欧洲文化入门论文范文参考
欧美文学经典论文1200字_欧美文学经典毕业论文范文模板
欧美文学经典论文1200字_欧美文学经典毕业论文范文模板欧美文学经典论文1200字(一)：欧美及亚非经典文学中精神文化浅探论文文学是在语言文字最初的交流和记录功能之上发展、升华出来的思想情感的表达方式，是人们对客观世界的认识和主观感受的外在流露。
由北京大学出版社出版，涂险峰、张箭飞主编的《外国文学》一书，按照文学本身的发展规律，分别以时序和国家地区为标准，遴选了一批在历史上各个时期的各个民族和地区最具代表性的作家和作品，全方位地勾画出一幅世界文学发展地图，并提炼出其中的精华部分呈现给读者。
本书是中国文学工作者和爱好者了解、研究世界其他国家和地区文学、文化的极富价值的图书。
本书中篇幅最长、着墨最多的是欧美部分。
欧洲文学的源头和第一个高峰是古典时期的古希腊和古罗马文学，这一时期的文学作品为整个西方文学的发展奠定了基调。
无论是《荷马史诗》中的英雄主义、悲剧《俄狄浦斯王》里人与命运的抗争，还是伟大的罗马诗人维吉尔作品中对人类情感的真实表现，都是直至现在仍被不断借鉴的主题。
欧洲文学的第二个高峰出现在文艺复兴时期。
标志文艺复兴发端的是意大利诗人但丁的《神曲》，作品所流露出的反对中世纪的蒙昧主义，追求真理的思想，成了文艺复兴的第一声号角，也对欧洲后世的诗歌创作产生了深远的影响。
此后300多年的时间里，欧洲涌现出了一大批伟大的作家和传世的名作。
无论是薄伽丘的《十日谈》、拉伯雷的《巨人传》，还是塞万提斯的《堂吉诃德》，无不体现着人文主义的精神，为欧洲和世界开启了一个文化的新时代。
而这其中的集大成者是莎士比亚，他在文化上的成就和地位至今无人超越。
流传下来的37部戏剧，154首十四行诗，是留给全人类的一笔巨大的文化遗产。
近代以后，歐洲文学在社会进步的推动下不断向前发展，从新古典主义到浪漫主义，再到以反映真实生活为主的现实主义，呈现出一个又一个高峰。
无论是莫里哀的喜剧，还是歌德的诗歌，巴尔扎克和托尔斯泰的小说，都把人类的精神境界推向更加理性和高尚的层次。
欧洲传统文化论文
欧洲传统文化论文欧洲文化是人类社会重要的精神和物质财富 ,其以民主与法制精神 ,科学与理性精神,极大地推动了欧洲现代化的进程。
下文是店铺为大家搜集整理的关于欧洲传统文化论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!欧洲传统文化论文篇1谈欧洲传统艺术教育传统艺术教育始于欧洲，欧洲传统的艺术教育为大学艺术教育的教法理论做出了巨大的贡献，既为职业教学提供了教学理论和方法,又为学生提供了社会训练。
欧洲的艺术与设计教育是从传统艺术教育中延伸出来的，艺术与设计教育在西方开始于视觉艺术，也就是传统的绘画和雕塑。
早期与艺术设计有关的教育，主要是传统工艺品的设计，它在很大程度上是受到了基础的影响。
在西方，如果追根溯源，最早的艺术学校是在公元前400年左右在希腊建立的，在帕拉图的著作中提及到有关画室教授学徒。
欧洲传统的艺术教育中，就是以写实型的绘画训练为基础，我们称之为“学院派”，起因是出自于在17世纪中期就形成了这个教育训练方法的法兰西皇家美术学院。
欧洲传统绘画的特点，就是再现与强调描述。
长期以来画家们都是把如何有效地表现故事场景、描绘具体的情节或表达某种寓意来进行艺术创作的。
早在艺复兴时期，艺术教育在意大利就发展得比较成熟了。
文艺复兴时期的艺术家们，在艺术教育的教学教法领域中提出了许多有价值的想法。
在技法纯熟的艺术大师们不断地创作过程中，获得了独特的艺术教育的理论和方法,这些都是按照被保留下来的古代文明的碎片进行了整理和收集。
艺术家们不仅恢复了博大精深的欧洲传统艺术,也为创造了艺术教育历史上的里程碑,达到了人类不为所知的高度。
在14-15世纪早期，画家乔托等就对大自然的景象进行了十分逼真的描绘，与当时的人文主义思想相结合，虽然有些呆板僵硬的痕迹，却也显示出了与中世纪所不同的现实主义风格。
15世纪末到16世纪中叶，出现了达芬奇、米开朗琪罗、拉菲尔“盛期三杰”。
提香·韦切利奥被誉为西方油画之父，继承和发展了威尼斯派的绘画艺术，提香对于欧洲后来的绘画艺术有着很大的影响。
欧洲文化的论文（3）
欧洲文化的论文（3）关于欧洲文化的论文范文”[7]基督教教义在一定程度上成为了高级文化的载体，它促进了欧洲人的思想开化。
这一过程使得基督教成为欧洲人精神世界的统治者，奠定了其在欧洲人统一意识形态与价值观念中的统治地位。
作为中世纪意识形态的主导，基督教的教条成为了欧洲文化中伦理道德的规范。
基督教在中世纪时期有着其整体化的机构与活动。
其教义的传播者教士是文化的象征，而其物质载体修道院则成为教化民众的场所，是当时社会主要的文化中心。
修道院因其重要的文化地位和影响成为现代大学的前身。
可以说，基督教对欧洲人统一性的精神统治在欧洲认同观念的形成中起到了中流砥柱的作用。
综上所述，欧洲认同观念有着深刻的文化根源。
古希腊罗马文化是欧洲文明的起源，基督教文化是欧洲人共同的精神家园，二者为欧洲认同的形成奠定了坚实的基础。
只有深入探究欧洲认同形成的文化根源才能深刻地认识欧洲及其不断加强的一体化进程。
参考文献：[1] 郑晓云. 文化认同与文化变迁[M]. 北京：中国社会科学出版社，1993.[2] 马克思，恩格斯. 马克思恩格斯选集(第四卷)[M]. 北京：人民出版社， 1972.[3] 伊迪丝·汉密尔顿. 希腊方式—通向西方文明的源泉 [M]. 杭州：浙江人民出版社，1988.[4] W. Fleming. Arts and Ideas [M]. New York， 1968.[5] 陈乐民，周弘. 欧洲文明扩张史[M]. 北京：东方出版中心，1999.[6] Anthony Pagden. The Idea of Europe [M]. Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Cambridge University Press. U.K. 2002.[7] 惠一鸣. 欧洲联盟发展史(上). 北京：中国社会科学出版社，2003年第1版.。
欧洲文化的论文
河北大学工商学院添些学校《xxx》结课论文题目：欧洲文化之哥特式建筑姓名：黄文泽性别：男专业：xxx班级：xxx学号：xxx欧洲文化之哥特式建筑欧洲文化博大精深历史悠久，无论是其人文艺术方面的发展还是其自然科学的严谨都吸引了广大的研究者和历史文化爱好者，经过本学期老师对欧州文化的讲解，我对本来就很感兴趣的欧洲建筑有了更深的了解和认识，下面我从其起源、建筑特点以及对现代建筑的影响简述下我眼中的欧洲建筑的代表——哥特式建筑。
哥特式建筑是中世纪下半叶起源于法国13——15世纪流行于欧洲的一种建筑风格。
主要见于天主教堂也影响到世俗建筑。
哥特式建筑以其超高的技术和艺术成就，在建筑史上占有重要是地位。
其特点主要是尖塔高耸,尖形拱门,大窗户及绘有圣经故事的花窗玻璃.营造出轻盈修长的飞天的感觉.以及新的框架结构以增加支撑顶部的力量.使整个建筑以直线线条,宏伟的外观和教堂内空阔的空间, 再结合镶着彩色玻璃的长窗,使教堂里产生一种浓厚的宗教气氛.教堂的平面仍是基本的拉丁十字型,但是其西端门的两侧增加一对高塔。
哥特式建筑结构也十分多样，主要有尖肋拱顶，飞扶壁，花窗玻璃等，下面就各国建筑代表为例来介绍哥特式结构在建筑上的体现。
意大利的哥特式建筑于十二世纪由国外传入,主要影响于北部地区.意大利没有真正接受哥特式建筑的结构体系和造型原型,只是把它当做是一种装饰风格,所以在意大利很难找到纯粹的哥特式建筑.威尼斯的世俗建筑有很多的杰作,圣马可广场上的总督宫被认为是中世纪的世俗建筑中最美丽的作品之一,成为广场的标志.城市里一般建有许多高塔,总体轮廓线很美.德国最早的哥特式教堂之一的科隆主教堂于1248年兴工,由建造过亚眠主教堂的法国人设计,有法国盛行的哥特式建筑的风格.德国的教堂很早就形成了自己的形制和风格,如德国的马尔堡的圣伊莉莎白教堂的建筑结构体现了德国教堂建筑的最早特点：屋顶平缓，陡坡屋面罩在拱顶上，高度相等的教堂中厅和侧厅，教堂内部采光是依靠端体墙上高窄普通的窗户，全然去除尖顶、高侧窗、飞扶壁等等之类的样式，可谓一大创新。
欧洲文化概况论文 苏格拉底
Socrates's philosophy is an influential part of philosophy, because of his great personality. After he dead, his thoughts has significant impact on successive philosophers, even common people can perceive truth to conduct their life.
Using all his life to show what happiness is, what beauty is, how we can spend our life. We know that Socrates's appearance is as famous as his philosophy, but it is not because he is handsome, conversely, he is ugly. However, he persists into giving speeches on the square. Socrates is intended to tell people that we should experience the reality, and settle present problems. If you are sad because of your appearance, you are really foolish. If you think others pay attention to and laugh at you when you are walking on the street, you are wrong, for they only care themselves. If you are an ugly duckling, the only thing you can do is to believe you are also beautiful, rather than think how to be a white swan. There is no happiness, when there is no reality,
欧洲时尚文化论文
欧洲时尚文化论文随着现代科学技术，尤其是信息通信技术的迅猛发展，时尚文化渗透到人们的日常生活中，影响着人们的思想及行为。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲时尚文化论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!欧洲时尚文化论文篇1浅析欧洲的古老与时尚虽然时尚在中国已经被广泛认可、接受，但作为―个产业还远远不够成熟。
如果不说产业的话，当我们努力发展自己的时尚品牌的时候，都会不自觉地把自己和欧洲相比。
就像高科技喜欢与美国相比，要建设中国的硅谷一样，我们总喜欢说要做中国的阿玛尼、中国的路易・威登、中国的香奈儿……而这些如雷贯耳的品牌无一不是出自欧洲。
欧洲作为时尚的策源地和集大成者，一直是全球时尚的中心。
无论是法国、意大利还是英国，这些欧洲老牌国家都有自己的著名时尚品牌，更有属于自己的时尚特色，比如法国的浪漫奢华、意大利的精工细作、英国古典和前卫的碰撞。
无论是什么风格，欧洲的时尚从来就不是孤芳自赏的小众玩意，而是一个庞大的产业。
在欧洲一些国家，时尚的链条覆盖了非常大的产业，包括时装、钟表、家具、珠宝甚至汽车等，时尚更成为欧洲人生活中不可或缺的必要组成部分。
在英国感受古典与前卫的碰撞了解世界创意产业的人当然不会不知道英国。
就是这个一直以来以保守形象出现在世人面前的国家，第一次提出了创意产业的概念，并且创意产业已经成为英国的支柱性产业。
现在，英国的创意产业理念已经成为全球各国经济发展和转型的重要思想。
事实上，英国并不是我们印象中那样保守的国家，这一点通过英国的创意产业已经可以看出了。
而时尚产业作为创意产业的一部分，在英国的发展更加发达，甚至提到时尚产业已经绝对无法绕过英国。
而且，由于英国发达创意产业的影响，英国的时尚产业也充满了浓重的创意气息，先锋和前卫已经成为其明显标志。
伦敦看上去似乎是一个低调的城市，然而每年时装周他表现出来的让人惊叹的创意姿态却让巴黎与米兰都无法企及。
1994年的伦敦时装周只有15场秀，2002年增长到将近60场秀。
欧洲文化概况论文参考范文
欧洲文化概况论文参考范文在经济全球化的今天，来自各种文化的人群在各个领域的接触日益频繁，欧洲的一些国家也都在纷纷重视文化的作用。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化概况论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!欧洲文化概况论文篇1试谈欧洲文化线路发展概述摘要：“欧洲文化线路”由欧洲委员会于1984年提出并于1987年正式施行，其目标为“以文化合作的形式提升对欧洲一体化和文化多元化的认同，保护欧洲文化的多样性，鼓励文化间的交流，协助调解地区矛盾”。
经过四十余年理论研究与实践，“欧洲文化线路”计划在文化线路的管理体系、标准设立、资金筹措以及与其他国际组织相关项目合作等方面形成了一套完整成熟的体系。
体系、主题、形式的多元化构成了欧洲文化线路最大特点。
“欧洲文化线路”以推动新兴旅游业(如文化游、体验游等)促进当地发展，对欧洲地区的遗产保护和地区发展具有深远意义。
关键词：文化线路;欧洲委员会;多元化欧洲，作为文化线路概念的发源地，在欧洲委员会的指导下历经三十年的磨合形成了一个顺应时代背景、凝聚欧洲认同感、推动区域经济可持续发展的文化线路体系，成为提升欧洲遗产共享意识、维系民众关系、促进社会、经济、文化发展必不可少的工具。
该体系为其他国家和国际组织文化线路体系的发展奠定了理论和实践基础，对我国正在进行的文化线路和相关线性文化遗产的研究和实践工作具有参考价值。
一、概况(一)发展背景欧洲的“文化线路”(Cultural Routes)起源于欧洲委员会的“欧洲委员会文化线路”(Cultural Routesof the Council of Eur ope，以下简称“欧洲文化线路”)计划。
欧洲委员会是欧洲历史最悠久成员国最多的国际组织，其宗旨是“通过实现成员间相互团结，以维护其被视为共同遗产与促进经济和社会进步的理想和准则”。
多年来，欧洲委员会同欧盟不断致力于开展区域间文化遗产的修复与保护，并通过能力建设、文化交流等方式维护区域稳定，如保护战后科索沃地区文化多样性、格鲁吉亚战后恢复、基辅区域保护计划等。
欧洲文化入门论文
欧洲文化入门论文人是文化的存在物，文化是人的存在样式，一部人类历史就是各种文化相互渗透、不断发展创新的历史。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化入门论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!欧洲文化入门论文篇1浅析欧洲认同的文化根源摘要：欧洲认同价值观的形成在很大程度上是欧洲人对其同源文化的延伸。
作为欧洲文明的渊源，古希腊罗马文化奠定了欧洲的文化传统。
在中世纪__大一统的文化氛围中，基督__成为欧洲人长期共同秉承的精神家园。
古希腊罗马文化和基督__响早已深入到了欧洲人的血液中，成为欧洲认同的重要文化根源。
关键词：欧洲认同;文化根源;古希腊罗马文化;__欧洲，不仅是一个地理概念，更是一种文化凝聚的象征，在此基础上形成的欧洲认同是欧洲人对自身特性的定位，更是对欧洲超越经济范畴的强大文化凝聚力的肯定。
“欧洲在伦理领域存在着某种文化的共同性。
”[1] (P251) 要正确认识欧洲认同的深刻内涵就必须探究其历史发展中的文化共同性。
从整个欧洲的历史演变及其文化传统来看，欧洲认同的实质即是对希腊罗马文化和__文化的认同。
一、欧洲文明的起源—古希腊罗马文化在古希腊时代，现在“欧洲”所指的这片土地被称作“欧罗巴”，来源于希腊神话。
随着地中海地区以及现在的中欧、西欧广大地区被罗马帝国所征服，希腊罗马文明也随之而来。
人类文明的中心开始由地中海区域向西转移，希腊的文化成就和罗马的帝国统治长远而深入地影响着“欧罗巴”地区，为其同源性文化与社会意识的形成奠定了坚实的基础。
诚然，对古希腊罗马文明的高度认同成为了欧洲认同形成的根本因素。
恩格斯曾指出：“没有希腊文化和罗马帝国所奠定的基础，就没有现代的欧洲。
”[2] (P506)古希腊文化是欧洲文明之源，它在诸多领域如哲学，艺术，自然科学等领域的研究成就以及其繁荣发达的城邦政治文化为欧洲创立了规范。
对真理的不懈追求和理性精神是古希腊文化的核心，也构成了欧洲文化的精神主线。
古希腊重视对各种知识进行分类研究，将哲学独立为一门科学。
关于欧洲文化论文
关于欧洲文化论文推荐文章关于欧洲文化的论文热度：医院试用期工作总结以及计划热度：社团文化节领导讲话稿范文热度：2017年校园文化建设工作计划范文热度：欧洲歌唱大赛2017歌单热度：文化存在着多层次性，有全人类的文化，也有各个民族的文化、各个社会的文化，在同一个民族、同一个社会中也会因为地域的不同、信仰的不同，产生出天线不同民族、不同社会、不同地域的文化。
那么关于欧洲的文化是怎么样的呢?下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!关于欧洲文化论文篇1古希腊神话——欧洲文化的摇篮古希腊神话大约诞生于公元前8世纪，传承至今，在历史的长河中魅力无穷。
古希腊神话详细描绘了希腊人民自古心中的诸神、自然和宇宙的神话。
它的流传主要是靠古希腊人民长期口头相传下来的。
后来主要通过Homa's epic《荷马史诗》及古希腊的诗集、戏剧、哲学著作记载，传承下来。
古希腊神话包括了希腊神话中最重要的诸神开天辟地、神普关系等方面的故事，是有关希腊神话的早期资料。
古希腊神话不仅滋养了希腊本国的文化发展，而且在后世给予西方文化发展以不可磨灭的推动作用和奠基作用。
一、古代欧洲文艺发展的源泉古希腊神话是古代欧洲文学艺术兴起的源泉和土壤。
世界著名的古希腊三大悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯、索福克里斯和欧利皮德思流传下来的三十四部悲剧中有三十三部是以神话为题材的。
现在人们可以在古希腊历史学家希罗多德的著作《历史》中收索到大量的原始的古希腊神话。
同时，古希腊神话为后期的罗马文学带来了无穷的素材资源和创作想象力。
比如说，在古罗马神话中，诸神的形象与古希腊神话相同，取名不同。
如爱神的希腊名字是Venus，罗马名字是Aphrodite;希腊神话中战神叫Ares，罗马名字则是Mars。
在古希腊奴隶制社会时期，古代欧洲的戏剧和文艺理论各方面都取得了巨大的成就。
其中最具代表性的是著名的古希腊文学家、哲学家柏拉图(Plato)和亚里士多德(Aristotle)。
《欧美文化与风情》论文（精选五篇）
《欧美文化与风情》论文（精选五篇）第一篇：《欧美文化与风情》论文本课程考查方式要求：同学们在老师所列题目中任选一题写作学科论文，（题目也可以自拟）字数要达到3000字以上，以此作为课程考察成绩。
注意事项：（1）统一使用学校的作业纸。
（2）最后一次上课时上交论文，过期不再收取作业。
1.英国的社会发展2.英国的文化与生活3.英国的礼仪习俗4.英国观光与旅游5.法国的服饰6.法国的社会发展7.法国的文化与生活8.食在法国9.法国人的生活习俗10.浪漫情怀看法国15.美国政府16.美国的“驴象之争”17.美国的礼貌习俗18.美国的高等教育19.美国大学生的生活20.美国法治一瞥21.美国社会掠影22.加拿大的文化教育22.加拿大的衣食住行23.加拿大的社会福利制度24.走遍加拿大作业题目第二篇：欧美婚礼文化论文11级人力一班魏本栋欧美婚礼文化论文婚礼，一个浪漫而温馨的名词，它是情侣步入婚姻的大门，也是夫妻关系确立的标志，婚礼是一个开始，从此夫妻之间要相互鼓励、相互搀扶，相守一生，因而，各种美好的祝愿也都在这样一个与众不同的日子变得更加有意义、更加的珍贵。
当然，随着祝福而来的就是各种各样的婚俗，人们愿意将每一种仪式都赋予它特殊的意义，充满了浪漫和美好的气息，由于中西方文化的不同，这些婚礼中的仪式和习俗在时间的累积中也渐渐有了差异，虽然随着经济和交流的全球化，许多的中西方的婚俗进行了混合，但是中西方的婚俗始终有不可替代的差异。
对于我们中国人来说，结婚是一件大喜事，既是喜事当然要办的热热闹闹、喜气洋洋，这也是我们自古以来的传统。
中国人喜欢热闹的气氛，因而婚礼的地点当然也要是能闹起来的地方。
在古代，人们会选在开阔的场院里，大家围坐桌前，爽朗的笑声，锣鼓喧天，鞭炮齐鸣，一派祥和与红火。
在当代难以寻得过去的场院，交通方便的大型酒店自然成了首选，与以往一样，从招待到入席，所有的人，无论是主人还是客人，脸上都洋溢着幸福的微笑，席间的欢歌笑语都体现了热闹这一传统。
欧洲文化入门小论文
欧洲文化入门小论文第一篇：欧洲文化入门小论文Renaissance’s influence on Europe IntroductionThe word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”.It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism.Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation.In my paper, I do like to talk about the influence on the Europe which brought by Renaissance, it will be elaborated in aspects of art, economy, politic and humanism.Basic origin of Renaissance On 14th century, with the development of factory manufacturing and commodity economy，capitalist economic relations had gradually formed inside the European feudal system.In the aspect of politics，feudal separationist rules had caused epidemic discontent, and people began to have national consciousness.The public in Europe expressed their strong desires about unity of nation.Thereby, culture and arts areas also showed the interests and requirements about the emerging capitalism in this new period.Thus here came the Renaissance.Renaissance refers to a ideological and cultural movement which started in cities among Italy from 13th century，then extended to western European countries and finally prevailed in the whole Europe.It brought a revolution period of science and arts.Besides, it lifted the curtain on the history of Europe.Renaissance is recognized as the dividing line between the middle ages and modern times.InfluenceRenaissance has an important impact on art, economy,political and humanism of Europe.It is the New Culture Movement and Cultural Revolution of the bourgeoisie.Art In art, the most prosperous period of Italian Renaissance was the 16th century.It’s representative artist are Da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.Renaissance brought about sense of change in all aspects of life and a favorable atmosphere for artistic innovation and experimentation.Colours of arts are very varied and graceful and artist used bright colours bravely to show that people had entered a new period of golden age.Talented artist used their opus to reflect the transition of the thought in the society.For example, Mona Lisa Smile, magnum opus from Da Vinci, it described a wife of merchant instead of noblewoman.This painting told people life can be happy even in such a dark society like that time and it also hinted the change of women’s society statuses.This portraiture was recognized as the laurel of world arts masterpiece.It conveys appreciation to beauty of women and the abundant spirit life of people.What’s more, wealth gathered in towns created demand for refinement in arts and variety in form and content.Renaissance replaced the medieval notions of painting and sculpture as crafts only to decorate churches by that of highly intellectual artistic accomplishments, with merge of art and science.For example, Villa Rotonda , Notre Dame de Paris, St Peter's and so on.Its also prevent free literary creation, but its restless curiosity, its interest in the world and its urban influences created a demand for a native literature that expressed the new life then;and its individuality with a concern for fame drove writers to do experiments to win praise from critics and support from patrons.For example, Dante’s The Divine Melody and Petrarch’s Love sonnets.The arts in Renaissance not only establish the foundation of European realism arts, but also impelpeople to pursuit better society lives with its profound spiritual connotation and exquisite artistry.The masterpieces which created in Renaissance are captivating and master-designed.They become the priceless treasures in treasure house of human.Renaissance had a great influence on development of the world’s art, it can encourage people to lead a positive life and it proposed the explore spirit.It played a essential role in the development of human beings.Economy In financial terms, Renaissance, as a mind emancipation movement to develop and expand cultural of the emerging bourgeoisie, laid an important foundation of the sprout of the early capitalism in it’s transmit.In the meantime, Renaissance accumulated original wealth for the early capitalism.Renaissance first started from Italy, and then transferred to Atlantic coast from the Mediterranean Coast by transmission.Many famous boom city like Roman, Florence, Venice and other cities appeared.Capitalist industry and commerce began to develop prosperously.What’s more, capital started to swarm into the pockets of capitalism.Renaissance provided requirements to exploitation of the new route, reformation of religious reform and the later the revolution of bourgeoisie.Political The occurrence of every important activity will affect the art aspect, the financial term, also the politic.On 14th century, Europe began to enter the modern civilization period.Industry and commerce developed prosperously and capitalism appeared in many cities.Emerging bourgeoisie began to enter the political stage.The needed new ideologies to speak in defense of interests of politic and economy which they pursuit.The needed new academics and culture to support what they want to do.Thus, a totally new Modern spirit came into being.Renaissance was the new culture movement whichobjected to religious authority and feudalism.Then, how did the Renaissance affect the political system in Europe? First, commerce replaced the Catholic as the unifying force in Europe.Second, because of the bourgeoisie’s struggle for political control, the Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Catholic Church declined.Third, rulers of the Italian city-states thus empowered for expansion abroad.Fourth, on account of their wish for peace and order after civil wars, Monarchies was consolidated in France, England and Spain.Humanism The last part I want to talk is the humanism effects brought to Europe by Renaissance.As an individual, one should get important social position by his ability to gain knowledge.With this view, architects begin to design as people-based, painters and sculptors paid much attention to individuals.People tried to comprehend physiology and psychology structure of human beings and thinking process.Renaissance and its accompanying humanist philosophy were the most important reform in the history of human beings.The centre of this power was a knowledge group which named humanist.They pursuit the concept of humanism and their basic theory was realism.Their purposes were reclaiming peaceful and happy lives for people.Humanism studied the value of people, the spirit of people, the life of people and the felicity of people.Then, how did the Renaissance affect the development of humanism? Renaissance made philosophy emphasized the dignity and worth of the individual, it was the originated in the study of classical culture.By the study of grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and ethics of humanities, people developed hisphysically, morally and intellectually.Humanism brought a new art form by its totally new understanding about thecivilization and the world.It connects people and space.ConclusionRenaissance was the shed between middle ages and modern times.It was the consensus premise for bourgeois revolution.It assisted Europe getting rid of the constraints from feudal religious and it was the prelude for Europe to expand to the world.Reference 徐新编著《西方文化史》北京大学出版社叶胜年著《西方文化史鉴》上海外国语教育学院第二篇：欧洲文化入门《巴黎圣母院》读后感读完了《巴黎圣母院》，文中的丑与美，善与恶，在我的脑海里留下了挥之不去的印象。
欧洲文化论文(中西文化对比)
Eastern and western cultureAbstract：Culture is a term that has various meanings. In general terms, culture is a kind of social phenomenon; it is the product of a long-term creation. And at the same time, it is a historical phenomenon as well as the social and historical sediment. To be precise, culture refers to the history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, way of life, literature and art, behavior standards, the mode of thinking, the value of a state or nation.key words：Western culture/eastern culture/difference and similarity/attitude1．western culture1.1.What is western culture?European culture is made up of many elements, which have gone through changes over the centuries. Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are: the Greco-Roman element, and the Judeo-Christian element, and there has been a complex interplay between the two, which adds to the richness of the culture.Then what is western culture?Western culture refers to cultures of European origin. Roots of the Western civilization may be traced back to 9000 BC, when the firstgreat cultures grew out of agricultural cores in South-West Asia, China, Pakistan, Mexico, and Peru. The Westernmost of this Old World's agricultural cores, the area around the headwaters of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Jordan Rivers in South-West Asia, spread outwards across Europe. Western culture in its strictly European geographical range began with the Greeks, was enlarged and strengthened by the Romans, reformed and modernized by the fifteenth-century Renaissance and Reformation, and globalize by successive European empires that spread the European ways of life and education between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. European Culture developed with a complex range of philosophy, medieval scholasticism and mysticism, Christian and secular humanism. Rational thinking developed through a long age of change and formation with the experiments of enlightenment, naturalism, romanticism, science, democracy, and socialism. With its global connection, European culture grew with an all-inclusive urge to adopt, adapt, and ultimately influence other trends of culture.2. Eastern cultureWhen it comes to Chinese culture, we will first thinkabout Confucianism. And we will call Confucius to our mind. Now, let me give you some other examples that related to Chinese culture.2.1. Study of Chinese Folklore in ChinaThe Book of Songs, the earliest known Chinese collection of poetry, contains 160 folk songs in addition to courtly songs and hymns. It is believed that Confucius did encourage his followers to study the songs contained in the Shi Jing, helping to secure the Shi Jing’s place among the Five Classics. After Confucian ideas became further entrenched in Chinese culture, Confucius’ end orsement led many scholars to study the lyrics of the Shi Jing and interpret them as political allegories and commentaries.2.2. Numbers in Chinese cultureIn Chinese culture, certain numbers are believed by some to be auspicious (吉利) or inauspicious (不利) based on the Chinese word that the number name sounds similar to. However some Chinese people regard these beliefs to be superstitions. Since the pronunciation and the vocabulary may be different in different Chinese dialects, the rules are generally not applicable for all cases. Because of the supposed auspiciousness of certain numbers, some peoplewill often choose, attempt to obtain, or pay large sums for numbers that are considered to be lucky for their phone numbers, street addresses, residence floor, driver's license number, vehicle license plate number, bank account number, etc.Lucky numbers are based on Chinese words that sound similar to other Chinese words. The numbers 6, 8, and 9are believed to have auspicious meanings because their names sound similar to words that have positive meanings.2.3. Table mannersChinese table manners are the traditional styles that are used for eating in the region of China. In most dishes in Chinese cuisine(烹饪), food is cooked in bite-sized pieces and easy to grab and eat. Therefore, chopsticks are used at the table instead of forks and knives. Eating is a dominant aspect of the Chinese culture. In China, eating out is one of the most accepted ways to treat guests. Similar to Westerners drinking in a bar with friends, eating together in China is a way to socialize and deepen friendship.There are many traditions that govern table manners in China such as the correct treatment of guests and how touse chopsticks correctly. Although each Chinese household has its own set of table manners and rules, the foundational traditions used to welcome guests are the same.3. The difference between western culture and eastern culture.As we know, there are so many differences between east and west culture. And I can not list all of their different aspects. For your better understanding, I will focus on the differences of some common customs of China and America.3.1.It is no doubt that using chopstick is a traditional custom for Chinese people. But people in America prefer to forks and knives. This difference is based on different food they like .Americans choose to eat beefsteak, bread, and salad, while Chinese people choose noodles, pancakes and rice. What’s more, the custom of drinking tea in China and drinking coffee in America are standing out particularly.3.2.Greeting and PartingIn China, when people meet acquaintances or friends, we always say, “Have you eaten yet?” What are you going to do?” but In English, people often employ the following expressions to greet each other “Goodmorning/evening/afternoon. “Fine day, isn’t it? ” “How is everything going?” etc3.3. Compliments and ResponseFor example, if a hostess is complimented for her cooking skill, how she will response in west and china?A Chinese hostess will apologize for giving you “Nothing”. She will say“I just made some dishes casually and they are not very tasty.”But an western hostess is likely to say, “Oh, I am so glad that you liked it. I cook it especially for you.”3.4. Thanks and ResponsesIn China,“Thank you” is not frequently used between intimate friends and family members because it may imply a certain distance between the addresser and the addressee. But “Thank you” is widely used in English to show gratitude in such cases as being invited, helped, given a gift, etc. So much examples, I hope you could have a better understanding of Chinese and European culture.4. The attitude we should take toward different culture. There are so many difference between two culture background. For our Chinese, there is no denying that the European culture is worthy to be learned by us. But during thisprocess, how will we treat this civilization and use it? It’s really necessary for us to think over.Someone says that the western culture is superior. It is one of the reasons they learn about it. But on the contrary, many people strongly disagree with this, they believe our own culture is the best, and we should keep it without any change. In my opinion, in order to develop our culture, we should do like the following.4.1. remove the dross while keeping the essence.First, the advantage such as education system, we should learn from other country. But the disadvantage like our own festival, we should keep it going from generation to generation. Only by doing this can our culture developed in the right way.4.2 Borrow the foreign cultures while using our brains.In the second place, we should borrow the foreign cultures while using our brains. Have you realized that you are the sacrificial lamb instead of flaunting the individuality when you are going for the western-cultured skirt and the junk food? Today, our traditional culture which should be carried forward is destroyed seriously by the culture abroad. If one day Confucius possibly revives,don’t you feel that it is so dismal to point at the classical roofs of the skyscrapers beside the Chang’an Street and tell him, “This is our Chinese civilization”? Looking at our Chinese architecture, except the so-called classical architecture “culture heritage” es tablished by the culture protection association, most of the architectures are of “modern style”. Maybe the reason is that they are the product of imitating the style of western architecture. They have no origins as well as belongings. So we can just cal t hem “modern”. Can we say that we learn from the west well? Many parents bring their children to the KFC without minding waiting for a long time because there are so many people queuing up and waiting for there turn. This kind of improper education, which fawning on the foreign things, leads to the distruction of our cultural root which is actually insecure before. We does not imitate well, while gradually lost our tradition. The most fundamental or important things are often been ignored. We have our Confucius(the founder of our dominant culture), Zhuangzi(the most intelligent philosopher), Qin Shi Huang(the most influential statesman), Xuanzang(the most serious adoptionist and scholar)… There is no lack ofsages while people in this generation are lacking mind or ideas.Someone says that pro-human life culture is Western culture. And the extent to which a nation embraces Western culture is the extent to which it is free, prosperous, modern and peaceful. That is supportive of human life. One need only look at life expectancies around the world to see that whether this is true.The civilization of our own was delivered from generation to generation for thousands of years. But today, we can see obviously that citizens of our nation are becoming more and more fa wning on foreign things. It’s so easy to find a shirt with English words. It’s so prevailing to wear jeans. We like going into the European-styled restaurant to enjoy the western food. We say “Bye-bye” instead of “zaijian”. What’s more, our traditional festivals like the Spring Festival are desolated. We celebrate the Valentine’s Day every February instead of the Chinese Valentine’s Day according to the lunar calendar every June.参考文献：。
欧洲文化导论论文
欧洲文化导论论文第一篇：欧洲文化导论论文欧洲文化导论论文：文艺复兴摘要：文艺复兴的兴起既是中世纪黑暗之后的必然后果，也有其复杂的历史背景。
作为一次著名的思想解放运动，它对欧洲甚至全世界都产生了巨大的影响。
一.文艺复兴背景：1.宗教因素：中世纪的文明是基督教的文明，一教统治的文明，它对异教的文明是消极的，甚至是敌视的。
在思维上是超理性的,它的道德规范是安分守己、容忍谦恭和卑视财富。
这些教谕是符合农业社会的自给自足的经济的。
而这些教谕完全禁锢了人们的思想，但同时新兴的资产阶级又急于冲破其思想束缚。
2.阶级因素：资本主义是文艺复兴的前提和基础。
资本主义为文艺复兴奠定了深厚的物质基础。
文艺复兴是一个长达三百年的历史时期,在这个时期内不仅有光辉的艺术,宏伟的建筑,人民的起义,还有连绵的战争,肆虐的黑孔病。
如果当时的意大利城市共和国还建筑在中世纪手工业的经济基础上,很难设想意大利在文艺复兴时期能取得辉煌的成就。
资本主义改变了人民的生活方式,从而使人们的价值观念也发生了变化。
人文主义者对财富、对自由和民主的歌颂,反映了新生资产阶级的要求和世界观。
可以说，正是资本主义引导着文艺复兴发展的方向。
3经济因素：经济方面的因素包括贸易和商业的迅速发展和城市的快速崛起。
由于新的商人阶层的形成，这使商人能够获得较高的社会地位，促进了商业的发展。
商业促进了经济的快速发展和社会的繁荣。
商业和贸易依靠的是市场，而市场恰恰是城市经济的中心。
因而我们可以看到城市的复兴步伐加快，加之市民阶层的兴起以及西欧从古典时代继承下来的民主制度，城市自治运动在这时期兴起并得以发展。
二.文艺复兴成就：1.文学三杰：①但丁（1265—1321年），是新旧交替时代承上启下的一位作家，马克思、恩格斯称他为“中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人。
”其代表作《神曲》主要描写作者在梦中由罗马诗人维吉尔和他的恋人碧雅特丽丝引导他遍游地狱、炼狱、天堂三界的故事。
欧洲文化入门论文
2016-2017-1欧洲文化入门期末考试学号：**********姓名：冯**班级：14软件工程从欧洲最早的两大文明:米诺斯文明及迈锡尼文明算起，欧洲的文明史已经超过四千年了，欧洲文明的发源地是在爱琴海及古希腊地区，这里气候宜人，交通方便，为文明的产生提供了先决条件。
欧洲有着悠久的文明发展史。
公元前4000～前2500年在南欧和西欧曾广泛分布有巨石文化，随后位于欧洲东南部的爱琴海地区勃兴为世界古文明的发祥地之一，称爱琴文明，给人类留下了丰富的文化遗产。
公元前6世纪，古罗马国家兴起，逐渐发展成一个囊括半个欧洲(大不列颠群岛至多瑙河口一线以南)及北非、西亚在内的庞大帝国，而意大利所在的意大利半岛一直是其政治和经济的核心区域。
纪元初年，欧洲人口约3200万，其中半数以上分布于南欧，而东欧、北欧及不列颠群岛合计尚不足1/10。
公元3世纪后，罗马帝国渐趋衰弱，原先居住在北欧的日耳曼人及居住在东欧的斯拉夫人相继大量入侵，这一历史进程所伴随的人口大迁移和经济、文化上的广泛交流，大大促进了欧洲的全面开发，14世纪中叶全洲人口达到8100万，南欧的比重降至1/3，其他地区尤其是东欧均明显上升。
15～16世纪，在南欧和西欧的一些国家中，资本主义开始萌芽，通过地理大发现和对海外殖民地的掠夺，西班牙、葡萄牙、荷兰、法国和英国相继发展成为具有世界影响的强国，在随后的资产阶级革命和产业革命中，西欧进一步确立了在欧洲经济、文化中的领先地位。
19世纪中叶，北欧、中欧和东欧诸国也走上了资本主义发展道路，南欧国家发展则相对缓慢。
1900年欧洲人口为4.15亿，南欧的比重已不足1/4。
由于资本主义的迅速发展，19世纪欧洲的经济、文化水平在世界上已遥遥领先，几个欧洲列强的殖民地遍布各大洲，几千万欧洲人移居海外，对世界人文地理和经济地理产生了极大的影响。
20世纪的前半期，欧洲先后成为两次世界大战的主要策源地。
由于战争的破坏，以及资本主义政治、经济发展不平衡规律的作用，欧洲在世界上的地位相对下降，其人口占世界的比重由1900年的25%下降到1950年的20%，工业生产所占比重亦由65%降至45%。
欧洲文化入门期末论文
欧洲文化入门期末论文Renaissance in ItalyThe word Renaissance is a French word meaning new birth, a name given to the movement in Europe that inspired men to abandon the restraints of the Middle Ages and to develop modern interests, enthusiasm and ideals. Its most noted feature was the Revival of Learning, an awakening of mind and a thirst after the new knowledge.Key words: Italian Renaissance background humanism New Literature Renaissance Art1.BackgroundIn the 12th century, a rediscovery of Greek and Roman literature occurred across Europe that eventually led to the development of the humanist movement in the 14th century. In addition to emphasizing Greek and Latin scholarship, humanists believed that each individual had significance within society. The growth of an interest in humanism led to the changes in the arts and sciences that form common conceptions of the Renaissance.The 14th century through the 16th century was a period of economic flux in Europe, the most extensive changes took place in Italy. After the death of Frederick II in 1250, emperors lost power in Italy and throughout Europe, none of Frederick's successors equaled him. Power fell instead into the hands of various popes; after the Great Schism (1378–1415; see Schism, Great), when three popes held power simultaneously, control returned to secular rulers.During the Renaissance small Italian republics developed into despotisms as the centers of power moved from the landed estates to the cities. Europe itself slowly developed into groupsof self-sufficient compartments. At the height of the Renaissance there were five major city-states in Italy: the combined state of Naples and Sicily, the Papal State, Florence, Milan, and Venice. Italy's economic growth is best exemplified in the development of strong banks, most notably the Medici bank of Florence. England, France, and Spain also began to develop economically based class systems.2.HumanismHumanism is the keynote of Renaissance.Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged by scholars, writers, and civic leaders who are today known as Renaissance humanists. It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of medieval scholastic education, emphasizing practical, pre-professional and pre-scientific studies. The main centers of humanism were Florence and Naples.2.1 The main content of humanism2.1.1Man is the measure of all things, man-centered culture .It emphasize the power, value and dignity of the human beings andholding that human beings are glorious creatures. And the lines of Shakespeare’s Hamlet is the best summary of the core of Renaissance thought---the greatness of man.2,1,2Emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.It emphasize secular happiness and individualism against the medieval ideas of asceticism, shifting man’s interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philosophy, from beauty and greatness of God to the beauty of human body in allits joys and pains.2.1.3Believe human beings were glorious creatures and man has the right to pursue personal happiness, knowledge and wealth.It applies Aristotle’s theory that humanist literature mainly use realistic style and take literature as the mirror or miniature of the society. Therefore these Italians, and many others, helped to make Italy the center of the Renaissance movement in Europe. The movement changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one．3.New literature3.1Three outstanding heroes of Florence literature3.1.1Giovanni BoccaccioFrench-born Italian poet and writer whose classic work, the Decameron (1351-1353), is a collection of 100 tales told by seven young ladies and three younger gentlemen. In 1348, a terrible plague attacked Florence. Every day, even every hour, large numbers of human remains were carried to the outskirts of the town . From March to July, the death toll amounted to more than 100000, Florence City, became a cemetery ,which is full of wild land, bones. no one could bear to look at it . In order to record human disaster, Boccaccio took this plague as a background, wrote one of the Italy's most famous short story collection" Decameron ". At that time," Decameron " was referred to as the" music", which is known as a companion with Dante’s " Divine Comedy”.3.1.2Francesco PetrarchItalian poet, scholar, and humanist who is famous for Canzoniers, a collection of love lyrics songs written in his Italian dialect. It expresses the author’s true love to his girl friend Lauraand the view of love and happiness. He praised the beauty of the girl in the reality and considered young men and women have the right to enjoy the love. He lapsed into extremely sad when Laura died of illness .A painful emotion can easily seen in his poem. Such feelings have got rid of the abstract and symbolic significance of medieval literature .We look upon him as the father of modern poetry because in his sonnets for Laura he showed himself to be a great humanist writer keenlyaware of mortal and earthly values and he ignored medieval courtly conventions and defined true emotions.3.1.3Dante AlighieriHe was commonly known as Dante, a major Italian poet of the Middle Age, the founder of Modern Italian---one of the pioneering figures in The European Renaissance. His Divine Comedy, originally called Comedy and later called Divine by Boccaccio, is considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature. It is a narrative poem in terza rima containing 14 233 lines organized into 100 cantos approximately 142 lines each and can be calleda spiritual travel book.4.Renaissance art4.1The two peaks of Renaissance artOne is the radical break with medieval methods of representing the visible world occurred in Italy during the 2nd half of the 13th century the other is the decided break with the medieval pictorial tradition until the 2nd decade of the 15th century.4.2Distinct features of Renaissance artThe first is the breakaway from the domination of the church.The second is the changed themes of painting from purely celestial realm to an appreciation of all aspects of nature and man.The third is the studies of the ruins of Roman and Greek temples andthe revival of the principles of ancient civilization into their works.The fourth is the introduction of scientific theories of anatomy and perspective in artistic works.4.3Early Renaissance Artists4.3.1GiottoHe was the forerunner of the Renaissance who was said to have determined the course of painting in Europe. He led the way of restoring dignity to human figures. He also worked towards a more realistic depiction of space.His famous work Flight into Egypt is a painting based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on a donkey that is ready to face the hardship ahead. She looked firm and resolute while her husband Joseph looked hesitant and sorrowful. His another painting, Betrayal of Judas is also very famous.4.3.2Filippo BrunelleschiFlorentine architect, one of the initiators of the Italian Renaissance. His revival of classical forms and his championing of an architecture based on mathematics, proportion, and perspective make him a key artistic figure in the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era. In his designing of the churches he showed a systematic use of perspective. He also introduced motif that was widely imitated during the Renaissance.In 1420 he began to build the dome for the cathedral in Florence and it became the most original construction in the building ofdomes in the world history of architecture.Other early Renaissance artists, including Donatello, Giorgione also made great contribution to the art.4.4High Renaissance Artists4.4.1Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci was known not only as a masterful painter but as an architect, sculptor, engineer, and scientist. His pursuit of knowledge was relentless and his discoveries left lasting changes in the fields of art and science. With his sophisticated skills and love for learning, Leonardo was the quintessential Renaissance man. In painting he stressed the expression of emotional states. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper and Mona Lisa . His other works, The Virgin of the Rocks, Vitruvian Man, Four Caricatures, are also favored by people.4.4.2Michelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo's extraordinary accomplishments in painting, sculpture, and architecture made him one of the outstanding figures in Renaissance art. He is known for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and rendering the human form in a wide variety of positions and with great emotional expression in painting and sculpture, and creating several of the most important works of the Italian Renaissance, such as the sculpture of David and Moses, the marble statue of Dying Slave and so on.Other high Renaissance artists, like Raphael, Titian also left many worldfamous works to us.The Renaissance resulted in numerous investigations of natural events, in a widespread study of art and literature and in a broadening of outlook to a degree never before known.Economic and intellectual changes during the Renaissance both helped to speed up Western social and cultural development and hence prepared the necessary conditions for rapid progress in political, social and ideological areas of the modern Age.。
欧洲文化论文 The Sources of European Civilization
The Sources of European CivilizationThe foundation of European culture was laid by the Greeks, strengthened by the Romans, stabilized by Christianity, reformed and modernized by the fifteenth-century Renaissance and Reformation and globalized by successive European empires between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. European culture is made up of many elements, which have gone through changes over the centuries. Three of these elements are considered to be the resources of European civilization and they are: the Greco-Roman element, the Judeo-Christian element, and the Germanic element.Part One: Greco-Roman CultureThe Greek civilization is divided into several eras, it was formed in 800 B.C., then after the classical era and the Hellenistic age, The Greek civilization reached the top in the 5th century BC. And in 146 BC, the Greek civilization was replaced by Roman civilization.The first notability we have to know is Homer, and his Epic. In the 12th century BC, with the invasion of the Trojans, Greece came to "dark ages". Homer's epics described the war between Greeks and Troy.The ancient Greeks were curious about many things, including what made the universe. They had the spirit of free enquiry and were quite ready to drop established ideas, to speculate, to use their imagination, and to form their own conclusions. They were also not afraid to speak theirminds. And also, due to the plays the Greeks performed at religious festivals early in their remote past, a powerful drama developed in the 5th century B.C.. The ancient Greece had created many philosophers and playwrights. Mainly represented by philosopher Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates pulled the importance of the free debate forward. Plato's goal was to achieve a society which can both maintains noble, and be accepted by the poor. Aristotle sought for the order for every aspect of nature and human social. The famous playwrights were Aeschylus with his Agamemnon, Sophocles with his Oedipus the King, and Euripides with his Trojan Women.Also, historical writing started early in Greece. Here we have Herodotus, who is often called “Father of History”, wrote about the war between Greeks and Persians, and Thucydides.The Greeks set an example by the bold effort they made to understand the world by the use of human reason. The body of ideas the Greek philosophers expressed, and the variety of questions the raised about the nature of the world and of human thought, knowledge and conduct, have had an abiding interest for later generations. In literature, too, they have exerted an influence which can still be felt today. Countless writers have quoted, adapted, borrowed from and otherwise use Homer’s epics, Sappho’s lyrics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues, etc. so thattheir themes, characters, episodes, their particularly striking passages, phrases, even single words and their derivative are familiar to educated people the world over, a cherished legacy from that splendid period of human history.Then let’s come to Roman Culture. The most important contribution the Romans made to European culture was the foundation of Roman Law. Also, in architecture and art Romans made outstanding contributions, like the Colosseum and the Pantheon.Part Two: Judeo-Christian CultureAmong all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. Every phase of man’s life is touched by this religion, so much so that it has become part and parcel of Western culture. Judaism and Christianity are closely related. In fact, it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine—the hub of migration and trade routes, which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.The Old Testament recorded the history of the Jews. Jews were once called Hebrews,strayed in Middle East Desert in about 3800 BC. In about 1300 BC, they gradually settled down in Canaan, and formed a small kingdom.Christianity and Judaism have close relationship. The core of the Christian is Jesus Christ, its doctrine is: one, Jesus Christ is the son ofgod, god sent him to men, suffer torments with humans and eventually save mankind. Second, the Christ is the only son of god , anyone who believe in Christ finally get eternal life.The major Christian classic is the bible. The "bible" is consist of the new testament and the old testament. The Old Testament has 39 parts writing about the things happened during 1000-B.C. to 100A.D. the most important parts including genesis, the exodus, "Levi remember", "the number of people remember", "deuteronomy". The New Testament came after the rise of Christian, with a total of 27 volumes. The first four volumes talks about the legend of Jesus' words and deeds, and the legend of the Jesus' apostles.Part Three: Germanic CultureIn the latter part of the fourth century the Huns swept into Europe from central Asia, robbing and killing as they came along, and large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes such as the Visigoths, the Franks, the Angles and Saxons, and the V andals fled their homelands in northern Europe and were pushed to cross the Danube river into the territory of the Roman Empire. In A.D. 476 a Germanic general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. While the Eastern Roman Empire continued, the power of ancient Rome was gone. In its place mushroomed a great many Germanic kingdoms, which in a few hundred years were to grew into the nations known as England,France, Spain, Italy, and Germany. This is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged. And it is this fusion and blending of different ideas and practices that paved the way for the development of what is present-day European culture.Christianity played a very important role in Europe political life of the feudal society; it became the spiritual pillar of the feudal system. Christian world rejected alien and militant control (o ne of the most famous was the Crusades). Especially a few times to invade Palestine. Although it ended in failure, but promoted the cultural exchange between east and west, and prepared for the formation of the monarchy.In the academy and science, Charlemagne and his Carolingian Renaissance, Alfred the Great and his academic centre, St. Thomas Aquinas’ Scholasticism and Roger Bacon, all did great contribution to the preserve and development of the culture.In literary, there was a long Epic. The Anglo-Saxon's epic "the Europe of Woolf" is the most complete one spread until now, and the song of Roland is the most famous French epic. There were also great poets, Dante and Chaucer. And the famous Italian poet Dante's "divine comedy" is the landmark in the world literature history, expressing the upcoming Renaissance humanistic ideas. Geoffrey Chaucer is called the first short story writer in English literature history and the first modern poet, his most famous work is the Canterbury tales.The architecture and art is mainly the Romanesque and gothic, they are the extension of classical art.To sum up, European Civilization has inherited a lot from the Classical Civilization, including ancient Greek philosophy sense, ancient Roman laws, Latin language, and most significantly, Christianity.And those three cultures we have talked about are the main resources of European culture; they are all of vital importance in the development of European culture.。
欧洲文化概况论文（2）
欧洲文化概况论文(2)欧洲文化概况论文篇3浅论欧洲浪漫主义音乐的文化特征摘要：欧洲浪漫主义音乐与古典主义音乐相比，已经具有新的文化性质。
浪漫主义音乐没有把自己尘封在历史的话语里，它与古典主义音乐之间，存在着文化内层断裂而形式外壳连接的关联，即通过对传统的断裂，从文化内层来延续着未来的音乐。
关键词：欧洲浪漫主义音乐文化一引言舒曼曾说过“浪漫主义不是形象和形式的问题，而是作曲家是不是诗人的问题。
”音乐是一种感官的表述，其形式是意识形态的载体，是内心体验的外化。
欧洲浪漫主义音乐更多地是用心灵的感悟和体验来把握世界。
当我们站在历史的高度以新的视点重新审视欧洲浪漫主义音乐时，会发现浪漫主义音乐与古典音乐相比已具有新的文化性质。
二浪漫主义音乐的理性反叛浪漫主义音乐从追求独特、不受约束的情感、反叛的理性主义开始。
但这并不意味着浪漫主义音乐背弃了理性。
理性是人的一种相对的、自由的精神，而理性主义则是一种绝对的、僵化的观念，是一种渊源于西方古希腊文化的理性传统，其间经过宗教主义的补充和近代人文精神的阐释，最终形成以片面高扬人的理性性质为特征的思想传统。
浪漫主义者反对理性主义，他们认为理性主义并不能改变现实，不过是一个美丽的谎言。
相反，浪漫主义音乐注重人的本能，他们认为世界的本质要靠直观去领悟，靠心灵去体验。
浪漫主义之前的古典主义音乐对感情的表达与浪漫主义有本质的区别，古典主义时期音乐家传达的是“我们”的情感。
而浪漫主义音乐表现的情感极富个性化，是“我”的情感。
李斯特的辉煌宏大，柏辽兹的泼辣奇异，肖邦的款款深情等，构成了浪漫主义音乐异彩纷呈的情感世界。
古典主义音乐强调的是理性对感情的支配或理性与情感的协调平衡;而浪漫主义音乐重视的则是感情对理性的统治和超越。
正如华兹华斯《抒情歌谣集》序言里所说：“诗歌是强烈感情的自然流露”，这成了浪漫主义音乐艺术对感情追求的宣言。
古典主义音乐家的创作要在理性规则不受破坏下放置自己的感情;而到了浪漫主义时期，规则必须服从感情表达的需要，浪漫主义者的共同心声是将人的感情从理性主义的束缚下解脱出来，浪漫主义作曲家为了表现内心感情的涌动，往往热衷于标新立异。
欧洲文化概况论文
欧洲文化概况论文欧洲文化是人类社会重要的精神和物质财富，其以民主与法制精神，科学与理性精神，极大地推动了欧洲现代化的进程。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化概况论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!欧洲文化概况论文篇1浅探欧洲地区鹤的文化意蕴摘要：本文旨在搜集欧洲地区鹤的文化，归纳总结出在欧洲，鹤主要承载的文化意蕴，分析得出鹤在欧洲的文化意蕴主要可以分为三大类，褒义文化意蕴、贬义文化意蕴和中性文化意蕴，并对其中有更多文化内容的中性文化意蕴的产生原因作出分析，主要有两大成因：一是欧洲的审美标准，二是欧洲的宗教信仰。
关键词：欧洲;鹤;文化意蕴文化存在着多层次性，有全人类的文化，也有各个民族的文化、各个社会的文化，在同一个民族、同一个社会中也会因为地域的不同、信仰的不同，产生出天线不同民族、不同社会、不同地域的文化。
鹤在中国主要是有着长寿、吉祥的美好文化意蕴，但是在欧洲，鹤所承载的文化意蕴有别于中国。
一、文化意蕴在欧洲，从感情色彩来分析，鹤的文化意蕴主要存在着三大类，一是褒义文化意蕴如美好愿望，二是贬义文化意蕴如厄运，三是中性文化意蕴如生殖、家族谱系、皈依者。
首先是鹤的褒义文化意蕴，即美好的愿望。
不论是哪个民族，春天都是人们美好的愿望、期盼、希望的开始，尤其是在农耕时代，春暖花开时节，人们开始播种，第一只飞回来的鸟就会成为春天的象征，但是由于纬度的差异，导致不同地区的春天里出现的第一只鸟各有不同。
为中国报春的鸟是燕子，尤其是在中国南方，种植水稻的时间完全按照燕子回巢的时间制定，民间歌谣《小燕子》传遍大街小巷。
还有鸭子，如诗词“春江水暖鸭先知”。
欧洲的保加利亚地区的春天也是鸟类迁徙后回巢的时间，其中鹤扮演着核心角色：当第一只鹤出现，意味着春天真得到来了!因此在保加利亚的传说中，鹤是春天的象征。
鹤带来的春天，让人们意识到已经到了播种的季节，也是对新的一年的希望，因此鹤就责无旁贷的承载起人们对新的一年的美好愿望。
其次是鹤的贬义文化意蕴，即厄运。
欧洲文化概况论文
欧洲文化之古希腊宗教文化姓名：徐启雄学号：u3学院：土木工程与力学学院专业班级：工程管理1101班上午班【摘要】宗教是人类社会发展到一定阶段的思想和文化的产物。
作为一种文化和社会现象，宗教在一定程度上反映了人类特定时期的思维和认识水平，又对人类社会文明的发展有着广泛和深远的影响。
宗教，可以给人信仰，可以让人在无助时有坚持的毅力与信心，是人类发展必不可少的精神支柱。
广义上讲，宗教本身是一种以为核心的文化，同时又是整个的组成部分。
【关键词】多神崇拜，感性主义，追求至美古希腊神话12位神灵。
它们分别是众神之父宙斯、天后赫拉、智慧之神雅典娜、农神德米忒尔、战神阿瑞斯、匠神赫菲斯托斯、太阳神阿波罗、女猎神阿耳忒弥斯、海神波塞冬、众神之使者赫尔墨斯、美神阿芙狄罗忒、酒神狄奥尼索斯。
希腊多神教从本质上看是自然宗教。
它的产生是因为早期人类的认知能力和理性思维能力比较低下，对于一些自然现象和人类自身的认识比较模糊，只能借助于想像力来解释世界和自身。
正是这种人格化的欲望，到处创造了许多神”。
由于古希腊宗教渊源极其广泛，加之城邦林立且政体与经济形态各异，难于统一等因素的影响，故神的来源广、数量多，神的故事丰富而驳杂，神的系统不一而足。
虽有全希腊崇拜的一些神，如神王宙斯等，但人们对其崇拜并未达到绝对地步，致使这些神从来也没有达到如同古埃及的三位太阳神，古代两河流域的马尔都克与亚述神曾经拥有的至高无上的国神地位，更谈不上享有耶和华、安拉那种唯我独尊的殊荣。
古希腊因此成为泛神论的国土。
一神教始终没能形成。
与多神教相一致，古希腊的神庙几乎随处可见，崇拜中心很多，宗教节日的数目更达到令人吃惊的地步。
在希腊世界里，仅阿尔忒弥斯神庙就有80处之多。
这大概与神的来源说法不同，故事丰富及崇拜者各异有关，有些神，比如宙斯，竟有大约50个别号。
在各地形成的众多崇拜中心，最着名的要数多多那的宙斯庙、德尔斐和提洛岛的阿波罗神庙、地峡泰纳龙角的波塞冬庙、埃皮达夫罗斯的神医圣所与埃莱夫西斯的密仪中心。
欧洲文化入门论文范文参考
欧洲文化入门论文范文参考推荐文章学校廉政文化方面论文热度：建筑文化的论文发表热度：关于日本文化概论方面论文热度：日本文化毕业论文优秀范文怎么写热度：中国民俗文化论文范文参考论文热度：欧洲，不仅是一个地理概念，更是一种文化凝聚的象征。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化入门论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考! 欧洲文化入门论文篇1欧洲高等教育质量文化检查探析摘要：欧洲在高等教育质量保障方面处于世界领先地位。
由欧洲大学联合会于2009-2012年实施的“质量文化检查”是欧洲高等教育质量管理的新项目。
此次检查通过对欧洲高校质量保障现状以及高校质量文化的调研，得出一系列重要结论，并以“质量文化”作为一种反思性分析工具，对欧洲高校质量保障的“战略与政策”“工具与实践”“原则与假设”等方面进行了审视，从而为欧洲高校质量文化的进一步建构奠定了较好的基础。
关键词：欧洲;质量保障;质量文化检查一、“质量文化检查”项目实施背景20世纪80年代和90年代被誉为欧洲高等教育的“质量时代”。
在这段时间，欧洲各国开始探索和建立高等教育质量管理机构和评估制度，并逐步形成了以英国为代表的“中介式”、以法国为代表的“中央集权式”、以比利时为代表的“二元结构型”、以瑞典为代表的“委员会制”等各具特色的高等教育评估与质量保障制度[1]。
成立于2001年的欧洲大学联合会(The European University Association)更是欧洲高等教育质量运动纵深发展的引领者。
这些都使欧洲成为在国际高等教育质量管理方面具有重要影响的地区。
尽管20世纪90年代欧洲各国逐步建立了质量保障机构，但是人们认识到，高校在质量保障方面承担着更重大的责任，应当通过内部质量文化的建立来促进战略性的管理。
在此背景下，欧洲大学联合会于2002-2006年实施了“质量文化项目”[2]，以便在大学建立系统的质量文化保障体系，强化学校对构建内部质量文化和推进内部质量管理的必要性的认识。
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欧洲文化入门论文范文参考欧洲高等教育质量文化检查探析摘要：欧洲在高等教育质量保障方面处于世界领先地位。
由欧洲大学联合会于2021-2021年实施的“质量文化检查”是欧洲高等教育质量管理的新项目。
此次检查通过对欧洲高校质量保障现状以及高校质量文化的调研，得出一系列重要结论，并以“质量文化”作为一种反思性分析工具，对欧洲高校质量保障的“战略与政策”“工具与实践”“原则与假设”等方面进行了审视，从而为欧洲高校质量文化的进一步建构奠定了较好的基础。
关键词：欧洲;质量保障;质量文化检查一、“质量文化检查”项目实施背景20世纪80年代和90年代被誉为欧洲高等教育的“质量时代”。
在这段时间，欧洲各国开始探索和建立高等教育质量管理机构和评估制度，并逐步形成了以英国为代表的“中介式”、以法国为代表的“中央集权式”、以比利时为代表的“二元结构型”、以瑞典为代表的“委员会制”等各具特色的高等教育评估与质量保障制度[1]。
成立于2001年的欧洲大学联合会The European University Association更是欧洲高等教育质量运动纵深发展的引领者。
这些都使欧洲成为在国际高等教育质量管理方面具有重要影响的地区。
尽管20世纪90年代欧洲各国逐步建立了质量保障机构，但是人们认识到，高校在质量保障方面承担着更重大的责任，应当通过内部质量文化的建立来促进战略性的管理。
在此背景下，欧洲大学联合会于2002-2021年实施了“质量文化项目”[2]，以便在大学建立系统的质量文化保障体系，强化学校对构建内部质量文化和推进内部质量管理的必要性的认识。
该项目选择“文化”一词作为核心词，是想表明“质量”这一概念既是一套共享的价值，也是高校所有人包括师生与管理人员的集体责任。
在此，质量文化成为一种组织文化，它同时具有文化、心理因素以及结构、管理因素[3]。
文化、心理因素指向一套共享的价值、信念、期待与奉献，这是高校每个成员的责任;结构、管理因素指向个体行为间的协调，这是学校的责任。
质量保障程序是质量文化的结构性组成部分。
相对于用以应对公众绩效问责的外部评估程序而言，质量文化保障程序则用以促进院校自身的发展。
经过对40个国家近300所高校的三轮调研，欧洲大学联合会对质量与质量文化的概念进行了大范围讨论，从战略、结构、内部评价程序与反馈回路、高级领导、学术与行政人员、学生、外部利益相关者、数据收集与分析等方面讨论了质量文化的建设，得出了一系列有价值的结论：质量是一个多层面的概念，必须在特定情景中予以理解和构建;院校高度自治有助于形成成熟、有效的质量文化，将“质量”定义为持续提高，而自治度不足的高校视野比较狭窄，往往把质量保障限定于“认证”，从而陷入服从性、官僚化等低效的质量文化中;在质量文化构建方面应采取形成性而非惩罚性的策略;认同学生在质量文化中的重要作用;重视外部利益相关者的参与;有效植入质量文化需要高等院校领导创造一种鼓励自下而上地提升质量的空间。
欧洲大学联合会在2021-2021年进行的高校“质量文化检查”[4]可以看作是2002-2021年“质量文化项目”的延伸与深化，也是欧洲大学联合会建立高校内部质量保障体系活动的延续，其目的在于进一步推进质量文化建设。
该项检查的样本来自欧洲36个国家的222所高校。
项目第一阶段为质量保障程序的现状调研，第二阶段为质量保障程序与质量文化关系研究，最后进行了总结性研讨。
下面介绍此次检查取得的主要成果。
二、质量保障程序现状调研结果第一阶段的调研结果显示：欧洲高校普遍形成了质量保障程序，但因其与价值、信念等紧密相关，而这些文化因素难以在短时间内改变，所以，形成质量文化还需要时间和努力。
利益相关者的参与对于质量保障的实施以及建设更完备的质量文化都至关重要，需要给予更多关注。
高校善于收集信息，但更有效地利用信息才有助于战略规划进而推动持续进步。
一质量保障结构近年来，高校在质量保障方面取得了显著的进展，大部分高校都形成了实质性的政策、结构与程序。
在不同高校，实施质量保障的组织结构有所不同。
质量保障历史较长的高校可能建立了诸如教学创新与教师发展方面的支持性制度。
在政策与相关程序方面，大部分高校都制定了学校或者学院层面的战略。
二利益相关者的参与大部分高校都已认识到校级管理者在质量保障中的重要性，且其校级管理者都以某种方式参与到质量保障中。
尽管师生的参与是形成质量文化与质量保障的重要因素，但近半数被调研高校没有设立专门向质量保障机构负责的相关委员会。
这类委员会在质量保障历史较长的高校中比较常见，这些高校更重视学生调查、反馈回路，并公布学生质量保障活动的相关后续工作。
在从课程设计到正式的质量保障各阶段，如果说，教师参与已经系统化和普遍化了，那么学生的参与则仍不普遍。
在很多高校，外部利益相关者也以不同的方式参与了质量保障程序的构建与运行，但参与的层次与性质不尽相同，有的作为治理机构的成员，有的仅作为信息顾问，后者似乎更为普遍。
三信息运用几乎所有高校在利用各自的信息系统来调控其质量保障活动，但收集到的信息不一定是公开的。
信息收集与师生知情权之间存在矛盾，有些信息是保密的或者只有高校管理者可以看到。
尽管很多高校组织了学生调研，但只有半数高校会告知学生调研结果与后续跟进行动。
在战略管理方面，有2/3的高校管理者进行年度评估以审查其目标达成情况，但只有逾一半的高校建立了关键绩效指标来调控其战略进展。
四教与学的质量保障约2/3的高校在遵循国家质量框架与标准的同时，设计了具有院校特色的教学质量保障框架，少数高校选择采取外部质量保障模式。
课程体系一般由委员会或者工作小组设计。
一个专业开办后，一般是依据特定程序来监控其质量。
除外部质量保障程序外，很多高校还进行了某种形式的内部评价。
90%的高校称已制定了学习成果指标，但通常不公开调查结果。
在制定了学习成果指标的高校，学生评价与学习成果指标直接相关。
学生评价在欧洲高校各不相同，但评价方法与指标体系一般向学生公开。
2000年以前引入质量保障体系的高校都会提供学生支持服务。
三、质量文化调研结果第二阶段的调研旨在研究质量保障工具与程序在何种程度上促进了质量文化的建设，特别关注正式的质量保障程序与质量文化之间的关系，探索相关的成功经验。
研究结果显示，质量保障机制可以通过推行质量文化来保障和提高教育质量，这是最有效的途径。
该阶段调研表明，有效质量文化的建构需要以下5个条件。
第一，有效的质量文化需要多种质量保障工具，需要与高等院校战略和价值相关联。
这些质量保障工具的成本效益应该受到定期评估，不仅要评估其经济成本，还需要评估其心理成本。
第二，有效的质量保障制度源自有效的内部决策程序与结构。
建立明确的绩效制度和明确各层次的责任可使质量保障程序简洁明了，并形成反馈回路，避免官僚化。
高校要建立一种内部平衡，一方面要有强有力的管理核心，另一方面需要院系落实责任。
即既需要学校层面的质量保障策略，也需要保持基层的多样性。
第三，内部质量保障程序也是权力的反映。
如果它不能成功地促进大学师生的参与，则容易受到争议。
高校管理者的行为对于内部调控和广义的质量保障机制而言非常重要。
管理者应鼓励内部辩论，以确保质量保障程序不被师生排斥。
管理者对质量保障制度的表述也很重要，越是具有学术性，越能降低管理性，越容易为师生接受并在学校扎根。
第四，教师发展在质量保障中十分重要。
高校关于教师发展计划的数量在增长，但与由专业人员负责的支持教与学的教师发展相关的计划还是太少。
这一点需要加强，因为博洛尼亚进程只是强调以学生为中心的学习。
第五，在界定大学质量与内部质量保障程序以确保其与学校现状、战略、组织文化相一致方面，质量保障组织的自治十分重要。
某些时候，大学与外部质量保障程序存在冲突，因此有必要对内部与外部程序同时进行评估，使高等教育共同体学校与主管部门一起协商配套程序，以确保落实绩效责任，避免重复评估和质量保障疲劳。
四、质量文化调查的相关讨论两个阶段的调研得出的一个重要结论是：即便再好的理念也不能完全照搬、直接引入学校。
质量文化实际上是逐步积淀起来的。
发展有效的质量文化首先需要理解学校的特色与既有环境条件，这些都会影响到质量文化的决策、行动与解释。
一种可以成为高校共同目标的规范性的“好”的质量文化并不存在。
质量文化概念只是给我们提供了一个起点和一种反思性分析工具，帮助我们了解当前的战略、实践与原则，为未来的质量强化打下坚实的根基。
运用这一工具，可以对当前有关学校质量文化的“战略与政策”“工具与实践”“原则与假设”等方面进行审视。
一有关战略与政策问题的讨论当前大部分高校制定了各自的战略，但最有效的是那些基于良好的管理结构，能够明确目标与责任的战略。
院校战略的制定必须基于院校自身的定位，而不是单纯试图改变现状。
院校战略要在不同目标的利益、倾向中寻求一种平衡，其中最重要的是做出选择。
因此，战略制定是涉及学校的迫切需要和发展方向的决定，往往会令一批行动者与利益相关者感到失望。
战略是否具有合理性在于其与学校定位是否关联。
由于定位不同，每所高校都应有各自独特的战略。
另外，高校面临的一个重要挑战是不断出现且无法预期的变化。
有效的战略不仅能够体现院校的复杂性和环境的变化，还能以建设性的方式积极应对这些变化。
总之，有效战略应该且必须是有意义的，能反映现实情况，整合特定文化中的意义与价值观;要为其成员与利益相关者提供引导，使其明白在日益复杂和变动的世界中，学校如何实现其使命。
二有关工具与实践问题的讨论第一阶段的调研结果表明，高校在正式的质量保障程序建构方面取得了显著进展。
第二阶段的调研表明，各院校间的差距主要在于细节方面。
甚至在被普遍采用的工具，如课程评估或教师发展培训方面，高校都采取了极不相同的形式。
很多情况下，一种院校的质量文化可以在检查质量保障工具与活动的过程中得到很好的体现。
例如，在学生参与方面，一所学校可能只提供数据和反馈信息，另一所学校则会实质性地积极参与某方面的提高过程，如教学大纲评估、学习成果评估等。
由此得出的经验是：一种评估工具的目的以及实施程序必须得到明确界定;工具的检查不仅要看效率还要看效益，要充分发挥数据在诊断问题和改善行为方面的作用，而不是仅限于测量;当前质量保障实践与工具的效率和效益还与多样性问题紧密相关。
院校内部的多样性没有得到应有的重视，这种多样性会对质量文化和特定工具的实施效果产生影响，某一高校的成功经验不一定适用于另一所高校。
总之，质量保障工具总是融入广泛的行为与情境中，常与特定的意义相关联。
因此，考虑到其潜在的文化影响，在特定环境中使用某种工具时，必须考虑其适用性。
三有关原则与假设问题的讨论第一阶段的结论认为，质量文化的形成需要时间与努力。
第二阶段的结论认为，这一文化因素有明显的政治考量，质量保障更多地与权力及意识形态有关。