独立革命时期文学
现代文学史笔记
中国现代文学史分期：一、1917—1927 文学革命二、1928—1937革命文学三、1937—1947 抗战第一章思想启蒙与文学重建第一节文学革命运动一、思想启蒙与文学革命1、三个人物：胡适《文学改良刍议》《建设性的文学革命论》，陈独秀《文学革命》，周作人《人的文学》《平民文学》2、1915年9月《青年杂志》新文化运动。
发起人：陈独秀，胡适，胡提出“八条纲领”，刊载于《新青年》被称为“中国文界之雷声”。
3、文学革命正式发难标志：胡适《文学改良刍议》1917.2陈独秀发表《文学革命论》1918.4胡适《建设的文学革命论》，宗旨：国语的文学，文学的国语。
二、“人的发现”和“人的文学”1、周作人《人的文学》和《平民文学》2、是否有人道主义作为区分“人的文学”与“非人的文学”3、人是从动物进化的，人是从动物进化的。
三、新旧文学观念之激战1、响应方：钱玄同（化名王敬轩）、刘半农“双簧会”刘半农《我之文学改良观》胡适《建设的文学革命论》周作人《人的文学》和《平民文学》2、反对方：①林纾：发表《妖梦》和《荆生》痛骂陈、胡、钱玄同辩：钱玄同和刘半农“双簧信”林纾发表《论古文之不宜废》辩：蔡元培《答林秦南书》②学衡派：根据地:南京东南大学（1922）刊物：《学衡》杂志总编辑：吴宓主要撰稿人：胡先骕和梅光迪论战以新青年胜利告终③甲寅派：1925年章士钊号召：读经救国。
第二节创作尝试和社团文学一、文学研究会1、1921年1月，中国文学史上第一个纯文学社团“文学研究后”在北京诞生。
2、发起人：周作人、郑振铎、沈雁冰、王统照、叶绍钧、许地山、耕济之3、代用刊物：《小说月报》，又创办了《文学旬刊》（后改为《文学周报》），《诗》等月刊4、三个方面成绩显著：A、提倡“为人生”文学，B、大力介绍外国文学，C、推动写实主义“平民文学”创作5、杰出代表：①朱自清。
A家庭小品《背影》《给亡妇》，B海外游记《欧游杂记》《伦敦杂记》，C写景美文《荷塘月色》《桨声灯影里的秦淮河》特点：诗歌以写实为主，兼用象征。
美国文学作家以及作品总汇
美国文学部分(American Literature)一．独立革命前后的文学（The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．殖民地时期的文学的特点2)．主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品2．独立革命前后时期的主要作家本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草―独立宣言。
《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanack《致富之道》The Way to Wealth《自传》The Autobiography托马斯·潘恩Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。
《税务员问题》The Case of the Officers of Excise《常识》Common Sense《美国危机》American Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Man《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism《理性时代》The Age of Reason菲利普·弗伦诺Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的―革命诗人‖。
《蒸蒸日上的美洲》―The Rising Glory of America‖《英国囚船》―The British Prison Ship‖《纪念美国勇士》同类诗中最佳―To the Memory of the Brave Americans‖《野生的金银花》―The Wild Honeysuckle‖《印第安人殡葬地》―The Indian Burying Ground‖1二．美国浪漫主义文学（American Romanticism）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景2)．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格3)．清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文，美国著名小说家，被称为―美国文学之父‖.《瑞普·凡·温可尔》Rip Van Winkle《纽约外史》A History of New York《见闻札记》The Sketch Book《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀开创了以《皮裹腿故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是《最后的莫西干人》。
美国文学史
美国文学史梗概一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒，二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”，死后进天国，相信“原罪”。
这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想，和欧洲文学一脉相承。
代表作家：考顿·马瑟，乔纳森·爱德华兹，安妮·布拉兹特里特，爱德华·泰勒。
二、18世纪独立战争胜利后，美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期这一时期是启蒙运动时期（the Enlightenment）,从字面上讲，启蒙运动就是启迪蒙昧，反对愚昧主义，提倡普及文化教育的运动。
但就其精神实质上看，它是宣扬资产阶级政治思想体系的运动，并非单纯是文学运动。
它是文艺复兴时期资产阶级反封建、反禁欲、反教会斗争的继续和发展，直接为一七八九年的法国大革命奠定了思想基础。
启蒙思想家们从人文主义者手里进一步从理论上证明封建制度的不合理，从而提出一整套哲学理论，政治纲领和社会改革方案，要求建立一个以“理性”为基础的社会。
他们用政治自由对抗专制暴政，用信仰自由对抗宗教压迫，用自然神论和无神论来摧毁天主教权威和宗教偶像，用“天赋人权”的口号来反对“君权神授”的观点，用“人人在法律面前平等”来反对贵族的等级特权，进而建立资产阶级的政权。
是欧洲第二次思想解放运动。
）主要文学指导思想是“自然神论”（Deism），这个思想认为虽然上帝创造了宇宙和它存在的规则，但是在此之后上帝并不再对这个世界的发展产生影响。
自然神论反对蒙昧主义和神秘主义，否定迷信和各种违反自然规律的“奇迹”；认为上帝不过是“世界理性”或“有智慧的意志”；上帝作为世界的“始因”或“造物主”，它在创世之后就不再干预世界事务，而让世界按照它本身的规律存在和发展下去；主张用“理性宗教”代替“天启宗教”。
人生在世，不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生，而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等，建立自己的“人间乐园”。
美国文学教学大纲
海南师范学院本科英语专业理论课教学大纲：美国文学课程编号：03101026 学时：36 学分：2一、课程的性质和任务《美国文学史及选读》是英语语言文学专业（本科）的一门专业知识必修课。
它简要介绍了美国文学从十七世纪殖民时期到二十世纪的发展历史及其主要作品。
本课程是英语专业的专业基础课，目标是：通过文学史的教学拓宽学生的知识面，提高学生的文学修养，使学生了解英美文学各个历史时期的文艺思潮、文学流派、主要作家和作品；通过美国文学作品的教学，提高学生对英文原著的理解能力、鉴赏能力，培养学生发现问题、分析问题和解决问题的能力；通过课外实践活动，激发学生的文学兴趣，培养学生的文学鉴赏和批评能力及论文写作能力二、相关课程的衔接本课程是为英语专业高年级学生开设的，学生必须具有良好的英语阅读和理解基本功方能顺利地学习该课程，与此同时，它与美国历史、文化、社会背景等关系密切，因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，相关衔接课程有《英国文学》，《英语国家概况》《跨文化交际》等课程。
三、教学的基本要求1．了解美国文学发展史上的重要时期和阶段，包括殖民地时期、独立战争时期、浪漫主义时代、南北战争时期和两次世界大战前后文学现象及特征。
2．了解各个重要发展阶段的代表作家及作品，熟知其内容、风格和艺术价值及其在世界文学史上的重要地位。
3．了解伴随美国文学各个阶段产生的文艺批评思潮，提高学生的文艺理论水平。
四、教学方法与重点、难点教学方法：教学方法以课堂讲授为主，辅以讨论，并要求学生在课外大量阅读参考书，撰写读书报告及评论课上充分利用网络资源及现代化教学手段，使学生能够积极主动地进行学习本课程的重点与难点相对来说是一致的从时段上来说，19世纪20年代以后的美国文学由于处于第二次繁荣时期，对于美国文学的历史走向曾发生了相当重要的影响，自然是本课程的重点而这一阶段的文学语言丰富、色彩各异，且与哲学、史学、艺术学等结合得比较紧密，所以这一时期的文学作品在语言上和思想上都具备一定的难度，是本课程的难点所在另外，后现代文学作品的出现也增加了学生阅读的难度，因此了解后现代作品的创作手法，写作动机也是本科的一个难点解决的办法主要是在专业基础课之外，定期安排专家讲学，题目多涉及与课程难度相关的内容，旨在拓宽学生的知识面，使学生对特定时期的美国文学有一个历史层面上的深刻把握，从而有助于理解作品的语言和思想另外，课程组加强“英美文化”的教学力度和课外阅读的范围，在教学框架中将文学和文化结合起来，使学生在浓厚的异域文化氛围中感受美国文学，从而对深化对文学作品的理解从流派上说，《美国文学》课程的重点和难点都集中在流派嬗变的历史规律、流派与流派之间的关系、各流派的形成背景、形成历史以及体制特点美国文学各流派的继承性从总体上来说表现得相当明显，但对具体的继承与创造的关系尚缺乏充分的整理和研究我们的解决办法是：在分阶段的文学史教学过程中，充分梳理各文学流派的历史，从中概括流派的特性和历史以及与其他流派的区别我们开设有多门分阶段文学史的课程，目的就是在目前“横”的文学史的基础上，加强“纵”的线索，使学生形成纵横兼备的知识体系。
美国文学考试,10页轻松搞定
三、浪漫主义时期1800-1865
作家们强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式与观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖，发幽古之思情。素材完全取自美国现实，如西部开发和拓荒经历。他们赞美美国山水，讴歌美国生活，反映美国人民的乐观与热情。
废奴文学：
爱默生，梭罗，惠蒂埃
影响最大的是斯托夫人harriet beecher stowe,《汤姆叔叔的小屋》uncle tom's cabin
四、现实主义文学1865-1918
乡土文学：朱厄特sarah orne jewett, 短篇小说集《迪普黑文》deephaven and other stories,长篇小说《尖枞树之乡》the country of pointed firs
爱默生ralph waldo emerson, <论自然>nature（被称为超验主义的圣经），《论自立》self reliance，对打破神学统治，摒弃请教教义，强调人的地位，确立民主思想和发展民族文化起了极大作用。
梭罗henry david thoreau,emerson的朋友和门徒。《沃尔登》walden。《论公民的不服从》civil disobedience,主张用和平斗争的方式反对战争和奴隶制，对甘地、马丁路德金起过积极影响。
詹姆斯，被称为心理分析小说家，他晦涩的文体、开放性结局和内心独白等手法大大影响了后世的现代派，尤其是意识流文学。他的作品属于世态小说novel of manners，代表作《一位女士的肖像》the portrait of a lady's,《鸽翼》the wings of the dove,《专使》the ambassadors, 《金碗》the golden bowl.
[指南]美国文学简史
![[指南]美国文学简史](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/d62f9c3e905f804d2b160b4e767f5acfa0c78355.png)
美国文学简史一、十九世纪以前美国是一个年轻的国家。
作为一个国家，它的历史只能从1776 年7 月4 日算起。
作为历史中一个不可分割的组成部分的美国文学史，严格地说，也是从这一天开始谱写的。
哥伦布在1492 年发现新大陆之前，这块土地的主人是印第安人，他们的各个部落还处在原始公社制度各个不同的发展阶段，他们本身并没有发达的文学。
遭到殖民主义者的野蛮屠杀和驱赶之后，这个种族已处于濒临灭绝的境地，仅有的口头创作也几乎完全中断。
美国独立以前，北美大陆受欧洲人统治长达几个世纪。
由于残酷的殖民经治以掠夺财富和剥削廉价劳力为目的，因此，北美大陆既没有发达的经济，更没有发达的文化。
从这个意义上说，美利坚民族的文化，实际上是欧洲文化的移植，文学和艺术绝大数是欧洲的舶来品。
殖民地时期美国仅有的几位诗人和民间作家，由于历史条件的局限和自身生活的局限，也没有能写出具有美洲特色的作品。
独立之后，美国的文学虽然还处于襁褓之中，但它已经开始摆脱殖民文化的桎梏。
在民族独立的历史关头，美国人民，特别是作为当时站在革命斗争最前列的资产阶级左翼分子，已经认识到了建立民族文学的重要性。
一批年轻的诗人就曾预言，美国文学必将有一个灿烂的未来；他们满腔热情地为这个未来的灿烂文学增砖添瓦，贡献自己的聪明才智。
尽管如此，独立以后相当长的一段时间里，美国还不能很快摆脱在文化上依附英国的状况，不利于民族文学繁荣发展的条件依然存在。
首先，在取得政治上的统一以后，各地区在经济、文化上的发展并不平衡。
当时西部大部分还是处女地，那里除了民间故事外，一时还不可能出现反映西部开发业迹的成熟作品。
在愚昧落后的南部，真正的民族文化无从谈起。
思想意识异常顽固的大不列颠王国的臣民，对这个新生国家总是抱着一种不可名状的仇恨和敌视。
他们鄙视美国的一切，当然也包括美国年轻幼稚的文学。
面对英国的一片嘲笑和挖苦声，已经获得了独立的美国人民决心使自己的国家在政治、经济、文化等各个领域都拥有充分的发言权，他们需要有自己的工业、农业、科学和文化。
美国文学——独立革命时期
美国独立革命时期的文学（一）独立革命时期的历史背景18世纪的美国经历了两场革命：一场是独立战争，这场革命诞生了一个新的国家，它对美国社会的影响超过了在此之前的任何事件；另一场革命就是启蒙运动。
这是一场知识革命，其理智精神激励着美国的知识界，将他们带入了一个新的思想境界，超越在此之前的清教主义的局限。
这两场运动产生了一大批政治和文学人物，如：本杰明·富兰克林、托马斯·潘恩、托马斯·杰弗逊等，他们的文学天赋使他们成为了政治领袖，也让文学成为了革命的一部分。
随着殖民地的不断扩大，欧洲各国在北美殖民地的矛盾冲突进一步激化。
哥伦布发现“新大陆”后，西班牙人首先在北美站稳了脚跟，进而占领了西印度群岛，1565年在弗罗里达建立了第一个殖民地。
法国占领了奎北克地区。
到了17世纪，法国人逐步深入到了大湖区和密西西比地区。
欧洲各国在商贸、交通等活动中矛盾重重，战争不可避免。
欧洲殖民者在新大陆的战争于17世纪末开始，经历了英法1689年的奥哥斯伯格联盟战争；1702—1713年的英国和西法联军的战争；1745—1748年间的奥地利继承权战争等一系列的战争，英国殖民者最终大获全胜。
战争的胜利使得英属北美殖民地的经济和军事实力进一步加强。
到了18世纪殖民地的人们纷纷提出要进一步团结起来的主张。
到1760—1776年间革命的团结的思想逐渐形成。
美国革命的原因即有政治方面的，也有经济方面的。
为进一步掠夺殖民地的资源，英国政府先后颁发了一系列有损于殖民地人民利益的法案。
航海和商业法伤害了北方殖民者的感情；1763年的山禁政策使广大殖民地人民感到不可容忍；1765年的印花税法更加激怒了十三个殖民地的人民；1767年的宅地法引起了人民的公开抵制。
1773年爆发了波士顿革命事件；1775年列克星敦的枪声标志着美国革命的开始。
美国人民向英国统治者打响了第一枪。
战争持续了6年，在华盛顿将军的带领下，在经历了一系列的挫折和失败之后，殖民地人民最终迎来了美国的独立。
殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学
第一章殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学I.知识结构：见笔记II. 知识点精讲1.时代背景1)The Native American and their culture---Indians. Before Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent, there was no real literature.2)Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent in 1492.3)Captain Christopher Newport reached Virginia in 1607.4)Puritans came to the New England area, by Mayflower（五月花号）in 1620. (In 1629, the puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony.（马萨诸塞湾）Puritans came to America out of various reasons, but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. It is true that they wished to escape religious persecution—and the English government regarded its American colony as an ideal dumping ground for the undesirables, but they were also determined to find a place where they could worship in the way they thought true Christians should. They regarded themselves as God's chosen people, they were meant to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden.)5)The puritan migration began. (The settlement of the North American continent by the English began in the early part of the seventeenth century. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They carried with them to America a code of values, a philosophy of life, and a point of view, which, in time, took root in the New World and became what is popularly known as American Puritanism.)6)The British Industrial revolution (1750-1830) spurred the economy in American colonies; in American, there was War of Independence (1776-1783); the spiritual life of the colonies----Enlightenment began toappear. Thus, this period was the literature of reason and revolution (1781-1815).2. 名词解释1）Puritans（清教徒）: They are one division of English Protestant. They regarded the reformation of the church under Elizabeth as incomplete, and called for further purification.The 17th century American Puritans included two parts: Separatists and Massachusetts Bay Group. Their religious doctrines are original sin, total depravity, predestination and limited atonement (or the salvation of a selected few) through a special infusion of grace from God. They regardedthemselves as chosen people of God. They were meant to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. They opposed arts and pleasure. They suspect joy and laughter as symptoms of sin. They are opposed to mysticism and pantheism because these tended to destroy the transcendence of God.They embraced hardships, industry and frugality. They favored a disciplined, hard, somber, ascetic and harsh life. Their attitudes toward work: work itself is good in addition to what it achieves, that time saved by efficiency or good fortune should be spent in doing further work. Pushing the frontiers with them as they moved further and further westward, they became more practical, as indeed they had to be. "A doctrinaire opportunist" came perhaps closest to the American Puritan ideal for man.2) American Puritanism(美国清教主义): It is a religious and political movement.Through it, one sees emerging the right of the individual to political and religious independence. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets, a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe, that we may state with a degree of safety that, without some understanding of Puritanism, there can be no real understanding of American culture and literature. American Puritanism has been, by and large, a healthy legacy to the Americans.3) American Dream(美国梦):The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. (These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and/or happiness.)4) Great Awakening(宗教大觉醒): Great Awakening is a series of religious revivals that swept over the American colonies about the middle of the 18th century. It resulted in doctrinal changes and influenced social and political thought. In New England it was started (1734) by the rousing preaching of Jonathan Edwards.3.作家作品1）Captain John Smith(1580-1631)（约翰·史密斯）---first American writer Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. Anotherthing he wrote about that became historically important is his description of the fertile and vast new continent in his A Description of New England. His narrative reveals the early settlers' vision of the new land as something capable of being built into a new Garden of Eden.His contributions: There was the famous John Smith's description of New England as a promising virgin land, which came to the attention of many people in England and Europe and drew many of them over to the New World.His description of American was filled with themes, myths, images,scenes, characters and events that were a foundation for the nation’s literature. He lured the Pilgrims into fleeing here and creating a new land.2) William Bradford (1590-1657)（威廉·布拉德福德）---- the first governor of the PlymouthWilliam Bradford led the Mayflower endeavor and became the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation that he established with his group of Pilgrim Fathers. His Of Plymouth Plantation（《普利茅斯殖民史》）records, along with other things of a historic nature, the deliberations that the first settlers of North America had regarding their colonizing undertaking. In chapter IV, "Showing the Reasons and Causes of their Removal," Bradford states the fourth reason for their departure for the new world when he saysthat his people had "a great hope and inward zeal" to do the spadework for disseminating "the gospel of the kingdom of Christ" in the new world and they were even willing to be stepping-stones for others in doing this great work. The religious and idealistic nature of their adventure into the unknown world is self-evident.The characteristics of the Of Plymouth Plantation （《普利茅斯殖民史》）are simplicity, full of earnestness, direct reporting. It is readable and moving.3) John Winthrop 温斯罗普(1588-1649) ---- The first governor of theMassachusetts Bay ColonyJohn Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, states in this speech of his that there was the cause between God and his people who entered into a covenant with God for this work of building a new garden of Eden in the new worldJohn Wi nthrop’s works are A Model of Christian Charity（《基督教仁爱的典范》）, which is a speech, and The History of New England（《新英格兰的历史》）.4) Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)（安妮·布雷兹特里特）----- a Puritan poet The American poets who emerged in the 17th century adapted the style ofestablished European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) was one such poet.The argument of most of Anne Bradstreet’s poems is essentially about the justice of God’s ways with His Puritan floc k. Her works search for a sense of man’s nature and destiny and his mission in the new world. One more thing to note about Anne Bradstreet is her description of the early settlers’ life in the new world. For example, “As Weary Pilgrim,”（《疲倦的朝圣者》）one devoted to God as much as any of her other poems, offers some hints of the hardships that they suffered in their first days there.Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet who wrote “ponderous Verses ofinterminable, inter-locking poems” on the four elements, the constitutions and ages of man, the seasons of the year, and the chief empires of the ancient world. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “Tenth Muse” who appeared in America. Most of other verses (have fallen into the obscurity of time, but her gentle “Contemplations”（《沉思》）are still read today.The ninth offers the reader an insight into the mentality of the early Puritans pioneering in a new world. When the poet heard the grasshopper and the cricket sing, she thought of this as their praising their Creator and searched her own soul accordingly. It is evident that she saw somethingmetaphysical inhering in the physical, a mode of perception that was singularly Puritan.Her other poems such as “To My Dear and Loving Husband” （《致我亲爱的丈夫》）and “In Reference to Her Children,” however, denote the human side of her being clearly. Take “To My Dear and Loving Husband” for instance:Coming from a devout Puritan, these lines are surprising because they reveal the inner “soul-scape” of the “Puritans” so graphically. Read Anne Bradstreet’s poems on her children and grandchildren, and it will be clear that the love, the care, and the happiness that comes from family life are all the important to her indeed.“The Flesh and the Spirit”（《灵魂和肉体》）: The struggle between the two impulses (spiritual and material) is perennial and constitutes the basic texture of the Puritan mind. Her poem, “The Flesh and the Spirit,” depicting as it does two sisters arguing about their values, is a good illustration. The Flesh, one of the twin sisters, is forthright with her assertion of her views about the importance of this world while the Spirit, the other, tries to convince her of the greatness of the Kingdom of God. The Spirit seems to be winning as she has a much longer and more final argument to offer. The twin sisters are evidently the integral parts of one Puritan mind.5）Edward Taylor (1642-1729)（爱德华·泰勒）Edward Taylor (1642-1729) was a meditative poet. In his splendid, exotic images, Taylor came nearest to the English baroque poets. For all his indulgence in his “un-Puritan” imagery, however, he was, first and last, a Puritan poet, concerned about how his images speak for God.A good example is his poem, “Huswifery,” (《家务》)which indicates that he saw religious significance in a simple daily incident like a housewife spinning：The spinning wheel, the distaff, the flyers, the spool, the reel and the yarn have all acquired a metaphysical significance in the symbolic, Puritan eyes of Edward Taylor.In his interesting poem “Upon a Spider Catching a Fly”（《蜘蛛捕捉苍蝇之遐想》）, Taylor sees the spider as a symbol of Hell with its traps.It is obvious that Taylor has faith in God who can save the erring, or possibly sinful, humankind from the evil designs of Hell.6) Roger Williams (1603-1683) （罗杰·威廉斯）Roger Williams was one of the greatest Puritan dissenters in the early days of Puritan theocracy in New England. He came to America in 1630 and began to preach for civil and religious liberty and against the Puritanoligarchy of Boston. His call for democratic government and his opposition to the eviction of the Indians from their ancestral properties incurred the wrath and hatred of such “orthodox” Puritans as John Cotton (1584-1652), who banished him from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635. He lived for a while with the Indians before immigrating to Rhode Island, where he established the “Rhode Island Way” to encourage religious toleration, and protect Indian rights.Williams published his “The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause o f Conscience”（《血腥的迫害教义》）(1644), furiously attacking the “soul-killing” requirement of religious conformity and vigorously upholding the spiritual freedom of the individual.7) John Woolman (1720-1772)（约翰·伍尔曼）Born into a pious Quaker family in New Jersey, John Woolman was early convinced that true religion consisted in an inward life in which the heart loved and respected God and learned to exercise true justice and goodness toward men and brutes alike.His Journal (1774) veritably notes down his experience and feeling during witnessing the slave trade, revealing the cruel truth of black slave selling. Besides he has the courage to criticize himself and pursue self-perfection, which is consequently consideration as a “Quaker classic of the inner Light,”and countless non-Quaker readers have been touched by its “exquisite purity and grace.”His essays are "Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes" and "A Plea for the Poor," in which he tried to plead for the rights of all men and for the abolition of the slavery system. He also kept a Journal for the most part of his life, recording his spiritual experiences of inward communication with God.8) Thomas Paine (1737-1809)(托马斯·潘恩)The life of Thomas Paine was one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man. He was a propagandist and a major influence in the American Revolution. He wrote a number of works of such a revolutionary and inflammatory character that it is no exaggeration to state that he helped to spur and inspire two greatest revolutions that his age witnessed.His main works were a series of pamphlets. His Common Sense（《常识》）, declaring as it did that "Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; In its worst state an intolerable one," attacked British monarchy and added fuel to the fire which was soon to bring the colossusof its colonial rule down in flames. The booklet was warmly received in the colonies both as a justification for their cause of independence and as anencouragement to the painfully fighting people. Paine became a major influence in the American Revolution.His American Crisis （《美国危机》）series of pamphlets came out at one of the darkest moments of the revolution when Washington's troops had just suffered one of the worst defeats in the war and were in the process of retreating. "These are the times that try men's souls," it declared. "The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph." Here the word “try” was in a sense of “test to the limit” and “subject to great hardships”.Later he participated in the French Revolution, and wrote The Rights of Man（《人权》）and The Age of Reason《(理性的时代》), spreading the ideals of the French Revolution among the people.9) Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)（托马斯·杰弗逊）Thomas Jefferson was a resourceful and intelligent man. He played different roles in his life. He was an enlightener, an aristocrat, a lawyer, scientist, inventor, musician, linguist, architect, diplomat and a writer.He was one of the men who drafted The Declaration of Independence （《独立宣言》）. It was adopted on July 4, 1776, announcing the birth of a new nation and a philosophy of human freedom. It was a statement of American principles and a review of the Causes of thequarrel with Britain. In The Declaration of Independence, people instilled a sense of their ownimportance and inspired struggle for personal freedom, self government and a dignified place in society.10) Philip Freneau (1752-1832) （菲利普·弗瑞诺）---- “poet of the revolution” and “Father of American Poetry”Philip Freneau was important in American literary history in a number of ways.a.He used his poetic talents in the service of a nation struggling for independence, writing verses for the righteous cause of his people and exposing British colonial savageries.b. He was a most notable representative of dawning nationalism in American literature.c. Almost alone of his generation, Freneau managed to peer through the pervasive atmosphere of imitativeness, see life around directly, and appreciate the natural scenes on the new continent and the native Indian civilization.His main works were "The Rising Glory of America," (《美国荣誉的崛起》1772)"The Wild Honey Suckle,"（《野忍冬花》1786）"The Indian Burying Ground"（《印第安墓地》1788）and "The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi". Take "The Wild Honey Suckle," for instance.Stanza 1: the flowers hidden in the retreat;SStanza 3&4: reinforce the message.The lyric beauty, the heartfelt pathos, and the multiple emotional responses and echoes that, the sight described can awaken in the bosoms of the readers —all these are simply amazing. Through the poetic image, the poet describes the beauty of nature."The Indian Burying Ground"In this poem, Philip Freneau gave recognition to the Native American culture as a potential indigenous subject for American writers---- another potential subject for them; he revealed not only his tolerance of a different way of life, but also his admiration for it.11) Charles Brockden Brown（查尔斯·布洛克登·布朗）Charles Brockden Brown is one of the most prominent among these writers.a. His first novel, Wieland(《威兰》); or, The Transformation: An American Tale (1798) has been regarded as the first American novel.b. Basically, Brown was an imitator. The Gothic features of his works are a good illustration.c. He awared that his inspiration was rooted in his own land, its new life and energy which, he felt, offered the writers with areas of exploration different from European subjects. Brown believed that his novels were all about his country and histanza 2: Nature makes their beauty;people and that he employed new narrative techniques hitherto unheeded by his predecessors.d. Another thing of historic significance that Brown did was his description of his characters' inner world.e. His four major novels—Edgar huntly (1799), Ormond (1799), Arthur Mervyn (1800), as well as Weland—are all solid evidence of his literary beliefs put into practice.f. Brown began to explore the emotional world of his characters and found that man is not always controlled by reason and that sensual experiences, passion and illusion could all impact human thinking and emotional responses. He became aware that the subconscious is mystic and unfathomable and that art is a necessary medium to externalize the deeper impulses of the human psyche. In a manner of speaking, Brown's works can be read as psychological novels. His protagonists—Wieland or Huntly or Ormond—all exhibit the essential characteristics of a neurotic.12）Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)（乔纳森·爱德华兹）Edwards was born into a very religious New England family. He preached with horrific vividness in order to make religious ideas felt along the senses. His sermons taught the power of God and the depravity of man and man's need to communicate with the Holy Spirit to receive God's grace. What he was trying to do was to reinstate these Calvinist ideas in ways acceptable to an audience already becoming susceptible to the ideas of Enlightenment. Jonathan Edwards was probably the last great voice that was ever heard in America to reassert the Calvinist stance so as to bring the people back to its fold.His greatest works that have made people remember him even today. These include The Freedom of the Will (1754)（《论意志自由》）, The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758)（《论原罪》）, and The Nature of True Virtue (1765)（《论真实德行的本源》）；His sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,"（《愤怒的上帝手中之罪人》）.He was the first modern American and the country’s last medieval man. In his works, he represents the element of piety, the religious passion, the aspect of emotion and ecstasy, of the New England tradition, a tradition that he did his best but failed torevitalize. He discovered, beneath the dogmas of the old theology, a dynamic world filled with the presence of God. Edwards believes in the regeneration of man. He urges his people toenjoy the sweetness of "conversion," the change of heart with the help of the grace of God. When Edwards saw the sun rise out of darkness and from under the earth, raising the whole world with it, raising mankind out of their beds and brightening up everything, he thought of Jesus Christ rising from His grave and from a state of death and bringing happiness, life and light to the world of man. His Images or Shadows of Divine Things （《圣灵的影像》）contains a great many instances of this kind which were part of the Puritan typological tradition and, in the way that Edwards extends typology beyond the strict limits of the Bible, the work anticipated the nature symbolism of nineteenth-century Transcendentalism. In his doctrines of inward communication of God and man, and of the immanence of God in nature, and in his literary expression of all these ideas, Edwards was, in the words of F. I. Carpenter, a good deal of a transcendentalist.13）Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)(本杰明·富兰克林)Franklin came from a very simple Calvinist background. Born in 1706 into a candle-maker's family—"poor and obscure" as he says of himself in his Autobiography（《自传》）, he had very little formal education. When still very young he was apprenticed to his olderhalf-brother, a printer, and began at 16, to publish essays under the pseudonym, Silence Dogood, essays commenting on social life in Boston. At 17 he ran away toPhiladelphia to make his own fortune. His entrance into the city marked the beginning of a long success story of an archetypal kind. He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher, founded the Junto Club (a society meeting regularly for informal discussions of good books, business ethics etc.) and a subscription library, issued the immensely popular Poor Richard's Almanac（《穷理查年鉴》）and retired around forty-two years of age, soon after he became financially independent. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. Among the things which he started and for which he is still remembered today were volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin Stove, bifocal glasses, and efficient heating devices. His research on electricity, his famous experiment with his kite line, the experiment that won Immanuel Kant's admiration when the German philosopher called him "the new Prometheus who had stolen fire[electricity in this case] from heaven," his lightning-rod, the recognition he won from the Royal Society of London—all these made him one of the preeminent scientists of his day.His major works: Poor Richard's Almanac and Autobiography.In Poor Richard's Almanac, sayings like "Lost time is never found again,""A penny saved is a penny earned,""God help them that helpthemselves,""Fish and visitors stink in three days" and "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise"—these and many other similar statements filled the almanac, and taught as much as amused. The practical wisdom of Franklin shone forth rays of grandeur from its pages.AutobiographyThe book consists of four parts, written at different times. Franklin was 65 when he first wrote it.It is an inspiring account of a poor boy’s rise to a high position. It is a how-to-do-it book, one on the art of self-improvement. It covered Franklin’s life only until 1757 when he was 51 years old. It described his life as a shrewd and industrious businessman. He narrated how he owned the constant felicity of his life, his long-continued health and acquisition of fortune.The whole book is an impressive record of a man trying to be of value to mankind: Franklin spent his whole life doing all kinds of things for the welfare of the world, as indeed we have noted a moment earlier. Creating as it does the image of a boy's rise from rags to riches, the book demonstrates Franklin's confident belief that the new world of America was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work andwisemanagement, and that "one man of tolerable abilities will work great changes and accomplish great affairs among mankind." Thus through telling a success story of self-reliance, the book celebrates, in fact, the fulfillment of the American dream.（14）Hector St. John de Crevecoeur (克雷福科)Crevecoeur was a French settler. He wrote letters back to Europe, explaining the meaning of America to the outside world. The first eight of Crevecoeur's twelve letters reveal the pride of a man being an American, the "new man," planted in a new world, who left behind him the old world with its oppression and servility, working and getting "rewards of his industry" and acquiring the dignity and self-confidence of a true human being in what he called "the most perfect society now existing in the world." In his letters we hear the note of pride in democratic equality and abundance of opportunity, a note we are to hear over and again in the writings of later American authors.The note of pessimism began to vibrate in Letters from an American Farmer (1775)（《美国农民的来信》）. In his lifetime, Crevecoeur also saw and spoke of the illusory nature of that dream. In fact, starting from his ninth letter, he began to speak with a different voice, the voice of a definitely disillusioned man. There in the same New World, he became aware of the existence of slavery, avarice, violence, famine and disease, and all other forms of evilthat hethought the American had left behind with his migration to this side of the Atlantic.4. 重点难点Puritanism’s influence on American literature 清教主义对美国的影响（1）American literature—or Anglo-American literature—is based on a myth, that is, the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. This literature is in good measure a literary expression of the pious idealism of the American Puritan bequest.(2) The American Puritan's metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. To the pious Puritan the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. Physical life was simultaneously spiritual; every passage of life, en-meshed in the vast context of God's plan, possessed a delegated meaning. The world was, in a word, one of multiple significance.(3) Style: With regard to technique one naturally thinks of the simplicity, which characterizes the Puritan style of writing. With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the structure is tight and logic; it adopts a lot of homely imagery; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.(4) A dominant factor in American life, American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe, that we may state with a degree of safety that, without some understanding of Puritanism, there can be no real understanding of American culture and literature.All this has left an indelible imprint on American writing. Thus American Puritanism has been, by and large, a healthy legacy to the Americans. General features of Colonial American literature殖民时期美国文学特征(1) American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.(2) In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. Most of them were practical matter-of-fact accounts of life in the new world; there were highly theoretical discussions of religious questions.(3) In form, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted.(4) The purpose of these writings was pragmatic.。
现当代文学部分第一章“五四”文学革命前后的文学
陈独秀“三大主义”
《新青年》第二卷第六号发表的《文学革 命论》 曰推倒雕琢的阿谀的贵族文学，建设平易 的抒情的国民文学； 曰推倒陈腐的铺张的古典文学，建设新鲜 的立诚的写实文学； 曰推倒迂晦的艰涩的山林文学，建设明了 的通俗的社会文学
2、同封建守旧派的斗争
林纾shū：
自称“拚我残年极力卫道” 。写了《致察 鹤卿太史书》、《论古文白话之相消长》， 攻击新派人物，“覆孔孟，铲伦常”，对 白话文大加嘲讽。 发表文言小说《荆生》、《妖梦》，影射 诋毁新文学倡导者。
零余者
郁达夫小说用抒情的方式塑造出了真实感人的抒情主人公形 象。 这些抒情主人公大都是所谓“零余者”，即“五四”时期一 部分歧路彷徨的知识青年，他们是遭受社会挤压而无力把握 自己命运的小人物，是被压迫被损害的弱者。 这些“零余者”同现实社会往往势不两立，宁愿穷困自我， 也不愿与黑暗势力同流合污，他们痛骂世道浇离，或以种种 变态行为以示反抗。
我流过一座花丛，
诗集《昨日之歌》 我是一条小河， 我无心从你的身边流过， 你无心把你彩霞般的影儿 投入了河水的柔波。 我流过一座森林， 柔波便荡荡地 把那些碧绿的叶影儿 裁减成你的衣裳。
柔波便粼粼地 把那些彩色的花影儿 编织成你的花冠。
最后我终于 流入无情的大海， 海上的风又厉，浪又狂， 吹折了花冠，击碎了衣裳！ 我也随着海潮漂漾， 漂漾到无边的地方； 你那彩霞般的影儿， 也和幻散了的彩霞一样！
《一念》
相隔一层纸
作者：刘半农
屋子里拢着炉火， 老爷分付开窗买水果， 说“天气不冷火太热， 别任它烤坏了我。” 屋子外躺着一个叫化子， 咬紧了牙齿对着北风喊“要死”！ 可怜屋外与屋里， 相隔只有一层薄纸.
自考中国现代文学史所有考点精炼总结
1917——1949年的文学运动和文学思潮文学革命的兴起文学革命开始于1917年。
文学改良运动：诗界革命、小说界革命、文界革命、白话文运动1.诗界革命：以通俗的语言创造新诗境，反对拟古复古。
倡导者：梁启超、谭嗣同、夏曾佑、黄遵宪黄遵宪：我手写我口2.小说界革命：重视小说，改变小说是小道、闲说的传统观念梁启超《论小说与群治的关系》3.文界革命：梁启超倡导，创作新文体——报章体梁启超《清代学术概论》4.白话文运动：主要人物：裘廷梁陈子褒提出报纸应改为白话白话谴责小说：《官场现形记》《二十年来目睹之怪现状》《老残游记》《孽海花》1915年9月陈独秀任主编的《新青年》创刊——标志新文化运动的开始。
新文化运动倡导者：陈独秀、李大钊主要阵地：《新青年》主要宣传：民主、科学新文化运动：反对旧思想旧道德，提倡新思想、新道德的思想革命运动。
1917年1月《新青年》胡适《文学改良刍议》——倡导文学革命的第一篇理论文章1917年2月，陈独秀发表《文学革命论》——正式举起文学革命的大旗。
响应者：钱玄同、刘半农主要内容：文学革命、思想革命反对文言文，提倡白话文介绍、翻译外国文学胡适《文学改良刍议》：侧重于文学的语言形式的改革，提出“以今世历史金花的眼光观之，则白话文学之为中国文学之正宗，又为将来文学必用之利器，可断言也。
”“须言之有物；不摹仿古人；须讲求文法；不作无病之呻吟；务去滥调套语；不用典；不讲对仗；不避俗字俗语。
”重视文章内容，摆脱对古人的奴性。
宣扬反拟古主义的现实主义文学思想。
胡适吸收融汇前人意见，对文学革命在理论主张上作出中国要贡献。
胡适：《历史的文学观念论》《建设的文学革命论》《易卜生主义》《文学进化观念与戏剧改良》《论新诗》《建设的文学革命论》：国语的文学，文学的国语《谈新诗》：诗体的大解放——《尝试集》现代最早的白话新剧——《终身大事》胡适的基本倾向：文学改良提出创造新文学的进行次序：工具——方法——创造陈独秀《文学革命论》：从内容、形式提出文学改革主张三大主义：国民文学、写实文学、社会文学排斥贵族文学、古典文学、山林文学批判明前后七子、桐城派，要求“赤裸裸的抒情写世”钱玄同：小说、戏剧为文学正宗刘半农：《我之文学改良观》提出“增多诗体”“重造新韵”分段、使用标点符号傅斯年：《怎样做白话文？》留心自己的说话，留心听别人的说话周作人——1918年发表《人的文学》人的文学：合乎人性的人的灵肉一致的生活为是的文学用这人道主义为本，对于人生诸问题，加以记录研究的文字——人间本位主义人的文学与非人的文学的区别：著作的态度周作人的“人的文学”主张——对新文学第一个十年的理论建设和文学创作发生重大影响，成为这一时期文学创作的重要特色。
TEM8美国文学串讲及试卷评析(下)
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) 埃米莉•迪金森
代表作品：Poems by Emily Dickinson (1890) — collection This is My Letter to the World I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died
英语专业八级考试在线课堂
Philip Freneau (1752-1832)菲利普•弗伦诺
作品：The Rising Glory of America (1772) The Wild Honey Suckle (1786) – one of his best lyrics （抒情诗）
英语专业八级考试在线课堂
三、American Romanticism 美国浪漫主义文学（十八世纪末—十九世纪中后期）
英语专业八级考试在线课堂
四、Literature of Realism 美国现实主义文学 （十九世纪中期—二十世纪初）
美国现实主义文学三个组成部分：
Realism 现实主义 Local Color Fiction 地方色彩小说
Naturalism 自然主义
作家作品
D. Ernest
例：The novel For Whom the Bell Tolls is written by ____. A. Scott Fitzgerald B. William Faulkner C. Eugene O’Neil Hemingway
文学评论
例：____ is defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed into fourteen lines. A. Free Verse B. Sonnet C. Ode D. Epigram （以上例题均为2006年英语专八人文知识真题。答案分别为：A，D， B。）
文学史知识：革命文学的诞生和发展
文学史知识：革命文学的诞生和发展革命文学作为中国现代文学的重要分支之一，始终与中国近代历史背景相伴而行。
自中国八国联军侵华以来，中国人民不断地奋斗与反抗，而这场漫长的民族抗争也为文学的发展带来了新的力量和方向，从而形成了以自由、民主、平等为核心的革命文学。
革命文学的诞生与发展是在那个特殊的历史背景下开始的。
鸦片战争以后，中国逐渐走上半殖民地化的道路，面对外国列强的压迫和侵略，国人唯有通过反抗革命来挽回民族尊严。
而文学作为一种思想传播和文化表达的手段，在这个时期被更多地用来表现中华民族的生存状况和革命斗争的重要性。
进入二十世纪，中国社会和政治形势更加紧张，中国革命家和文学家则开始注重揭示现实问题，并提出解决的方案。
革命文学的形成与萌芽，大约要从辛亥革命余波中的文化抗争说起。
该时期，戏曲、小说、诗歌等文艺形式在中国兴起，文学家们也开始以文学作品展示对抗外来文化影响的意识和对传统文化的重视，如《狂人日记》和《呐喊》等著名作品，这些作品具有强烈的反抗意味，将现实情况直接反映在作品中。
革命文学的萌芽特别强烈地表现在近代小说中。
在这种以讽刺和讽喻为手法的写作中，小说家们集中揭示了中国人民面对社会上种种不公、不义和抗争的无力感。
同时，他们以大量描写人民生活、抗争形式、政治背景和历史进程的方式，曲折地提供了中华民族处境的真实写照，并告诉人们阶级斗争和国家未来的方向。
像郁达夫、鲁迅、李大钊等一批著名的革命文学家，就是在小说创作中提出、发展和宣传现代民主和工人阶级革命思想的先驱。
革命文学的真正崛起，应当与新文化运动相联系。
新文化运动是新时代意识的第一次焕发，是中国近代思想史、文学史、学术史中一次重大的飞跃。
通过新文化运动，革命文学逐渐由隐痛喟然的发泄，向宣传与争取发展。
新文化运动的一个根本特点就是贯彻了现代思想，用科学精神和启示性哲学去剖析中国的现状和发展前景，真正实现了文学艺术的现代化进程。
随着社会中阶级斗争的日益升温，革命文学进入了一个新的高峰期。
英美文学简介
(一）美国文学的历史不长，但发展较快，20世纪以来，在世界上的影响越来越大。
我国早在19世纪70年代就翻译了朗费罗的《人生颂》（A Psalm of Life）.1901年，林抒翻译出版了第一部美国小说--斯托夫人的《黑奴吁天录》（Uncle Tom's Cabin，今译《汤姆叔叔的小屋》），在读者中引起极大的震动，使他们从黑奴身上看到自己亡国灭种的危险。
根据小说改编的话剧对我们的话剧运动的发展起很大的作用。
五四运动前后，惠特曼对郭沫若等诗人、奥尼尔对曹禺、洪深等戏剧家都产生过影响。
马克·吐温、辛克莱、德莱塞等人都曾受到鲁迅等左翼作家的好评。
改革开放以来，美国文学对我国新时期的作家们有着巨大的吸引力。
盛行一时的朦胧诗恐怕就是在美国及西方现代派诗歌的影响下产生的。
海明威、福克纳及塞林格等人几乎成为我们年轻一代作家文学创作的楷模。
至于在世界上，埃德加·爱伦·坡曾被法国象征派诗人称为他们的诗歌之父，福克纳对法国的萨特和加级以及拉丁美洲的加西亚·马尔克斯的影响也是有目共睹的事实。
美国作家喜爱的描写少年初涉人世，寻求生活道路和人生真谛的"成长小说"形式受到加拿大女作家的欣赏，也正在被我国的儿童文学作家所采用。
美国作家的探索、试验、创新的精神也激励着世界各国的作家不断革新，超越前人。
今天，在改革开放的时代，在我们加强跟美国的交往的时候，我们有必要学一点美国文学，了解他们的文化以促进与美国人民的交流、沟通和理解，同时也借以丰富我们的知识，充实我们的文化修养，提高我们的精神素质。
（二）严格地说，美国文学的形成应从美国立国开始。
但实际上，在此以前一二百年的殖民时期的文学虽然并不发达，主要以模仿为主，没有自己鲜明的特色，但那时的政治、经济和社会的发展对美国文学的形成还是有很大的影响。
例如，由于殖民者大量屠杀原来居住在北美大陆的印第安人，使他们的文化和民间口头文学的传统受到致命的摧残，因此美国文学没有英国《贝奥武甫》那样的口头文学遗产。
革命时期的文学创作
革命时期的文学创作革命时期是一个充满激情和变革的时代，而文学作为一种表达思想和情感的艺术形式，在这个时期扮演了重要的角色。
它不仅记录了人们的生活和思想，还激励了人们的斗志和热情。
在本文中，我们将探讨革命时期的文学创作，探索其特点和影响。
一、文学与革命革命时期的文学创作与革命运动密切相关。
它不仅是对现实的反映，也是对未来的展望。
文学作品通过描绘人们的生活和斗争，传达了革命的理念和目标。
例如，在中国的革命时期，许多作家通过小说、诗歌和戏剧等形式，表达了对封建制度的不满和对社会变革的渴望。
二、文学的政治性革命时期的文学创作具有鲜明的政治性。
作家们将自己的文学才华与政治思想相结合，通过文学作品传达他们的政治立场和主张。
这种政治性的文学创作不仅在国内，也在国际上产生了重大影响。
例如，俄国革命时期的文学作品，如陀思妥耶夫斯基的《罪与罚》和列夫·托尔斯泰的《战争与和平》，不仅展现了社会的不公和人民的苦难，也激发了人们的反抗精神。
三、文学的情感表达革命时期的文学作品不仅关注社会和政治问题，也表达了人们的情感和情绪。
作家们通过文学创作，抒发了他们内心的痛苦、希望和渴望。
这些情感表达使文学作品更加真实和感人，并引起了读者的共鸣。
例如，在美国南方的奴隶制度时期，黑人作家通过小说和诗歌，揭示了奴隶的痛苦和渴望自由的追求。
四、文学的启发作用革命时期的文学作品具有启发作用。
它们激发了人们的思考和行动，促使他们为社会的变革做出贡献。
通过文学作品，作家们向读者传达了自己的思想和价值观，鼓励他们积极参与社会运动。
例如，在印度的独立运动中，拉宾德拉纳特·泰戈尔的诗歌和文学作品，激发了人们对民族独立的渴望和斗志。
五、文学的媒介作用革命时期的文学作品成为了传递信息和宣传思想的重要媒介。
通过文学作品，政治领导人和组织可以将他们的政治主张传达给广大群众。
文学作品的艺术性和感染力使其成为一种有效的宣传工具。
例如，在古巴革命时期，埃内斯托·切·格瓦拉的《摩托车日记》通过文学的方式，向世界展示了古巴革命的理念和斗争。
1928到1937年的文学作品特点
1928年至1937年的文学作品特点主要体现在以下几个方面：
1.文学主潮空前政治化：这一时期的文学主潮受到政治因素的强烈影响，文学作
品往往与政治运动、革命斗争紧密相连。
这种政治化的倾向在左翼文学中尤为明显，许多作品直接反映了无产阶级革命斗争和工农群众的生活。
2.马克思主义文艺理论的传播和运用：随着无产阶级革命文学运动的兴起，马克
思主义文艺理论在这一时期得到了广泛的传播和运用。
许多作家开始尝试运用马克思主义的观点和方法来分析社会现实，指导文学创作。
3.文学多元化的趋势：尽管政治因素在文学中占据主导地位，但这一时期的文学
仍然呈现出多元化的趋势。
除了左翼文学外，还有自由主义文学、现代主义文学等多种文学倾向并存，共同丰富了这一时期的文学创作。
4.优秀作家和作品的出现：这一时期涌现出了一批优秀的作家和作品，他们的创
作不仅反映了当时的社会现实和人民的生活，也展现了文学的艺术魅力和审美价值。
这些作家和作品对后世产生了深远的影响。
综上所述，1928年至1937年的文学作品特点主要表现为文学主潮的政治化、马克思主义文艺理论的传播和运用、文学多元化的趋势以及优秀作家和作品的出现。
这些特点共同构成了这一时期文学创作的独特风貌。
革命文学的历史范本
革命文学的历史范本
一、文学内容
革命文学的文学内容，主要是通过文学作品反映社会变革的需求，弘扬革命精神，宣传革命理念。
在内容上，革命文学通常涉及工人运动、农民运动、学生运动等社会现实，反映人民群众的疾苦和抗争，展现他们对革命的追求和向往。
二、时代背景
革命文学兴起于20世纪初，伴随着世界范围内的工人运动、社会主义运动的高涨而产生。
在中国，五四运动后，随着马克思主义在中国的传播，革命文学开始兴起。
这个时期的文学，注重表现时代精神，成为推动社会进步的重要力量。
三、革命理念
革命文学的核心是革命理念。
这种理念主张通过革命手段推翻旧制度，建立新社会。
在文学作品中，这种理念通常表现为对旧社会的批判和对新社会的向往。
革命理念是革命
文学的灵魂，贯穿于文学创作的始终。
四、艺术形式
革命文学的艺术形式多种多样，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。
这些作品在艺术手法上不断创新，追求形式与内容的统一。
革命文学的艺术形式，不仅丰富了文学的表现力，也使文学作品更具有感染力和说服力。
五、社会影响
革命文学的社会影响深远。
它通过文学作品传播革命理念，激发人民群众的革命热情，推动社会变革。
在革命文学的影响下，越来越多的人投身于革命事业，为新中国的建立做出了巨大贡献。
六、思想深度
革命文学的思想深度表现在对革命理念的深入挖掘和对社会现实的深刻洞察。
文学作品通过生动的情节和人物形象，展现出人民群众的苦难和抗争，引导读者思考社会问题，从而提升人们的思辨能力和对革命的认识。
独立革命至南北战争时期的美国文学
美国民族⽂学形成于独⽴⾰命时期。
这场⽃争产⽣⼤量的⾰命诗歌，并且造就了美国头⼀批重要的散⽂家和诗⼈。
政治上的独⽴促进⽂化上的独⽴。
战争结束之后，美国作家的作品陆续增多，逐渐摆脱英国⽂学的垄断局⾯。
年轻的民主共和国使⼈们满怀信⼼，并吸引着旧世界更多的⼈们奔向新的⼤陆。
这样的社会条件促使19世纪上半叶的⽂学创作具有浪漫主义的⾊彩。
作家们吸取欧洲浪漫派⽂学的精神，对美国的历史、传说和现实⽣活进⾏描绘，美利坚民族内容逐渐丰富和充实起来。
从20、30年代到南北战争前⼣，是浪漫主义运动的全盛时期，各种不同风格的作家泉涌⽽出，作品从内容到形式都具有鲜明的民族特⾊。
批评家们称这⼀时期为美国⽂学“第⼀次繁荣”。
到了世纪中叶，浪漫主义⽂学的基调由乐观⾛向疑虑，迫切的社会⽭盾，如蓄奴制，⼜使某些作家采取现实主义的创作⽅法。
民族⽂学的诞⽣独⽴⾰命是美国民族⽂学诞⽣的背景。
早在战争爆发之前，美国殖民地⼈民在欧洲启蒙主义学说影响之下，已经具有民族独⽴的意识。
富兰克林世俗的格⾔⽐爱德华兹清教，主义的教诲更能吸引⼴⼤群众。
富兰克林⽤清晰、幽默的⽂体传播了科学⽂化，激发⾃⼒更⽣的精神，他的爱国热情和关于⾃学、创业的⾔论，对于美国⼈民的⼈⽣观、事业观和道德观产⽣了深远的影响。
独⽴⾰命期间充满反抗与妥协之间的尖锐⽃争，迫使作家们采取政论、演讲、散⽂等简便⽽⼜犀利的形式投⼊战⽃。
发表“不⾃由⽏宁死”这⼀名⾔的演说家舶特⾥克。
亨利，象战⿎那样⿎动战⼠奋勇杀敌的托马斯。
潘恩，⾏⽂朴质⽆华却字字击中要害的托马斯。
杰斐逊，都是⽆畏的战⼠，他们为了战⽃的需要锤炼⾃⼰的语⾔艺术。
那个时期的诗歌也具有强烈的政治性，⼤量的⾰命歌谣出⾃民间。
菲利普。
弗瑞诺是当时的⾰命诗⼈，他的创作开创了美国诗歌的优秀传统。
早期浪漫主义⽂学 19世纪初，⼀些以美国为背景、美国⼈为主⼈公的作品开始出现，初具美利坚民族的特⾊。
欧⽂致⼒发掘北美早期移民的传说故事，他的《见闻札记》开创了美国短篇⼩说的传统。
革命文学作品
革命文学作品
革命文学作品是指在革命时期所产生的文学作品，其主题多为反抗压迫、探索自由、追求正义与平等等革命思想。
在中国，20世纪初至1949年共产党建国前，革命文学作品是由一批积极的文学家所创作的。
这些作家通过诗歌、小说、散文等文学形式，揭示了社会现实中的不公与黑暗，并号召人们积极参与革命运动，追求民族独立和人民解放。
其中，鲁迅的小说《阿Q正传》、《狂人日记》等作品，深刻地反映了当时中国社会的种种弊端，引领了当时的文学潮流。
苏联也有着丰富的革命文学，以马克思主义为指导，创作了大量表现社会主义建设的小说、诗歌、戏剧等作品。
其中，屠格涅夫的小说《群众》、马雅可夫斯基的小说《青年卫士队长》等作品，反映了斗争中的革命精神和道德风貌，成为了革命文学的经典之作。
总的来说，革命文学作品是一种反映社会现实、传递正义与进步思想的文学形式，它既具有艺术特点，又具有时代精神的表现。
- 1 -。
革命文学名词解释
革命文学名词解释革命文学是指在革命时期产生的文学作品，可以反映出一种革命时期特有的风貌和情感，同时也可以引起当时民众的共鸣和认同。
然而，在谈论革命文学时，很容易会遇到一些专业名词，对于读者来说会产生一些困惑。
下面，本文将为您介绍一些常用的革命文学名词解释，以增强您对于革命文学的理解。
1. 革命文学：简单地说，它指的是在革命时期产生的文学作品，既可以是诗歌小说戏剧等各种文学体裁。
在这类文学作品中，往往会通过丰富的描写和艺术表达来展现时代背景和人物形象，同时也能够对当时的社会矛盾和政治变革进行深刻的反思和抨击。
2. 红色文学：红色文学是指反映社会主义革命和社会主义建设的文学作品。
从“红旗”杂志创刊到文艺战线整风运动，再到后来的“五四”新文化运动，不同的阶段都有不同的红色文学流派。
3. 红黑文学：红黑文学指的是反映革命浪漫主义和现实主义的文学作品,其中黑色文学属于现实主义文学，着重描绘丑恶、灰暗和矛盾的现实，而红色文学则是浪漫主义的产物，强调激进革命和英雄主义。
4. 战地文学：战地文学指的是在战争期间，由前线作家所创作的文学作品。
在这些作品中，往往能够展现出战争的残酷和人性的挣扎，同时也有很多革命先驱和英雄的形象以及革命理想的宣传。
5. 抗日战争文学：抗战文学也是中国革命文学的重要组成部分。
在这个时期，众多文学家用笔记录下了那个动荡的时代，片刻不离抗战第一线，倾力呼吁和宣传抗日、救亡的强烈情感和理念。
6. 人民文学：人民文学是在新中国建立后产生的一种文学流派，它强调的是大众文化，更贴近民族语言和文化的实际需求。
其内容涉及到革命、生产、文化、道德、家庭等方面，全面反映了新中国社会的面貌和人民的生活。
7. 工人文学：工人文学是中国革命文学的一个分支，它的内容更多地涉及到工人阶级的生活、工厂生产的工作环境、工人的斗争等，通过对这些方面的深入描写，强调工人阶级的无产阶级斗争特征。
8. 农民文学：农民文学则是针对农民阶层而产生的革命文学流派，其主要特征是反映农村社会的生活风貌、农民斗争的历程和思想变迁等。
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同意上述安排。
教研室主任签章：
2007年3月5日
教学程序
教学的基本内容
时间安排教学方法
Chapter Two Revolutionary Period
General introduction tothe features ofRevolutionary Period.
General introduction to Enlightenment Movement and its writers.
He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher. He founded the Junto club.
He helped found thePennsylvaniaHospital, an academy which led to theUniversityofPennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society.
教学重点
Features of Revolutionary Period
教学难点
Features, skills and significance of Benjamin Franklin’sAutobiographyand Philip Freneau’s “The Wild Honey Suckle” and “The Indian Burying Ground”.
所需课时
4
主要教材或
参考资料
1.Highlights of American Literature
2.常耀信《美国文学简史》
3.李宜燮常耀信《美国文学选读》
教学目标
To introduce the historical background of Revolutionary Period
Ask the students to read and appreciate Benjamin Franklin’sAutobiographyand Philip Freneau’s “The Wild Honey Suckle”.
4.Evaluation on Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography.
5.Major Works of Philip Freneau.
6.Life story of Philip Freneau.
7.Evaluation on Philip Freneau’s “The Wild Honey Suckle” and “The Indian Burying Ground”.
20’
教学程序
教学的基本内容
时间安排教学方法
2.Philip Freneau (1752--1832)
“Poet of the American Revolution”
“Father of American Poetry”
He was the most significant poet of 18thcenturyAmerica.
Through telling a success story of self-reliance, the book celebrates, in fact, the fulfillment of the American dream.
Now a look at the style of The Autobiography will readily reveal that it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision.
Lecture
Class teaching
And appreciation
90’
10’
Teaching questioning and discussion
30’
Teaching
And explaining
30’
explaining the information in the text book.
Some of his themes and images anticipated the works of such 19thcentury American Romantic writers as Cooper, Emerson, Poe and Melville.
是爱默生、坡、朗费罗等人的文学传统的先驱。
After war, he supportedJefferson, and contributed greatly to American government.
But after 50 years old, he lived in poverty. And at last he died in a blizzard.
1.Benjamin Franklin (1706--1790)
1)Works
a)The Autobiography
b)Poor Richard’s Almanac《格言历书》
2)Life
Benjamin Franklin came from a Calvinist background.
He was born into a poor candle maker’s family. He had very little education. He learned in school only for two years, but he was a voracious reader.
2.What is the contribution Benjamin Franklin made for American literature?
3.What is the style of his Autobiography?
4.Analyze the theme of “The Wild Honey Suckle”.
While still an undergraduate, he wrote in collaboration with one of his friends (H.H.Brackenridge) a poem entitled “The Rising Glory of America”.
Later he attended the War of Independence, and he was captured by British army in 1780. After being released, he published “The British Prison Ship” in 1871. In the same year, he published “To the Memory of the Brave Americans”.
1）Works
a)The Rising Glory of America 1772《美洲光辉的兴起》
b)The House of Night 1779, 1786《夜之屋》
c)The British Prison Ship 1781《英国囚船》
d)To the Memory of the Brave Americans 1781《纪念美国勇士》
He was the only American to sign the four documents that created theUnited States: the Declaration of Independence, the treaty of alliance withFrance, the treaty of peace withEngland, and the constitution.
At 12, he was apprenticed to his elder half-brother, a printer.
At 16, he began to publish essays under the pseudonym “Silence Do-good”静行善.
At 17, he ran away toPhiladelphiato make his own fortune.
4) Evaluate his work:The Autobiography(consulting the text book)
Homework: read the two selections ofThe Autobiographyin the text book and answer the questions after them.
哈尔滨师范大学
教案
院系（部）外国语学院英语系
课程名称美国文学
使用教材Highlights of American Literature
主讲教师姜涛程爽陆春香职务职称Biblioteka 授讲师讲师授课对象2003级
学生人数376人
学年学期2006-2007第三学期
总学时数54学时
教案首页
授课内容
The historical background of Revolutionary Period and the two major writers in this period: Benjamin Franklin and Philip Freneau.
3）Assessment
Almost alone of his generation, he managed to peer through the pervasive
atmosphere of imitativeness, to see life around directly, to appreciate the natural scenes on the new continent and the native Indian civilization. Some of his most famous works, with their lyric quality, sensuous images and their fresh perception of nature and “noble savagery” are directly American.