the audience boo at the bad guys whotry to sneak on the lifeboats with -- or ahead of -- theladies.But is not grouping women with children a raginganachronism? Should not any self-respecting modernperson, let alone feminist, object to it as insulting towomen?Yet its usage is as common today as it was in 1912.Consider these examplestaken almost at random from recent newspapers:“The invaders gunned down the Indians, mostof them women and children ...”“As many as 200 civilians, most of themwomen and children, were killed ...”“At the massacre in Ahmici 103 Muslims, including 33 women and children,were killed ...”At a time when women fly combataircraft and run multi-nationalcorporations, how can one not wince whenadult women are routinely classed withchildren? In Ahmici, it seems, 70 adult menwere killed. And how many adult women?Not clear. When things get serious, whenblood starts to flow or ships start to sink, you'll find them with the children.Children are entitled to special consideration for two reasons: helplessness and innocence. They have not yet acquired either the faculty of reason or the wisdom of experience. Consequently, they are defenseless (incapable of fending for themselves) and blameless (incapable of real sin). That's why we grant them special protection. In an emergency, it is our duty to save them first because they, helpless, have put their lives in our hands. And in wartime, they are supposed to be protected by special immunity because they can have threatened or offendedno one.The phrase “women and children”attributes to women the same dependenceand moral simplicity we find infive-year-olds. Such an attitude perhaps made sense in an era dominated by male privilege. Given the disabilities attached to womanhood in 1912, it was only fair that a new standard of gender equality not suddenly be proclaimed just as lifeboat seats were being handed out. That deference -- a somewhat more urgent variation on giving up your seat on the bus to a woman -- complemented and perhaps to some extent compensated for the legal and social constraints placedon women at the time.But in our era of extensive social restructuring togrant women equality in education, in employment, ingovernment, in athletics, what entitles women to theprivileges -- and reduces them to the status -- ofchildren?Evolutionary psychologists might say thatladies-to-the-lifeboats is an instinct that developed toperpetuate the species: Women are indispensablechild-bearers. You can repopulate a village if the women survive and only a few of the men, but not if the men survive and only a few of the women. Women being more precious, biologically speaking, than men, evolution has conditioned us to give them the kind of life-protecting deference we give to that other seed of the future: kids.The problem with this kind of logic, however, is its depressing reductionism.It's like a serious version of the geneticist's old joke that a chicken is just an egg's way of making another egg. But humans are more than just egg-layers. And traditional courtesies are more than just disguisedsurvival strategies. So why do we say “womenand children”?Perhaps it's really “women for children.”The most basic parental bond is maternal. Equalparenting is great, but women, from breast tocradle to reassuring hug, can nurture in ways thatmen cannot. And thus, because we value children, women should go second. Thechildren need them.But kiddie-centrism gets you only so far.What if there are no children on board? Youare on the Titanic III, and this time it's asingles cruise. No kids, no parents. Now:Iceberg! Lifeboats! Action!Here's my scenario. The men, out of sheerirrational heroism, should let the women gofirst. And the women, out of sheer feminist self-respect, should refuse.Result? Stalemate. How does this movie end? How should it end? Hurry, the ship's going down.泰坦尼克号之谜一位真正的女权主义者应该接受上救生船的优先权吗?查尔斯· 克劳瑟莫你在泰坦尼克II号轮上。

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册的课文翻译(5-8单元)

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册的课文翻译(5-8单元)

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册的课文翻译(5-8单元)21世纪高等院校教材作为国家教委组织攻关的项目,正在各高校、各学科中进行酝酿、计划、编写之中。

而21世纪大学英语教材更受人瞩目。

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册的课文翻译(5-8单元)1987年,普丽西拉·瓦日奎兹一边为高中毕业作准备,一边急切地等待着华盛顿大学的录取通知书,希望自己成为家中读大学的第一人。

当录取通知书送来时,她欣喜若狂。

只有一个问题:华盛顿大学没有为普丽西拉提供助学金。

它只为她提供了一笔数目不大的贷款,并要求她的家庭负担其余的费用。

“我家挣的钱刚够全家生活,但要花那么多钱供我上学却还不够,”她说。

普丽西拉打电话向经济资助办公室咨询。

他们告诉她说,未来的大学生要寻求更多的经济资助,必须与父母分开生活至少两年才符合条件。

在这期间,他们的父母不能在家庭税单上称他们为被赡养人。

“听到这话,我完全惊呆了,”普丽西拉回忆道,“我意识到我必须抽出一些时间去工作,在经济上不依靠父母,然后重新申请入学。

推迟实现我的梦想令人伤心,但这是唯一的选择。

”不到一个月,普丽西拉就在一家餐馆找到了一份工作,并搬到了西雅图贫民区一套低廉的公寓房去住。

她还报名参加了城里的一个职业培训班,学的是秘书专业。

那是一种很难适应的生活方式。

“我早上6点起床,坐很长时间的公交车去学校,下午2点下课,3点开始工作,晚上11点下班,然后回到家就累垮了。

”普丽西拉不久就发现她在餐馆的那份工作的收入还不够她维持生计。

“于是我找到我那幢公寓楼的楼主,问有没有什么清洁工作可以让我做。

他因为同情我,便同意让我每月工作30个小时。

”职业培训班按计划要历时6个月。

但普丽西拉只用了4个月就读完了。

“他们教我各种办公技能和文字处理程序。

我还学会了如何在办公室环境里接电话,以及如何撰写得体的商业函件,”她说。

培训班帮普丽西拉在一家小公司找到了一份秘书工作。

“这是我第一份像样的工作,”她说。

二十一世纪初全合成的科学艺术翻译

二十一世纪初全合成的科学艺术翻译

二十一世纪初全合成的科学艺术摘要二十一世纪初,化学合成的科学和艺术仍保持着过去健康、蓬勃发展的状态。

1828年,Wohler合成得到尿素标志着这门振奋人心的、多元化的、未来无限的科学的诞生。

这以现在的标准看来似乎是再平凡不过的小事却是全合成科学史上的里程碑式的事件——它为“自然启蒙”做出了重要贡献,照亮了科学前进的道路,带领人类走上了一个新高度,为人类提供了无数丰厚的回报。

作为一门精确的科学和精美的艺术,它是由自然中优美分子结构的不断流动推动的,同时该学科又成为推动有机合成一般领域的引擎。

有机合成被认为是20世纪在化学、生物学和医学上最令人激动、最重要的发现。

在随后的发展中,它带动药物的开发研究,此过程产生了无数的合成过程以及化合物,都是生物医学领域的新突破和应用。

本文将对其历史过程进行阐述,对发展现状进行评价,并对合成的科学与艺术的未来进行展望。

从二战前,到Woodward和Corey时代,再到20世纪90年代,悉数全合成的历史,也可看出这个引擎在不断的加强。

今天看来,天然产物的全合成已是在力求更好地与生物重要靶分子相结合;新的合成方法和技术的发现与发明;分子设计与机理研究的化学生物学探索的基础上经过审慎判断的富有挑战的选择。

未来在该领域的进展很有可能在新的分子靶点的分离和性质、新试剂的有效性和合成方法、信息和自动化技术的可用性等方面。

这样的进展是注定要使有机合成的力量更接近,甚至超越自然的界限,尽管目前这条道路看起来很遥远。

关键词:药物研究天然产物合成方法全合成1.前言“尊敬的王后陛下以及皇室成员,女士们,先生们。

在当今时代,人们对天然产物化学有着极其浓厚的兴趣。

人们一直在不断的发现和研究新物质,无论有多复杂,无论是否有用。

现在我们经常利用物理化学中非常强大的工具来测定化合物的结构和分子式。

1990年的有机化学界如果听到现在使用的研究方法,一定会大为吃惊。

然而,到现在也没有谁会说这是一个简单的工作。

二十一世纪大学英语四课文翻译2篇

二十一世纪大学英语四课文翻译2篇

二十一世纪大学英语四课文翻译2篇【第一篇】二十一世纪大学英语四课文翻译在现代社会中,英语已经成为一门全球通用的语言。

对于许多学生来说,学好英语是他们未来发展的关键。

而《二十一世纪大学英语》作为一部备受推崇的教材,为学生提供了充实而有趣的学习内容。

本文将介绍《二十一世纪大学英语》第四册的两篇精彩课文,并进行翻译。

第一篇课文名为《关于音乐》,作者是约翰·梅尔维尔。

文章主要讲述了音乐对人们生活的影响。

音乐是一种超越语言的艺术形式,它能够唤起人们内心深处的情感,让人们感受到无法言喻的美妙。

作者通过描写夜晚的海洋、音乐家演奏乐器的场景,生动地表达了音乐的魅力。

第二篇课文名为《一天的工作》,由赫尔曼·梅尔维尔创作。

文章主要描述了一个乡村农夫一天的辛勤劳作。

农夫起早贪黑,种植作物、养殖动物,努力工作以维持生计。

通过描写农夫奋斗的场景,作者表达了劳动的重要性,以及人们在努力中获得幸福的价值观。

以上两篇课文内容丰富,情感真挚,通过生动的描写展示了音乐与劳动对人们生活的重要性。

这两篇课文展示了人们在不同领域中的努力工作,并为读者带来了共鸣和启发。

【第二篇】二十一世纪大学英语四课文翻译《二十一世纪大学英语》第四册的两篇精彩课文《关于音乐》和《一天的工作》分别通过音乐与劳动这两种日常生活的元素,展示了作者对人生价值的思考与关注。

这两篇课文的翻译不仅可以帮助学习者理解课文内容,还可以培养学习者的跨文化交际能力。

《关于音乐》这篇课文通过描写海洋与音乐的结合,表达了音乐能够触动人心的强烈感受。

在翻译过程中,我们要注意保持文章的美感和情感的传递,尽可能地保持原文中的意境和描述。

同时,鉴于中文语言的特点,我们也可以适当地加入一些具有中国文化特色的词汇或描写方式,以增加读者的共鸣。

《一天的工作》这篇课文通过描述农夫的劳作来表达劳动的重要性以及劳动给人们带来的幸福感。

在翻译过程中,我们要关注词汇的准确性和文化的传达,将农夫勤劳辛勤的形象展现给读者。

21世纪大学英语2课后翻译答案

21世纪大学英语2课后翻译答案

21世纪大‎学英语2课‎后翻译答案‎第一单元:1. Our unive‎r sity‎campu‎s es in Europ‎e, mass socia‎l ist or commu‎n ist movem‎e nts gave rise to incre‎a sing‎l y viole‎n t clash‎e s betwe‎e n the estab‎l ishm‎e nt and the colle‎g e stude‎n ts, with their‎new and passi‎o nate‎commi‎t ment‎to freed‎o m and justi‎c e.在欧洲的大‎学校园里,大学生以新‎的姿态和激‎情投入到争‎取自由和正‎义的事业中‎去,大规模的社‎会主义和共‎产主义运动‎引发了他们‎与当权者之‎间日益升级‎的暴力冲突‎。

2. These‎days polit‎i cal, socia‎l and creat‎i ve awake‎n ing seems‎to happe‎n not becau‎s e of colle‎g e, but in spite‎of it. Of cours‎e,‎it’s true that highe‎r educa‎t ion is still‎impor‎t ant. For examp‎l e, in the UK, Prime‎Minis‎t er Blair‎was close‎to achie‎v ing his aim of getti‎n g 50 perce‎n t of all under‎thirt‎i es into colle‎g e by 2010 (even thoug‎h a cynic‎would‎say that this was to keep them off the unemp‎l oyme‎n t stati‎s tics‎).现在,政治、社会和创造‎意识的觉醒‎似乎不是凭‎借大学的助‎力,而是冲破其‎阻力才发生‎的。

“水”的仿生形态在陶瓷器皿设计中的应用

“水”的仿生形态在陶瓷器皿设计中的应用

设计与理论018 / INDUSTRIAL DESIGN 工业设计作者简介杨雨薇/1992年生/女/山东人/硕士在读/研究方向为工业设计(辽宁沈阳110000)“水”的仿生形态在陶瓷器皿设计中的应用THE APPLICATION OF BIONIC SHAPE OF WATER IN CERAMIC WARE DESIGN鲁迅美术学院 杨雨薇 邢畅促进人与自然的和谐、长久的共存之道。

自然蕴藏着万物,却不能主动的表现,而人是创造者又是产品的服务者,人们用自然生态的理念处理各种物态化材料,也有科技的合成因素,因此仿生设计不仅是对自然生物的仿生,还是对自然生态情景的创造,让人们在视觉的习惯中产生对自然的联想,创造出与自然外形相似的美感、趣味和舒适感,借景抒情,借物咏志,让产品更富有意味,也是设计者对此表达的一种方式。

1.2仿生设计的主要特点1.2.1艺术哲学性仿生设计与其他设计学科一样都具有艺术性,相比较而言,也更严谨,同时它与生命哲学一样,关注并重视着生命,既是起源也是归宿,仿生设计要解决的也是人与自然的和谐互动。

生命哲学认为人做为自然界的存在物,并且拥有智慧感性的存在,就要保护自然资源与环境,人最特殊的存在就在于它是自然、社会和历史性的统一。

仿生“水”形态运用在陶瓷的日用水具瓷中,希望通过人性温暖的自然形态设计,为人与自然搭上沟通的桥梁,能提醒人们对自然、对水资源的一种保护、珍稀。

在设计的领域中,德国设计大师克拉尼,他的设计被称之为“生命设计”,就是将仿生设计与生命哲学完美的结合在一起,当时的德国设计界以系统论和逻辑优先论为基础,而克拉尼在他的设计中加入具有动力学和仿生学的特点,设计了大量的自由造型,极为夸张的作品,并提出“宇宙间无直线”、“我所做的无非是模仿自然界向我们揭示的种种真实”、“设计要服从自然法则”……自己所坚信的,利用曲线创造了独特的生态形状,并将这种形态广泛的应用于圆珠笔、时装、汽车、建筑等中,例如:世界上第一辆单体构造的跑车BMW700。

二十一世纪大学英语读写教程第二册课后单词

二十一世纪大学英语读写教程第二册课后单词

二十一世纪大学英语读写教程第二册课后单词unit 1New Wordsamidprep.in the middle of, among 在…之中* disastrousa. extremely bad; terrible 灾难性的,糟透的lordn. (in Britain) title of some officials of very high rank(英)大臣;大人,阁下admiraltyn. (the A~)(in Britain) government department in charge of the navy (英)海军部campaignn. 1. a series of planned military actions 战役2. a planned series of activities, esp. in politics and business 运动bloodya. 1. very violent, with a lot of wounding and killing 血腥的2. covered with blood 血污的missionn. 1. (usu. military) duty or purpose for which people are sent somewhere [常指军事]任务2. 天职,使命privatelyad. 1. not publicly 非公开地2. personally; secretly 在涉及私(个)人方面;秘密地privatea. 1. personal; secret 私(个)人的;秘密的2. not public 非公开的disastern. (a)sudden great misfortune 灾难,天灾;祸患* griefn. a feeling of extreme sadness 悲哀* grievev. suffer from grief or great sadness (为…而)悲伤;伤心retreatn. 1. a place into which one can go for peace and safety 隐居处2. 撤退;避难vi. move back or leave a center of fighting or other activity 撤退;退避muse, Musen. 1. (in Greek mythology) one of the nine goddesses of poetry, music, etc. 缪斯(希腊神话中司文艺的九位女神之一)2. a force or person that inspires sb. to write, paint, etc. 创作灵感rescuen. help which gets sb. out of a dangerous or unpleasant situation 救助;救援vt. 救助;救援sister-in-lawn. sister of one's husband or wife 姑子;姨子;嫂子;弟媳sketchv. make a quick, rough drawing (of sth.) 素描,速写n. 素描,速写watercolo(u)rn. 水彩(颜料);水彩画magicn. 魔法,法术a. 有魔力的* distractvt. (from) take (one's mind, sb.) off sth. 转移(注意力); 使转移注意力* canvasn. 1. a piece of strong heavy cloth used for an oil painting 帆布画布2. a completed oil painting 油画* contemplatevt. look at in a serious or quiet way, often for some time (默默地)注视,凝视blanka. 1. without writing, print or other marks 空白的2. expressionless;without understanding 无表情的;茫然的unaccustomeda. not used (to sth.); not usual (对某物)不习惯的;不寻常的accustomeda. regular; usual 惯常的,通常的hesitantlyad. not doing sth. quickly or immediately for one's uncertainty or worry about it 犹豫不决地infinitea. extremely great in degree or amount; without limits or end 无限的;极大的precautionn. 1. carefulness 防备,预防2. an action taken to avoid sth. dangerous or unpleasant 预防措施beann. 豆;蚕豆motorcarn. a car 汽车alarmvt. excite with sudden fear or anxiety 使惊恐;使忧虑n. 1. a sudden feeling of fear or anxiety 惊恐;忧虑2. a warning of danger 警报plungevi. (into, in) 1. rush suddenly and deeply into sth. 投身于2. suddenly fall in a particular direction 纵身投入;一头扎入fiercea. 1. angry, violent and cruel 暴怒的;凶猛的;残酷的2. (of heat, strong feelings) very great 强烈的* slashn. a long sweeping cut or blow 砍;挥击vt. cut with long sweeping forceful strokes;move or force with this kind of cutting movement 砍,砍击;猛挥absolutelyad. completely;without conditions 完全地;绝对地* terrifyvt. fill with terror or fear 恐吓,使惊吓* wretcheda. very unhappy or unfortunate 不幸的;可怜的victimn. sb. or sth. hurt or killed as a result of other people's actions, or of illness, bad luck, etc. 牺牲者,受害者;牺牲品* furyn. 1. a wildly excited state (of feeling or activity) 狂热;激烈2. (a state of) very great anger 狂怒artistica. 1. of. concerning art or artists 艺术的;艺术家的2. made with inventive skill or imagination 富有艺术性的companionn. mate; one who associates with or accompanies another 同伴;伴侣beloveda. much loved; darling 深爱的;亲爱的overcomevt. 1. (often pass.) (by, with) (of feelings) take control and influence one's behavior [常被动](感情等)压倒,使受不了2. win a victory over; defeat 克服;战胜* refugen. (a place that provides) protection or shelter from harm, danger or unhappiness 避难(所);庇护(所)alasint. a cry expressing grief, sorrow or fear 唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等)* revivev. 1. regain strength, consciousness, life, etc.;bring (sb. or sth.) back to strength, consciousness, life, etc. (使)复苏;(使)重振活力2. become active, popular, or successful again 恢复生机;复兴;重新流行glown. a feeling of warmth or pleasure 热烈vi. emit a soft light 发光amateura. & n. (a person who is) not professional 业余(水平)的(运动员、艺术家等)entryn. 1. a person or thing taking part in a competition, race, etc.参赛一员2. entrance; the act of entering or the right to enter 进入;进入权* anonymousa. (of a person) with name unknown;(of a letter, painting, etc.) written or created by an unidentified person 名字不详的;匿名的disqualifyvt. make or declare unfit, unsuitable, or unable to do sth. 取消…的资格;使不适合;使不能relyvi. (on, upon) 1. have trust or confidence (in) 信任;信赖2. depend with full trust or confidence 依赖* historiann. a person who studies history and/or writes about it 历史学家* barrena. (of land) unproductive (土地等)贫瘠的,荒芜的awakenvt. 1. (to) cause to become conscious of 使意识到2. cause to wake up 唤醒* menacen. a threat or danger 威胁abundanta. plentiful; more than enough 丰富的;充足的abundancen. a great quantity; plenty 丰富;充裕;大量odda. 1. (infml.) (after numbers) a little more than the stated number [常用以构成复合词]…以上的;…出头的2. strange or unusual 奇特的;古怪的3. 奇数的,单数的existencen. the state of existing 存在;实有* pastimen. hobby;sth. done to pass time in a pleasant way 消遣,娱乐Phrases and Expressionspay the priceexperience sth. unpleasant because one has done sth. wrong, made a mistake, etc. 付出代价come to sb.'s rescuehelp sb. when he/she is in danger or difficulty 解救某人,救助某人chance uponmeet by chance; find by chance 偶然碰见;偶然发现try one's handattempt (to do sth.), esp. for the first time 尝试plunge intobegin to do sth. suddenly; enter without hesitation 突然或仓促地开始某事;突然冲入before one knows itbefore one has time to consider the course of events 转眼之间,瞬息之间fall uponattack fiercely 猛攻,猛扑take refugeseek protection from danger or unhappiness 避难rely ontrust, or confidently depend on 依赖,依靠fall from officelose a position of authority to which sb. was elected or appointed 离位,下台awaken tocause to become conscious of 使意识到bear fruitproduce successful results 结果实;有成果date fromhave existed since 始自keep sb. companystay with sb. so that he/she is not alone 陪伴某人Proper NamesWinston Churchill温斯顿·丘吉尔(1874—1965,英国保守党政治家、首相[1940—1945,1951—1955]、作家)Mary Soames玛丽·索姆斯First Lord of the Admiralty(英国)海军大臣Dardanelles达达尼尔海峡(位于亚洲小亚细亚半岛同欧洲巴尔干半岛之间)Clementine克莱门泰因(女子名)Surrey萨里郡(英国英格兰郡名)John Lavery约翰·莱佛利Marigold玛丽戈尔德(女子名)Chartwell查特威尔(宅名)Adolf. Hitler希特勒(1889—1945,纳粹德国元首)unit 2New Wordsexcelv. (at) be the beat or better others (at sth.) 胜过他人savingsn. money saved, esp. in a bank 积蓄;存款heartbreakinga. which causes great sorrow 令人悲痛的,令人心碎的costlya. expensive, costing a lot of money 代价高昂的;昂贵的sacrificen. loss or giving up of sth. of value, esp. for what is believed to be a good purpose 牺牲vt. 牺牲riskn. (of) a danger;sth. that might have undesirable results 危险;风险vt. place in a dangerous situation 使遭受危险;冒…的风险copevi. (with) deal successfully (with a difficult situation) (妥善地)应付或处理successionn. a series or the act of following one after the other (前后相接的)一系列,一连串;连续successivea. following each other closely 接连的,连续的,相继的*fostera. 收养孩子的;寄养的vt. 收养;照料scholarshipn. 1. 奖学金2. 学识;学术成就owevt. (to) 1. have sth. (usually sth. good) because of 把…归功于2. have to pay, for sth. already done or given 欠owinga. (to) still to be paid 未付的,欠着的motivatevt. (often pass.) 1. provide (sb.) with a (strong) need, purpose or reason for doing sth. [常被动] 激发…的积极性2. 使有动机*surgevi. move, esp. forward, in or like powerful waves (如浪潮般)汹涌;奔腾n. (感情等的)洋溢或奔放constitutevt. 1. form or make up 形成;构成2. formally establish or appoint 组建;选派constitutionn. 1. the act of establishing, making, or setting up;constituting 制定;设立;组成2. (often cap.) [常大写] 宪法;法规;章程*constitutionala. allowed or limited by a political constitution 宪法规定的;合乎宪法的grindn. (AmE, often derog.) a student who is always working (美)[常贬义]用功的学生,书呆子vt. 磨;磨碎*stereotypen. a fixed pattern which is believed to represent a type of person or event 固定形式,老套misplacevt. 1. lose (sth.),usu. for only a limited time (暂时)丢弃2. put in an unsuitable or wrong place 把…放错地方refugeen. sb. who has been forced to leave their country for political reason or during a war 难民;流亡者*resentvt. feel anger and dislike about sth. 对…表示愤恨labelvt. 1. describe as belonging to a particular kind or class 把…称为;把…列为2. 加标签于;用标签标明n. 标签minorityn. 1. a small part of a population which is different from others in race, religion, etc. 少数民族;少数派2. the small number or part;less than half 少数minora. 较少的,较小的*discriminationn. 1. the practice of unfairly treating sb. or sth. 区别对待;歧视2. the ability to recognize the difference between two things 识别力;辨别力reverse discriminationthe making of distinctions in favour of groups considereddisadvantaged or underprivileged 逆向歧视,反其道而行之的歧视*discriminatev. 1. (against, in favor of) unfairly treat one person or group worse or better than others 有差别地对待2. see or make a difference between things or people 区别,辨别,区分contrastn. (to, with) a strong difference between two people, objects or situations 对比;对照v. examine (two things) in order to find or show differences 对比;对照excludevt. keep out from a place or an activity 阻止…进入;把…排斥在外exclusionn. the act of excluding or fact of being excluded 拒绝;排斥exclusivea. (of) not taking into account;without;excluding 不算;不包括;把…排斥在外exclusivelyad. only;and nothing/no one else 排斥其他地;专有地;单独地immigrantn. a person who has come to live in a country from abroad 移民;侨民prejudicen. unfair and usually unfavorable feeling or opinion about a group—e.g.a nationality or race 歧视;偏见;成见seriesn. 1. (of) a set or group of things of the same kind or relatedin some way, coming one after another or in order 系列;连接2. 丛书;广播(或电视)系列节目fascinatinga. having great attraction or charm 吸引人的;迷人的*fascinatevt. (with) charm powerfully;be very interesting to 强烈地吸引;迷住disturbinga. causing worry or fright 令人不安的;令人烦恼的disturbvt. 1. break the peace or order of 扰乱;打扰2. cause to become anxious or upset 使心神不安;使烦恼*disturbancen. 1. an act of disturbing or the state of being disturbed 打扰;扰乱2. sth. that disturbs 造成干扰的事物kindergartenn. a school or class for young children, usu. between the ages of four and six 幼儿园*counterpartn. a person or thing that has the same purpose or does the same job as another in a different system 对应的人(或物);对手(方)batteryn. 1. (of) a set or number of things of the same kind occurring in rapid succession 一组;一系列2. 电池(组)*convergevi. (of two or more things) come together towards the same point (在一点上)会合;集中the bottom linethe basic point 基本要点imbuev. (with)(usu. pass.) to fill with (sth., often a strong feeling or opinion) [常被动]灌输(某种强烈的情感或意见)*offspringn. a child or children from particular parents 子女;后代criticala. 1. providing a careful judgment of the good and bad qualities of sth. 判断(或评价)审慎的3. 关键的criticize (-cise)v. 1. make judgments about the good or bad points of 评论2. judge with disapproval;point out the faults of 批评;指责criticismn. unfavorable judgment or expression of disapproval 批评;指责curriculumn. the program of study offered in a school, college, etc. 课程,大纲factorn. any of the facts, conditions, influences, etc. that act with others to bring about a result 因素,要素outstandinga. 1. better than others, very good 杰出的;优秀的2. easily seen, important 显要的;重要的*heritagen. a tradition, custom, or quality which is passed down over many years within a family, social group, or nation and which is thought of as belonging to all its members 继承物,遗产;传统philosophyn. 哲学sagen. sb., esp. an old man or historical person, known for his wisdom and long experience 圣贤;哲人primarya. 1. chief, main 主要的2. earliest in time or order of development 最初的ingredientn. 1. one of the essential parts of a situation 因素;要素2. 成分centrala. 1. chief, main, of greatest importance 主要的,最重要的2. being (at, in, or near) the center (位居)中心的n. a direction or position 取向;方位;定位*repayvt. reward;pay back 偿还;回报obligationn. sth. that one must do out of a duty or promise 义务;责任guiltn. 1. the feelings produced by knowledge or belief that one has done wrong 内疚2. the fact of having broken a moral rule or official law 罪(行)bondn. 1. sth. that unites two or more people, or groups, such asa shared feeling or interest 联结;联系2. 公债,债券3. 合约crawlvi. & n. 爬(行)horrifyvt. shock greatly;fill with horror 吓;使感惊骇unhealthya. 1. likely to cause illness or poor health 有碍健康的2. not very strong or well, often ill 体弱多病的,不结实的,不健康的*naivea. 1. too willing to believe or trust 轻信的2. without experience (as of social rules or behaviour), esp. because one is young 幼稚的;天真的*transplantvt. move sth. from one place and plant, settle or establish elsewhere 移植;移居recommendationn. 1. suggestion, piece of advice 建议2. 推荐信vacationn. (esp. AmE) holiday 假期;休假vastlyad. 1. very greatly 非常大地2. 广阔地vasta. 1. very large and wide 广阔的;广大的2. great in amount 大量的positivea. 1. (of people) sure, having no doubt about sth. 无疑问的;确定的2. certain, beyond any doubt 肯定的3. (of a statement) direct 正面的spann. 1. the length of time over which a stated thing continues or works well 持续时间2. 跨度;跨距attention spana length of time over which one can concentrate 注意力的持续时间Phrases and Expressionsmake it (to) (a place)succeed in getting (to) (a place) 成功抵达某地owe tohave (sth. good) because of 把…归功于…imbue with(use. pass.) fill (sb), with (sth.), esp. a strong feeling or opinion [常被动] 向…灌输…by contrastvery differently (from sth. previously mentioned);on the other hand 对比之下get aheadbe successful in one's career 获得成功;出头have what it takes(infml.) have the qualifications necessary for success 具备取得成功的必要条件spring frombe a product or result of;originate from 发源于;来自can't wait (for sth.)be excited about and eager (for sth.) 迫不及待,等不及Proper NamesFox Butterfield富克斯·巴特菲尔德Trinh Kim-Chi郑金枝(越南人名)Vietnamn. 越南San Diego圣地亚哥(美国港市,位于加利福尼亚州南部)Patrick Henry High School帕特里克·亨利中学Cornell University康奈尔大学(美国纽约州一大学)Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (美国)马萨诸塞州理工学院(或译麻省理工学院)IQintelligence quotient 智商Cambodiana. 柬埔寨的University of Michigan(美国)密歇根大学Harold W. Stevenson哈罗德·W·斯蒂文森Minneapolis明尼阿波利斯(美国明尼苏达州东南部城市)Taipei台北(台湾省)Sendai仙台(日本本州岛东北岸港市)Confucianismn. 孔子学说,儒学Confucius孔子Confuciann. & a. 孔子(的);儒学(的);孔子信徒;儒士Protestantn. & a. 新教徒;新教(教徒)的Lee Don李·唐unit 3New Wordsjointa. shared, held or done by two or more people 共享的;共有的;共同做的joint venturen. 合资企业conflictn. 1. a state of serious disagreement or argument about sth. important 抵触;争论2. war or battle; struggle 战争;战斗;冲突vi. (with) 冲突;抵触*multituden. a large number of 大批;大量*escalatev. make or become greater or more serious (使)逐步升级;(使)逐步加剧emotionala. 1. having or causing strong feelings (令人)情绪激动的2. concerned with emotions and feelings 感情(上)的;情绪(上)的partyn. a person or group of people involved in an argument, agreement, or other activity, esp. a legal matter (条约、诉讼、争论等中的)一方,当事人exclaimv. speak or say loudly and suddenly, because of surprise or other strong feelings (由于惊讶、痛苦、愤怒、高兴等而)叫嚷,叫喊installationn. 1. 安装;设置2. 装置;设备managementn. 1. the people who control and organize a business or other organization 管理层;管理部门2. 管理;经营equipmentn. the set of things needed for a particular activity 设备;装备qualifieda. having suitable knowledge or qualifications, esp. for a job 胜任的;合格的qualifyv. (cause to) gain a certain level of knowledge, ability, or performance, or a qualification(使)取得资格contractn. a formal written agreement, having the force of law, between two or more people or groups 合同,契约v. l. 订(约);承包2. 收缩,缩小distrustv. lack trust in; mistrust 不信任;怀疑n. lack of trust; mistrust 不信任;怀疑representvt. 1. act or speak officially for (another person or group of people) 代表2. 象征;体现naturallyad. 1. in a manner to be expected, as a natural result 可预期地,自然地2. according to the nature of sb. or sth. 天生地;天然地nonassertivea. not expressing or tending to express strong opinions or claims 谦虚的;不武断的behavio(u)rn. manner of acting 行为;举止partnern. a person who shares (in the same activity) 合伙人;合作者;伙伴*expertisen. special skill or knowledge in a particular field 专门知识(或技能、意见等),专长*bachelorn. an unmarried man 未婚男子;单身汉*profitablea. producing or resulting in profit or advantage 有利(可图)的,有赢利的;有益的thrivevi. develop well and be healthy, strong, or successful 繁荣;茁壮成长properlyad. 1. suitably, correctly, sensibly 适当地;正确地2. really, actually, exactly 真正地tatamin. (日)榻榻米(指日本人铺在房内地板上的稻草垫)matn. 1. a small piece of carpet or other thick material which is put on the floor for protection, decoration, or comfort 地席;席子apparenta. 1. (to) clearly seen or understood 显然的,明明白白的2. seeming; according to appearance 表面上的*surpassvt. exceed; go beyond in amount, quality, or degree 超过;超越loyallyad. faithfully 忠诚地,忠实地loyala. faithful 忠诚的,忠实的departuren. 1. the act of leaving a place 离开;启程2. turning away from what is planned or what is usually done 背离;违反contextn. 1. the general conditions in which sth. takes place 背景;环境2. what comes before and after a word or sentence which helps to fix the meaning 上下文horrora. (of a story or film) intended to be very frightening (文学作品、电影等)意在引起恐怖的n. a strong feeling caused by sth. extremely unpleasant 恐惧;震惊proposevt. 1. suggest; put forward for consideration 建议;提出2. (as, to be) put forward to be voted on 提名,推荐approver. (of) agree (officially) to 同意,批准accountantpersonneln. 1.the department in an organization that deals with employees, keeps their records, and helps with any problems they might have 人事部门2. [总称]职员justifyvt. give a good reason for 证明…正当(或有理)*justificationn. a good or proper reason for doing sth. 正当的理由;辩解的理由payrolln. a list of workers employed by a company and the amount of wages each person is to be paid 工资表;在职人员名单sensiblea. 1. reasonable;having or showing good sense 合情合理的;明白事理的2. (of) knowing;aware 知道的;意识到的crazya. 1. (infml.) foolish or strange 愚蠢的;古怪的2. (infml.) wildly excited; very keen or interested 着迷的;热衷的accompanyvt. 1. go with, esp. on a journey 陪同;陪伴。

选择性必修二Unit1词汇默写清单

选择性必修二Unit1词汇默写清单

选修二Unit 1 Science and ScientistsPart I.一.英汉互译1.霍乱_________________2.极为恶劣/严重的;严厉的_________________3.diarrhea _________________4.dehydration _________________5.把手;拉手;柄,处理;搬动;操纵_________________6.最终地;彻底地_________________7. 家人;家庭;同住一所(套)房子的人_________________9.使感染;传染_________________10.微生物,细菌,病菌_________________11.认购(股份);定期订购;定期交纳(会费) _________________12.水泵_________________13.证据;证明;检验_________________14.数量多的;多种多样的______________________15.泵;抽水机;打气筒_________________16.同意;赞同_________________17.把…归咎于;责怪;指责n.责备;指责_________________.18.怀疑;不信任,犯罪嫌疑人;可疑对象_________________19.相互矛盾的;对立的;不一致的_________________20. 感染;传染_________________21. 懊恼的;沮丧的;失意的_________________22.介入;出面;干涉_________________二.词性转换1.______________adj. 极为恶劣/严重的;严厉的____________adv. 极为恶劣/严重地;严厉地2. _________________v.使沮丧_________________ adj.沮丧的3. _________________v.相矛盾——_________________adj.矛盾的________________n.矛盾4. _________________ vt.使感染_________________ n.感染5. __________________ v.证明__________________ n.证据6. _________________v 介入__________________ n.介入Part II.一.英汉互译22.联系;纽带vt.把…连接起来;相关联_________________23.未煮的;生的;未经处理的;原始的_________________24.干净的;纯的;纯粹的_________________25.大量的;价值巨大的;重大的_________________26.减少;降低;减少量_________________27.幸亏;由于_________________28.[pl.]统计数字;统计资料;统计学_________________29.使改观;使改变形态vi改变;转变_________________30.epidemiology _________________31.显微镜_________________32.思想;思维;见解_________________33.蛋白质_________________34.细胞;小房间;单间牢房_________________35.病毒_________________36.发现;调查结果;(法律)判決_________________37.最初的;开始的;第一的_________________38.vaccine _________________39.理论框架_________________40.可靠的;固体的;坚实的n.固体_________________41.投射;投以(视线笑容等);投掷_________________42.阴影;影子;背光处_________________43.彩虹_________________44.倒出;倾泻;斟(饮料) _________________45.混凝士a.混凝土制的;确实的;具体的_________________二.词性转换1._________________n.减少_______________n.增加2. _______________v.思考______________ 过去式/过去分词______________ n.思想3. _________________v.发现_________________过去式/过去分词4. _________________adj.最初的_________________adv.最初地5. __________________ v.投射__________________ 过去式/过去分词Part III.一.英汉互译46.aerospace _________________47.patriotic _________________48.mechanical _________________49.机械师;机械修理工_________________50.(战争、打斗等)突然开始;爆发_________________51.aviation _________________52.保卫;防守;辩解_________________53.助理;助手_________________54.主管;掌管_________________55.导弹_________________56.领导;领导地位;领导才能_________________57.追溯;追踪;查出n.痕迹;遗迹;踪迹_________________58.优秀的;杰出的;明显的_________________59.有天赋的;有天才的;天资聪慧的_________________60.患(病);染上(小病) _________________61.抽象的;理性的n.(文献等的)摘要_________________62.稳定的;平稳的;稳步的_________________63.概念;观念_________________64.天文学家_________________65.天文学_________________66.望远镜_________________67.除…之外(还) ad.而且;此外_________________68.聪颖的;绝妙的;明亮的_________________69.此外,再者_________________70.最重要的是;尤其是_________________71.弱点;过错_________________72.改变;转换;轮班_________________73.生动的;鲜明的;丰富的_________________二.词性转换1._________________v.保卫_________________n.保卫2. _________________v.帮助_________________ n.帮助_________________n.助手3. _________________n.礼物,天赋_________________ adj.有天赋的4. _________________ adj.稳定的,平稳的_________________ adv.稳定地,平稳地5. __________________ n.天文学_________________ n.天文学家_________________ n.宇航员6. _________________ adj.生动的_________________ adv.生动地。

21世纪第四册翻译

21世纪第四册翻译

Unit One1.Americans tend to define people by the jobs they have/do. Such characteristics as theirfamily and educational backgrounds are considered less important.2.His uncompromising personality explains why he could no longer put up with hisemployer and eventually submitted his resignation.3.If you really want to learn English well, you must put in a lot of time and energy, oryou’ll go nowhere. The same can be said of other subjects.4.Some actors’ fame is built on their innate beauty, but despite his short stature, DusstinHoffman rose above and it is his excellent acting that set him apart.5.After he took charge, we discovered that there were striking differences between himand his predecessor. He had the drive and passion, came up with many new ideas, and focused his work on how to raise our morale.6.Deng Xiaoping made history when he declared China’s reform and opening-up policy.Despite tremendous obstacles, he made lasting contributions to our country’s modernization with his unrelenting efforts.7.Why could someone with a genius IQ be left behind by a hardworking person with anaverage IQ? It has to be acknowledged that besides one’s IQ, many other factors have much to do with one’s achievements.8.This teacher is really remarkable in first motivating her students so she can really teachthem something. It’s not that she is talented; it’s that she focuses completely on drawing their full attention in class.Unit Two1.He glared at John and was annoyed by his refusal to cooperate.2.John’s sincere speech shows his gratitude to the people who rendered him generoushelp when he was in difficulty.3.He is something of a stamp collector. The fact that once he saved up for two years tobuy a rare stamp is proof of it.4.The beauty of these roses could not be overstated. They took/caught all the visitors’fancy in one way or another.5.At first he took it for granted that they should build more highways in this area. Then acareful calculation of the expenditure compelled him to think twice before he made the final decision.6.Each tine he receives a gift from me, no matter how small, my friend Bill never fails toacknowledge it .7.The journalist has decided to trace the young man referred to in the old couple’s letter,which is a tribute to the young man’s effort at improving their living conditions.8.Though he was fed up with the salesmen who knocked at his door and boasted abouttheir products every day, he refrained from slamming the door in their face.Unit Three1.Tom was hung up on the problem but could do nothing about it until he learnt to solveit with different tactics.teral thinking has helped him to advance his new theory which had seemed to reacha dead end.3.The framework of our latest construction plan has been affirmed by the localgovernment. Whether it will be carried out on time is of the utmost significance to the development of this coastal city.4.While trying to find a solution to the problem, Edward reached an impasse in histhinking, but later he changed his point of view and solved the problem in an entirely unexpected fashion.5.Many people believe that computer labs will eventually take over from the libraries andstudents who want to take in new knowledge will end up learning everything in the computer lab.6.Yesterday his car crashed into a truck almost head-on. If he does not stop driving socarelessly, I am sure he will wind up in the emergency room of a hospital.7.There is a flaw in the structural design of the painting. Why don’t you erase the verticallines and simplify it a little bit?8.John should have given up smoking a long time ago. After all, health is of the utmostimportance to everybody.Unit Four1.Schools should avoid deciding who is superior only in terms of student s’ exam resultsand treating them accordingly. Instead, a good educational system should enable every student to measure up to good standards as well-rounded people.2.As often as not, when college students have questions after class, their teachers are notreadily available except during office hours. This is due to teachers’busy academic research, rather than their indifference to the students.3.This class consists of forty students, most of whom used to be labeled average in termsof English level. But as this teacher has never shown any verbal impatience, the students have reacted positively to his teaching methods and lived up to hisexpectations.4.Teaching is becoming increasingly demanding in the United States, due in part to thediversity of students’ racial background and the complexity of educational technologies that require additional training.5.The English are, as often as not, labeled conservative. Obviously this label isprejudiced. In reality, Britain is not very different from other European countries in terms of national characteristics. The British are polite, neat, orderly and confident.6.Some young people grow up with a strong desire for independence. They would rathertry hard to go through life on their own than turn to their parents for help with a sense of guilt.7.Your friend treats you sincerely, so you should respond accordingly and mustn’tdeceive him or talk about his setbacks with irony.8.The neighbors’ irritation/annoyance was due to the noise they made. However, becauseof reassurances that they would stop working at night, they went through with the decoration of this apartment.Unit five1.As you can imagine, reading has opened a new world to me and changed forever thecourse of my life.2.He had demonstrated an unusually intense interest in books since childhood. Sofascinated with books was he that he never let a day pass without doing some reading.3.Every time he takes the subway to and from work, he has with him a book that hewants to read. That is the way he has read nearly a hundred books in the past three years.4.When he was in high school, he used to read deep/far into the night in his own room.Each time he heard the approaching footsteps of his mother, he would turn off the light and feigned sleep. But as soon as his mother passed, he would turn on the light and begin reading again.5.There is hardly anything about China he’s not curious about. And to satisfy hiscuriosity he has decided to go there in person to see as much as he can.6.I don’t know/I have little/no idea what made your son envy that pop singer and try toemulate him in everything. You might as well ask him in person.7.As soon as he checked out the book from the library, he thumbed through its pages bythe corridor light.8.I don’t think anybody ever learned more in the countryside than I did. In fact, thosethree years in the countryside enabled me to study far intensively than I would have if I had attended some college.Unit Six1.He was disabled from birth, but he never felt frustrated, nor did he give in to anydifficulty.2.Tom had been holding out for a promotion. When the opportunity showed up, hegrabbed it at once.3.He distrusts all standardized tests and believes that there should be something better tosubstitute for them.4.My thesis is that we should carry out a survey of these controversial issues one by oneright now.5.Betty is diligent and dependable. She never shies away from any difficulties. In short,she is the kind of student that we are all proud of.6.It is ill-advised to keep the gas tank in your house for it ignites easily and may burn upall your hard-earned wealth in just a few minutes.7.Doctor Smith’s lecture amounts to saying that a child who displays high EQ early on inlife will succeed eventually in the face of all kinds of difficulties.8.Since many marriages end in divorce in the United States, psychologists havesuggested that couples in all families communicate with each other more often and solve their problems before it becomes too late.Unit SevenVIII1.Little does he realize how important this meeting is.2.ON no account must we give up.3.Never have I heard such nonsense.4.Hardly had he fallen asleep when the phone rang.5.Seldom has there been so much concern about pollution.6.Under no circumstances shall we cancel the game.7.Nowhere did the First Lady make a greater impression than in Paris.8.Not until he received her letter did he fully understand the depth of her feelings.1.As I grew up, I made my peace with the fact that I would never fulfill my dream ofbecoming a writer.2.Michael had got stuck trying to figure out the word essential to the word puzzle for twodays before he threw up his hands in frustration.3.The singer was taken aback by the pirated editions of his songs on the market, and hevowed not to let the thieves off.4.Thank you for purchasing our furnace. In return we will get rid of your old one for free.5.Susan and filled each other in on what had happened after we parted, from which Ilearned that she had had several children’s books in print.6.Her bookstore having been frozen out by a giant chain, the middle-aged Lillian was at aloss as to what else she could do.7.You need somebody to urge you constantly to see the task through to completion. ‘8.For rear that a new shopping center would ruin the peace of the community, manyresidents opposed the construction plan.Unit Eight1.It is really pointless to sit through a tedious lecture if you do not take any interest in it.2.The students at our university all hold him in high esteem because of his eminence inthe field of ecology.3.Though he claims that his new novel has nothing to do with his own life, it has caughtthe fancy of many young readers, who believe that this novel has given them a glimpse of the author’s childhood.4.Since computer technology ushered in what is known as the Information Age, somewriters have done away with their pens, for they can now write everything with their computers.5.We have to admit, as much in sorrow as in shame, that there are some people amoungus who do think of themselves as the center of the universe and care very little about public affairs.6.First and foremost, we should get the precise data on the population of the city. Ifretried people outnumber the teenagers, we should adjust our development plan to the needs of this large group of people.7.Nothing please Nancy more than to see the rapid progress made by her seven-year-oldson, whose playing would put many a professional pianist to shame.8.The point I want to make is that as modern university students, we must holdknowledge in high esteem, especially its quest, and place great value on tradition, social restraint and continuity.。

二十一世纪大学英语读写教程第四册课文翻译

二十一世纪大学英语读写教程第四册课文翻译

Unit 1谁是伟大的?迈克尔?赖恩阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦小时候在学校里的成绩很糟糕,老师们都认为他迟钝。

拿破仑?波拿巴年轻时只是法国陆军中几百名炮兵中尉中的一几乎没有受过正规教育的乔治?华盛顿,十几岁时不是受训当兵而是受训做土地测量员。

尽管他们的起步平淡无奇,但是每个人后来都为自己在历史上赢得了一席之地。

是什么使得他们变得伟大呢?是他们生来就具备一些特殊的东西?还是他们的伟大与时机掌握、献身精神和也许是一种坚定的个性更为有关?几十年来,科学家们一直在问这样的问题。

在过去几年里,他们已经发现了证据,这些证据有助于解释为什么有些人出类拔萃,而另外的人——也许同样很有才华——却被甩在了后面。

他们的发现可能对我们所有的人都有启示。

谁是伟大的?伟人的定义取决于如何衡量成功。

但标准还是有一些的。

“对人类文明作出永久性贡献的人是伟大的,”基思?西蒙顿院长说。

他是加州大学戴维斯分校的一名心理学教授,1994年出版的《伟大:谁创造历史,以及为什么》一书的作者。

但他又提醒说:“有时侯伟人并没有被载入史册。

许多女性取得了巨大成就,或者颇具影响力,但却没有得到承认。

”在这本书的写作中,西蒙顿把有关伟大人物的历史知识和遗传学、精神病学及社会科学领域的最新发现融合在了一起。

他所聚焦的伟人包括获得过诺贝尔奖、领导过伟大的国家或赢得过战争、谱写过流芳百世的交响乐或在科学、哲学、政治学或艺术上引起过革命性巨变的男性和女性。

虽然他没有一个公式来解释某些人怎样或为什么出类拔萃(其中涉及的因素太多了),但他却提出了一些共同的特点。

一种“永不屈服”的态度。

西蒙顿说,如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话,那就是一种持续不断地追求成功的动力。

“人们往往认为他们天生具有一些超常非凡的东西,”他解释道。

“但研究结果表明,有的伟人并没有惊人的智力。

有的只是程度上的差异而已。

伟大是建立在大量的学习、实践和献身精神的基础之上的。

”他举出二战时期的英国首相温斯顿?丘吉尔作为一个永不放弃的冒险者的典范。

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二十一世纪初全合成的科学艺术摘要二十一世纪初,化学合成的科学和艺术仍保持着过去健康、蓬勃发展的状态。

1828年,Wohler合成得到尿素标志着这门振奋人心的、多元化的、未来无限的科学的诞生。

这以现在的标准看来似乎是再平凡不过的小事却是全合成科学史上的里程碑式的事件——它为“自然启蒙”做出了重要贡献,照亮了科学前进的道路,带领人类走上了一个新高度,为人类提供了无数丰厚的回报。

作为一门精确的科学和精美的艺术,它是由自然中优美分子结构的不断流动推动的,同时该学科又成为推动有机合成一般领域的引擎。

有机合成被认为是20世纪在化学、生物学和医学上最令人激动、最重要的发现。

在随后的发展中,它带动药物的开发研究,此过程产生了无数的合成过程以及化合物,都是生物医学领域的新突破和应用。

本文将对其历史过程进行阐述,对发展现状进行评价,并对合成的科学与艺术的未来进行展望。

从二战前,到Woodward和Corey时代,再到20世纪90年代,悉数全合成的历史,也可看出这个引擎在不断的加强。

今天看来,天然产物的全合成已是在力求更好地与生物重要靶分子相结合;新的合成方法和技术的发现与发明;分子设计与机理研究的化学生物学探索的基础上经过审慎判断的富有挑战的选择。

未来在该领域的进展很有可能在新的分子靶点的分离和性质、新试剂的有效性和合成方法、信息和自动化技术的可用性等方面。

这样的进展是注定要使有机合成的力量更接近,甚至超越自然的界限,尽管目前这条道路看起来很遥远。

关键词:药物研究天然产物合成方法全合成1.前言“尊敬的王后陛下以及皇室成员,女士们,先生们。

在当今时代,人们对天然产物化学有着极其浓厚的兴趣。

人们一直在不断的发现和研究新物质,无论有多复杂,无论是否有用。

现在我们经常利用物理化学中非常强大的工具来测定化合物的结构和分子式。

1990年的有机化学界如果听到现在使用的研究方法,一定会大为吃惊。

然而,到现在也没有谁会说这是一个简单的工作。

虽然,不断进步的工具让很多困难的问题有了解决的可能,可大自然建造复杂物质的能力似乎是无限的。

在研究复杂化合物的课题中,研究人员总会在利用化学方法制备物质时面临有关合成的问题。

他可能出于不同的目的:可能想要检测他发现的化合物结构的正确性;可能想要丰富反应和分子化学特性的相关知识。

如果该物质有重要的实用价值,他可能希望合成产物比天然产物更便宜,更容易制备;并希望对分子结构进行细节的修饰。

在医学上有重要作用的抗菌物质最初就是从霉菌或细菌类的微生物中分离出来的。

接着有一系列的效果相近的化合物产生,他们都有不同程度的效果,或许一部分还有副作用。

从医学的角度来讲,从微生物中获得的化合物或许是抗菌最好的武器。

如果这些化合物能够被人工合成,人们就可以对其结构进行修饰,从而找到最有效的治疗方法。

然而,复杂化合物的合成是一个非常困难的工作。

每个分子、每个原子必须放置在恰当的位置,这应该是其最字面的意思。

因此有时会说,有机合成是一门精确的科学和精美的艺术。

在这里,大自然毫无争议是一位大师,但是我敢说,今年的获奖者——Woodward教授也是这样一位大师。

”在1965年的诺贝尔奖颁奖典礼上,瑞典皇家科学院诺贝尔化学奖委员会委员A.Fredga教授用这优美的词句介绍R.B.Woodward。

同时,在这一年,Woodward 获得了有机合成艺术方面的奖项。

二十五年后,诺贝化学奖委员会委员S.Gronowitz教授用如下的词句介绍了1990年的诺奖获得者E.J.Corey:“Corey获奖源于他让三个紧密相连的贡献形成了一个有机的整体。

他通过分析逆合成和采用新的合成反应,成功的完成了以前认为不可能实现的生物主要天然产物的制备。

Corey的这一贡献带领合成从艺术走向科学……”对合成的这一描述和赞美在今天仍可产生同等吸引效果的共鸣,并且很有可能在未来这种共鸣仍然存在。

的确,不像许多一次完成的发现或发明,全合成的试验是一个希望不断燃起又不断破灭的过程。

整个二十世纪,全合成一直处于前进和核心阶段,并不断地为新发现和发明提供肥沃的土壤。

它在化学方面的中心作用和重要性无疑是当下它会有卓越未来的保证。

全合成的试验需要具有智慧、独创性、实验技能、坚持和个性等优点,并且这些优点被培养到最优秀的研究者。

因此,执业医生经常获得发明、发现的奖,主要影响因素不仅是在化学的其他领域的优势,更重要的是在材料科学、生物学和医学领域的优势。

化学合成领域的成果与我们日常生活的许多方面密切相关,如医药、电脑中的高科技材料、语音通话、交通工具、营养品、维生素、化妆品、塑料、布、生物物理工具等。

全合成作为化学的一个分支学科,为什么会有如此长久的价值呢?这是由很多原因导致的。

可以肯定的是,它作为精确科学和精美艺术的二重性,为其提供了一定的刺激和罕见高度的奖励。

更重要的是,这门学科仍在不停的挑战着从大自然这个似乎无限的分子结构库中分离出新的结构。

值得高兴的是,全合成的试验随着新工艺如新试剂、催化剂、用于化合物的快速纯化和表征分析仪器等的出现逐渐被丰富。

因此,全合成在二十世纪最初确立的确定天然产物结构的目标已经逐渐地被对目的分子进行新化学的探索和发现的目标所代替。

最近,生物学问题已成为全合成过程的重要组成部分。

现在很清楚,随着我们进入二十一世纪,对于新化学领域和化学生物学的探索和发现将促进全合成的进一步发展。

本文中,跟随十九世纪全合成短短的历史的视角,我们尝试回顾整个二十世纪的艺术和科学。

这段时期可以被划分为二战时期、Woodward时期、Corey时期以及二十世纪九十年代,这三个时期有着些许的重叠部分。

在这段时期中,除了已经表彰的人员外仍有许多研究人员对科技的贡献值得赞誉。

这段时期的特征就是主观——不能经受极大的冲击,Woodward和Corey在他们的时代一直按自己的方式塑造全合成这一学科。

文章由于作者水平有限,难免有遗漏,在此表示歉意,敬请批评指正。

2.十九世纪的全合成全合成在19世纪诞生,1828年Wohler合成得到尿素标志着真正意义上的天然产物的全合成的诞生。

值得注目的是,这个事件是第一个通过无机化合物合成得到有机化合物的实例,标志着有机合成的开始。

1845年,Kolbe从碳元素合成得到乙酸是合成史上第二个重大的成就。

它的历史意义主要在于Kolbe在1845年发表时首次运用“合成”这个词来形容从一种物质合成另一种物质的过程。

在1869年Graebe和Liebermann合成茜素,1878年Baeyer合成靛蓝促成了传奇的德国燃料工业的发展,这是这个领域里程碑式的成就。

但是,或许尿素合成之后在十九世纪全合成界最令人震惊的消息是E.Fischer得到右旋葡萄糖。

这次合成的重要意义不仅在于目标的复杂性和其首次包含立体化学因素,更在于其立体化学结构有相当大的可控性。

葡萄糖因其具有的含氧单环结构和五个手性中心,成为了十九世纪基于目标的合成化学的最高水平的代表。

E.Fischer也成为了继J.H.van’t Hoff之后第二个获得诺贝尔化学奖的科学家。

3.二十世纪的全合成二十世纪是一个科学疾速发展、技术巨大变革的时代。

当然,二十一世纪的我们站在巨人的肩膀上,或许将会解释更多的理论,得到更多的奖励。

在医学,计算机科学,通讯和交通方面的进步,已经极大地改变了我们的生活方式,以及我们与周围世界的交互方式。

同时也创造了巨大的财富为新兴企业提供了无数的机会。

诚然,这次技术革命的核心的是科技,但是谁也不能否认基础研究在此发挥的巨大的功能。

化学在二十世纪的变革中起了核心的、决定性的作用。

例如,油,它在能够利用化学方法进行分析、分级并转化成如煤油、燃料等有用的产品之后才得以发挥蕴藏的巨大潜能。

有机合成化学也许是化学鉴于其创造力和无限范围的科学的最具表现力的分支。

它对与现代人的意义不能局限在一个方面,要认识到这门科学的背后是制药,高新材料,聚合物,化肥,农药,化妆品,服装在作支柱。

全合成是驱动前进,激励我们创造这些分子通过化学合成(我们可以从中挑选最适合每个应用程序)的能力的动力。

我们努力在寻求建立最复杂和最自然的挑战性的产品,这种努力可能成为有机合成的艺术和科学进步的主要推动力。

因此,它作为一个研究学科的价值超出了最先进的国家在提供测试的设备。

它为发现和创造化学新的学科和相关学科提供了机会,以及以最严格的方式训练年轻的从业者,使他们的专业知识可以触及科学技术的许多周边领域。

3.1.二战前时代十九世纪的全合成多半较简单,而且主要集中在芳香族化合物上,合成仅仅是进行了一些官能团化而已。

二战前的全合成开始涉及了一些很复杂的化合物和合成路线设计。

比较重要的有如下化合物,都是这个时代的全合成的最有名的例子:松油醇(Perkin,1904),樟脑(Komppa,1903年,Perkin,1904),托品酮(Robinson,1917年,Willstatter,1901年),氯化血红素(H. Fischer,1929),盐酸吡哆辛(Folkers,1939),和蒽醌(Bachmann,1939)。

特别令人印象深刻是一步合成从琥珀醛,甲胺,和丙酮二羧酸和H. Fischer合成的氯化血红素的(1929)Robinson的托品酮(1917),这些全合成是极其突出的项目,最终两人共同获得诺贝尔化学奖(Fischer,1929年;Robinson,1947年)3.2.Woodward时代1937年,20岁的R. B. Woodward成为了哈佛大学——这个他后来在度过后半生的地方——化学系的助教。

也是从这一刻开始,全合成和有机化学开始变得不同。

全合成应用量子力学的知识,逐渐提升为强大的科学和精美的艺术。

Woodward对全合成最大的贡献莫过于得到了一些十分令人抓狂的分子结构,一个个前所未有的分子结构在他的智慧和创造力中无处遁形。

以下的结构(部分示于图3)是他伟大成就的缩影和展示:奎宁(1944),棒曲霉素(1950),胆固醇和可的松(1951),羊毛甾醇(1954),麦角酸(1954),士的宁(1954),利血平(1958),叶绿素(1960),秋水仙碱(1965),头孢菌素C(1966),前列腺素F2α(1973)维生素B12(与A. Eschenmoser共同完成)(1973)和红霉素A(1981)。

部分成就将在3.5节进行简要介绍。

Woodward用他天才般的智慧解决这些在20世纪40年代,50年代和60年代的令人生畏的问题,在解决这些问题时,他展现出了独特的风格和前所未有的魅力。

合成路线因为媒体的关注而难以进行精准的描述。

他能够超越前辈,并不仅仅是因为他强大的智力,而是他将反应机理中的立体化学控制恰当地应用到了该领域。

如果说Robinson是给有机化学在理论上指引了一个方向的话,那么Woodward就是在实践中使它成为教学和反应机理阐释的有效工具,并用它来解释他的科学和预测化学反应的结果。

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