阅读理解之主旨大意

阅读理解之主旨大意型

考查学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题,标题或目的设题。

一、设题方式

1) 主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式：

The main idea of the passage is …

The passage is mainly about …

What is the passage mainly about?

Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?

2) 目的类主旨大意题

The passage is meant to …

The purpose of this article is to …

The author intends to...

3) 标题类主旨大意题

The best title for the passage might be …

The most appropriate title of the passage is________.

二、如何做主旨大意题

1) 主旨大意题属于归纳概括题。如有标题，标题中蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。

2) 找准文章的主题句是关键。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。在答题时，我们可以：

读首句抓大意

读尾句抓大意

读首尾段抓大意

3.) 无明显主题句时高频信息词

任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。

Sample 1

People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.

（1）主题句在段首

一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。

Sample 2

Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. Not a single teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （2）主题句也会出现在段尾。

作者先摆出事实依据，层层推理论证，最后自然得出结论，即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现，它是此段内容的结论。

Sample 3

Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career.” Shu said…...

“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.” Shu said.

（3）首尾呼应

为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见. 通常, 前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味.

Sample 4

Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.

（4）在短文中间

当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.

主题句在短文中间

1)关注一些表征强转折关系的连词

“but, yet, however, in fact, indeed,”等，这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题句。

2) 关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词：

“in brief/short, above/in/after/all in all, conclusion, in a word”等，这些词后面连接的通常也都是一段话的主题句。

3) 如果主题句含有show, indicate和suggest等词，重点看其后的宾语从句。Sample 5

A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system…

As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, … The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction.

In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, … The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining. Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. … along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones.

● Sample 5

(5) 从段落中寻找高频率词

任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词