研究生学术英语答案Unit 7

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高等学校研究生英语综合教程上Unit 7

高等院校研究生英语系列教材
综合教程（上）
INTEGRATED COURSE
高等学校研究生英语综合教程上 Unit 7
Unit 7
Exploring Human Nature
高等学校研究生英语综合教程上 Unit 7
Content
Starting out Reading Focus Reading More Practical Translation Focused Writing Final Project
高等学校研究生英语综合教程上 Unit 7
Starting out—Task 2
Task 2
The following viewpoints concerning human nature were contended by three prominent philosophers in ancient China. Who do you agree with? Do you agree completely or partly? Give specific examples to support your opinion. (P191)
Questions for discussion: 1. What made Jimmy become a thief before his arrest? 2. Was it his destiny, his nature, his life experience,
living environment or something else thaห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ shaped his behavior?
Mencius: human nature is good, and people are naturally

学术英语（社科）Unit7原文及翻译.doc

Introduction: Understanding the Impact of New Media on Journalism 1Journalism is undergoing a fundamental transformation, perhaps the most fundamental since the rise of the penny press of the mid-nineteenth century. In the twilight of the twentieth century and the dawn of the twenty-first, there is emerging a new form of journalism whose distinguishing qualitiesinclude ubiquitous news, global information access, instantaneous reporting, interactivity, multimedia content, and extreme content customization. In many ways this represents a potentially better form of journalism because it can reengage an increasingly distrusting and alienated audience. At the same time, it presents many threats to the most cherished values and standards of journalism. Authenticity of content, source verification, accuracy, and truth are all suspect in a medium where anyone with a computer and a modem can become a global publisher.2Although the easy answer is to point to the Internet, the reasons for the transformation of journalism are neither simple nor one-dimensional. Rather, a set of economic, regulatory, and cultural forces, driven by technological change, are converging to bring about a massive shift in the nature of journalism at the millennium.3The growth of a global economic system, made up of regional economies, all interrelated (witness the volatility in the world‟s financial markets in August 1998, when drops in Asian and Russian markets triggered drops in European and U.S. markets) and increasingly controlled by multinational corporate behemoths, has rewritten the financial basis for journalism and the media in general. Deregulation, as outlined in the U.S. Telecommunications Act of 1996 and简介：了解新媒体对新闻的影响1新闻业正在发生根本性的变革，或许最根本的变革是十九世纪中叶的便士报的崛起。

学术英语写作Unit 7 Research Proposal

data, materials 6. Expected outcomes (if any)
The purpose of the research (1)
There are many reasons for doing a researchbased program. Research is, after all, finding out something you don't know. One could write a thesis to review and explain collated（核对的） factual data. One could also conduct analytical research to study a particular subject in depth. One could discuss, debate and/or argue a certain topic, or come out with a new hypothesis/theory. On the other hand, one could also try persuading others to believe in what s/he is proposing.
Methodology, Materials and Data
This section should outline how you plan to go about doing your research. For example, trefer jogging to walking, would you ask people on the street directly, hand out questionnaires, appeal for volunteers over the Internet, or make up your own figures? (The last option is definitely not recommended!). If you are trying to find out how fast beans germinate under UV light (if at all), how would you go about doing it? What about controlled experiments/samples?

研究生英语unit_7

3. When kids sit down to play Monopoly…Contrast this board game scene with one…
Reading Comprehension
A： C B： DBCCD CBABA
Language Studies：A
Text Analysis: Devices for Developing It Giving Examples Making Contrast 1. a ball of Play-Doh…. A video game, on the other hand…. 2. a group of kids are playing a pickup game of soccer… Contrast that scene with the world of the Internet chat rooms…
…a generation raised more ….than… (para. 2)
译文：玩VB和MK电子游戏而不是打棒球玩Uncle Wiggly游戏长大的一代。在“more...than...”中，肯定“more”后面的而否定 “than”后面的，约等于“是……而不是……”如： This book seems to be more a manual than a text. Catherine is more diligent than intelligent. Hearing the loud noise, the boy was more surprised than frightened.

Text Analysis: Main Idea

Part 1 (1-2): Electronic entertainment can

研究生学术英语答案Unit 7

Word Bank cataclysmic a. 大变动的 fragile a. 脆弱的
paradox n.
Kyoto Accord fossil n.
自相矛盾的话
《京都议定书》化石
sensation 采用耸人听闻手 alist n. 法的人
chunk a. 大块的
Section A
Task 1
Section A
Part 2 Watching & Listening
Professor Hall: I don’t know. May in a hundred years, maybe in a thousand. But what I do know is that if we do not act soon, it is our children and our 6) ___________ grandchildren who will have to pay the price. Vice President: And who’s going to pay the price of the Kyoto Accord? It will cost the world’s economy hundreds of billions of dollars. Professor Hall: 7) With all due respect , Mr. Vice President, the ________________ cost of doing nothing could be even higher. Our climate is fragile. 8) _________ At the rate we’re burning fossil fuels and polluting the environment, the ice caps will soon disappear.

研究生英语阅读教程答案-重庆大学出版社 Unit7 Biography

Unit 7 Biography课后练习答案Passage AFriedrich Engels: A Very Special Business AngelThe self-effacing friend who enabled Das Kapital to be writtenKeys to ExercisesI Reading Comprehension1. C2. B3. B4. D5. C6. D7. A8. B9. D 10. CII. Vocabulary1. C2. C3. B4. A5. D6. B7. D8. B9. C 10. A 11. D 12. D 13. C 14. B 15. D 16. B 17. B 18. C 19. C 20. AIII. Word Bank1. embark2. grumpily3. collaborated4. on and off5. play second fiddle6. ruthless7. tied up8. hand in glove with9. big-hearted 10. hangers-onIV. Cloze1-5 DBCCA 6-10 BDCBD 11-15 ABCCBV. Translation1.Postmen are forced to walk faster and deliver back-breaking quantities of junk mail.2.In history, the rise of great powers is often brutal and bloody.3.Whenever you have an aim you must sacrifice something of freedom to attain it.ernment agencies, however, have found ways of making computer companies hand overthose keys.5.You should learn to stop blaming others for your failures, and to take responsibility for yourown destiny.6.In May 1857 a Commission to study the whole question of the army medical service began tosit. The price was high. Florence Nightingale was doing this grueling work because it was vital, not because she had chosen it. She had changed. Now she was more brilliant in argument than ever, more efficient, more knowledgeable, more persistent and penetrating in her reasoning, scrupulously just, mathematically accurate—but she was pushing herself to the very limits of her capacity at the expense of all joy.课文参考翻译商贾天使弗里德里希〃恩格斯使《资本论》得以问世的谦卑友人去年秋天金融危机爆发之际，卡尔〃马克思的《资本论》（1867年初版）一跃登上了各个畅销书排行榜。

研究生基础英语答案毛大威版unit7-11单元所有答案。(花了我一周时间总结)

毛大威教育硕士专业学位研究生基础英语课后答案（自己归纳，保证都是标准答案）Unit7 Music单词词组英汉互译作曲家，交响乐，旋律/曲调，节奏音符，主题，音色，和谐/和声。

pop music playwright classical music country musicvocalist/pop singer the blues light music conductorSECTION ATextual organization:General statement: We all listen to music on three separate planesPlane1: the sensuous planeFurther explanation:Listening to music for the sheer pleasure of the musical sound itself and hearing music without thinking, without considering it in any way.Plane2: the expressive planeFurther explanation:All music has an expressive power, all music has a certain meaning behind the notes and that meaning behind the notes constitutes what the piece(of music) is saying and what the piece is about.Plane3: the sheerly musical planeFurther explanation:Besides the pleasurable sound of music and the expressive felling that it gives off, music does exists in terms of notes themselves and of their manipulation.Yet while listening to music most listener:are not sufficiently conscious of the third plane./tend to listen on one or the other of the three planes.The author concludes that:We listen to music in all three ways/and on all three planes at the same time.The theme of the text:When listen to music ,one should be a more conscious and aware listener—not someone who is just listening, but someone who is listening for something. Understanding long/difficult sentences1. doesn’t need to think anything but just enjoy.2. cause/effect3. the meaning of music4. typical music commentator advocating this idea that music should have meaning.5. discourage wherever and whenever it is met.SECTION BVocabulary studyA)b c a g d h f eB)1. so to speak（可以这么说）2. strive for（争取/奋斗）3.be alive to（对…敏感）4.take into account（考虑/重视）5.sensitive to（灵敏的）6.carried away （忘乎所以）mensurate with(以…相当)8.give off（发出）9.self-evident （不言而喻的）10.clarity（清楚/明晰）C)1.other2.dancing3.else4.stage5.like6.over7.discover8.event9.for 10.madeSECTION CGRAMMAR REVIEWA)1. The new-type cell phone will be made smaller and smaller.新型的手机越造越小。

学术思辨英语答案unit7

学术思辨英语答案unit71、Chinese is one of ____ most widely used languages in ____ world. [单选题] *A. a, theB. /, theC. the, the(正确答案)D. a, /2、They may not be very exciting, but you can expect ______ a lot from them.（）[单选题] *A. to learn(正确答案)B. learnC. learningD. learned3、_____ whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision. [单选题] *A. What is not yet knownB. It is not yet known(正确答案)C. As is not yet knownD. This is not yet known4、What’s the point of going to school when I can’t do anything there? [单选题] *A. 时间B. 意义(正确答案)C. 方向D. 目标5、Don’t forget _______ those books when you are free. [单选题] *A. to read(正确答案)B. readingC. readD. to reading6、______ the morning of September 8th, many visitors arrived at the train station for a tour.（）[单选题] *A. FromB. ToC. InD. On(正确答案)7、My dog is very _______. It is safe to touch it if you want to. [单选题] *A. luckyB. deliciousC. friendly(正确答案)D. helpful8、--What are you going to be in the future?--I want to be _______ actor. [单选题] *A. aB. an(正确答案)C. theD. /9、Marie is a _______ girl.She always smiles and says hello to others. [单选题] *A. shyB. friendly(正确答案)C. healthyD. crazy10、—I can’t always get good grades. What should I do?—The more ______ you are under, the worse grades you may get. So take it easy!（）[单选题] *A. wasteB. interestC. stress(正确答案)D. fairness11、( ) She keeps on learning English all the time. So far, she______three books of New Concept English. [单选题] *A. has learned(正确答案)B. have learnedC. had learnedD. learn12、--Is that the correct spelling?--I don’t know. You can _______ in a dictionary [单选题] *A. look up itB. look it forC. look it up(正确答案)D. look for it13、The market economy is quickly changing people’s idea on_____is accepted. [单选题] *A.what(正确答案)B.whichC.howD.that14、______ pocket money did you get when you were a child? （）[单选题] *A. WhatB. HowC. How manyD. How much(正确答案)15、--Whose _______ are these?? ? ? --I think they are John·s. [单选题] *A. keyB. keyesC. keys(正确答案)D. keies16、We ______ to set up a food bank to help hungry people next week.（）[单选题] *A. hadB. are going(正确答案)C. were goingD. went17、My friend and classmate Selina（)running in her spare time. [单选题] *A.likeB. likes (正确答案)C. is likedD. is liking18、76．—Could you tell me ________the bank?—Turn right and it's on your right. [单选题]* A．how get toB．how to getC．how getting toD．how to get to(正确答案)19、He was?very tired，so he stopped?_____ a rest. [单选题] *A. to have(正确答案)B. havingC. haveD. had20、A modern city has sprung up in _____was a waste land ten years ago. [单选题] *A.whichB.what(正确答案)C.thatD.where21、You could hardly imagine _______ amazing the Great Wall was. [单选题] *A. how(正确答案)B. whatC. whyD. where22、He made ______ for an old person on the bus. [单选题] *A. room(正确答案)B. roomsC. a roomD. some rooms23、11．No one ________ on the island(岛). [单选题] *A．liveB．lives(正确答案)C．livingD．are living24、—Can you play tennis? —______, but I’m good at football.（）[单选题] *A. Yes, I can(正确答案)B. Yes, I doC. No, I can’tD. No, I don’t25、Nearly everything they study at school has some practical use in their life, but is that the only reason _____ they go to school? [单选题] *A. why(正确答案)B. whichC. becauseD. what26、42．—________ meat do you want?—Half a kilo. [单选题] *A．How much(正确答案)B．How manyC．WhatD．Which27、How I wish I（）to repair the watch! I only made it worse. [单选题] *A. had triedB. hadn't tried(正确答案)C. have triedD.didn't try28、Tom is ____ honest man, so we all like to work with him. [单选题] *A. aB. an(正确答案)C. /D. any29、19．Students will have computers on their desks ________ . [单选题] *A．in the future(正确答案)B．on the futureC．at the momentD．in the past30、10．Mum, let me help you with your housework, so you ________ do it yourself. [单选题] * A．don’t need to(正确答案)B．need toC．don’t needD．need。

学术英语(管理)_Unit 7

Lead-in
Activity 4
Which is more important for a brand, the physical attributes or the emotional associations?
Unit Unit 7 7 Brands Brands and and Branding Branding
1. The author uses examples to introduce the topic : branding (paragraph 1) 2. Definition of brand. (Paragraphs 2, 8,9,10) 3. Definition of brand experience (Paragraph 3)
Unit 7 Brands and Branding
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Ultimate definition
• Para. 10: "A brand is a relationship between an organization, product, or service and a potential buyer."
Unit Unit 7 7 Brands Brands and and Branding Branding
Lead-in
Activity 3
What emotion do these brands arouse in you?
Unit Unit 7 7 Brands Brands and and Branding Branding
Lead-in
Activity 1 Exchange Time

学术英语(医学)_Unit_7

patient’s recovery • Things that counts in maintaining a amiable physician-patient relationship • The way to communicate properly and effectively with the patients
学术英语(医学)_Unit_7
Unit 7
Physician-Patient Relationship Life can be hard. Relationships are often difficult. In an era of fast advancing medical technology, rapidly changing medical ethics, and in increasingly litigious society, good physician-patient relationship is critically important for effective health care delivery. This unit sheds some light on how to build such a relationship to help us through the unpredictability in life.
• …when doctors pass the burden of decision-making to a patient or family, it can exacerbate an already stressful situation.
Unit 7 Life and Medicine
Text A Critical reading and thinking Topics for presentation

学术英语（医学）课后问题答案

Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctorcondition:2、Mrs. Osorio’s·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts aboutMrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.and completely justified ·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent ——request”：the form signed by her doctor.·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient whilecompleting documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computersand human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re- emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of theinfectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overWhat followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:Diphtheria in the former Soviet UnionTB in urban centers like New York CityRising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and controlof emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel fromone country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its levelof virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination. ·Du e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. 'The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:She read articles on websites such as PubMed.She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types — dementia，Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, andneurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet ·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, andautoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we cantake many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensivefacilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, andthey are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operativeand chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture ·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patientCorrect selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, andwill result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control groupTendency to produce comparable groupsGuaranteed validity of statistical tests of significanceLimitations:Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a wholeA poor choice for research where temporal factors are anissueExtremely heavy resources, requiring very large samplegroupsQuasi-experimentsAdvantages:Control group comparisons possibleReduced threats to external validity as natural environments do notsuffer the same problems of artificiality as compared to a well-controlledlaboratory setting.Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experimentsLimitations：Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designs donot use random sampling in constructing experimental and controlgroups.Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groupsCohort studiesAdvantages:Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and outcomeParticular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposureAbility to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:Larger, longer, and more expensiveProne to certain types of biasNot practical for rare outcomesCase-control studiesAdvantages:The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with longperiods between exposure and outcomeTime and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations：Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trialsas it is observational in natureDifficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcomeN=1” trials“AdvantagesEasy to manageInexpensiveLimitations：Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole populationWeakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：Continuous stressPainHardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:Energy and vitalityA certain zip in gaitA warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them.·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:Half-truthFearful fictionsBlatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time. ·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves.·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become an unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensionsBuilding our wellness toolbox slowlyPicturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to changeStriving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spiritTaking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people are caredin hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a newset of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatmentchoices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses, andfacility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like ahospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.7、·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and startcomfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethicaltransgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than havingthe patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes alarge part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapyNotable departure s from standard practice being called “experimental” withl”and “research” carelessly definedthe terms “experimenta2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms .·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seedingthe benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research 5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not?·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them·Application:A process rather than signing a written formAdequate information as the premiseA well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons ·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence ·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice: At the individual level: fairnessAt the social level: distinction between classes。

研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 7 Concluding Research

Unit Seven Concluding ResearchObjectives:─ Be clear about t he significance of this section─ Try to understand the importance of summarizing in academic writing─ Learn to be skilled in p araphrasing in academic writing─ Learn to restate your thesis statement─ L earn to draw a conclusionContents:─ Brief introduction to this section─ Reading & Discussion: What information elements are usually involved in writing a Conclusion section?─ Language Focus: How to su mmarize and paraphrase─ Writing Practice: How to r estate your research objectives─ Writing Project: How to outline your conclusion1. Reading ActivityThe conclusion of a research paper reaffirms the thesis statement, discusses the issues, and reaches a final judgment. It is a belief based on your reasoning and on the evidence you have accumulated. This is the place for sharing with readers the conclusions you have reached because of your research. A conclusions is usually a shorter section of an academic text. It manifests the value of your research as well as your understanding of the material that you have presented. It should be a strong recapitulation of your major ideas.1.1 Pre-reading TaskThe following is the concluding section of a research article in the field of applied linguistics. Think about the following questions before reading the text and then have a discussion with your classmates:1)What is the function of the concluding section in a research paper?2)What information elements does a concluding section normally include?1.2 Reading PassageOur experiment indicated that learners better comprehended English idioms sharing the same metaphoric themes as Chinese than those sharing different metaphoric themes, conforming to Boers & Demecheleer's (2001) study result with French-speaking subjects. NL (native language) played an important role, in that positive transfer appeared in most subjects' understanding of idioms with identical expressions and meanings in NL and TL (target language), and negative transfer appeared in the understanding of those with similar expressions and meanings or those with identical expressions but different meanings in NL and TL; besides, negative transfer occurred in the understanding of every kind of English idioms. Finally, though the idioms in the experiment were rated as having an intermediate level of semantic transparency and were listed without any contextual clues, 37% of the subjects’ responses were completely or partially correct, giving support to the point that a cognitive semantic view can facilitate the learning of idioms for non-native speakers.This study has several implications for teaching idioms. Firstly, it is important to inform learners of the different metaphoric themes in the target culture. Secondly, more attention should be given to idioms without NL equivalents. Thirdly, overt comparisons can be made to show learners which idioms can be transferred from their NLs and which idioms are likely to cause interference, thus taking advantage of positive transfer while avoiding the occurrence of negative transfer. Fourthly, while helping learners realize the absurdity of the literal meanings of some English idioms, encourage them to tackle the semantics of the idiom as a problem-solving task, andteach them strategies for dealing with figurative language to take advantage of the semantic transparency of some idioms.However, there was an obvious limitation in this study: the number of the idioms selected was too small. We expect more studies to be carried out in more aspects including the strategies used in idiom comprehension and production, EFL learners', EFL teachers' and English-speaking people's attitude towards English idiom learning and the treatment of them in the existing teaching materials.( Liu, 2008 )1.3 Reading Comprehension1. Read the text carefully and decide what information elements a concluding section includes and how they function.2. What are the major findings of the experiment?3. What verb tenses are mainly used in the text? What is the proportion of active voice verbs to passive voice verbs in this conclusion section?nguage Focus2.1 SummarizingThere are three ways to include source material in your research paper writing: summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting. Each of these strategies capitalizes on different types of information that can be useful. To summarize is to put in your own words a shortened version of written or spoken material, stating the main points and leaving out anything that is not essential. Summarizing is more than retelling; it involves analyzing information, distinguishing important elements from unimportant elements and transforming large chunks of information into a few short cohesive sentences.Look at the following example.OriginalThis effort to communicate--first through spoken messages, then throughpictographs, then through the written word, and finally through printed words --- demonstrates people’s innate desire to share information with one another. Storability, portability an d accessibility of information are essential to today’s c oncept of mass communication. (Source: Shirley Biagi, Media Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media, 2nd edition, p. 24 )SummaryIn Media Impact, Shirley Biagi explains that people have always had an inherent need to communicate. The ability to store, carry and have access to information is necessary in modern mass communication.How to Summarize?There are several techniques to be used while summarizing a text and they all stress full understanding of a text and require the reader to spot the main ideas in it. Here are some useful tips about summarizing:∙Start by reading a short text and highlight the main points as you read.∙Reread the text and make notes of the main points, leaving out examples, evidence, etc.∙Restate or repeat the ideas of the source in different words and phrases.∙Do not add your own ideas, opinions or judgment of the arguments.∙Make it shorter than the source.Read the following text and write a summary.Original TextI come from Taiwan, but I have lived in Canada for several years now. I am surprised at how Canadian society respects the rights of women, both at work and home. Personally I believe women in Canada are better off than women in Taiwan. However, some of my female friends in Canada miss the good old days when women were treated in a different way. You see, in the past, gentlemen followed different rules of behavior. They would open the doors for ladies, pull out chairs for ladies to sit down, stand up when a lady left the table, and offer to pay the bill at restaurants. Now, however, most Canadian believe that men and women should be considered equal. For example, women now generally have to pay for their own meals.2.2 ParaphrasingThe Oxford English Dictionar y defines a paraphrase as “an expression in other words, usually fuller and clearer, of the sense of any passage or text; a free rendering or amplification of a passage. . . . [Paraphrasing is] to express the meaning of (a word, phrase, passage) in other words, usually with the object of fuller and clearerexposition so as to bring out the sense” (XI: 204). To paraphrase means to completely reproduce the original meaning in our own words (but never include our own opinion ).Look at the following example.Source materialAggressiveness, present in many male teenagers, has often been characterized as having a biological base. However, social study theorists Bandura and Walters (1959) did a study which indicated that aggressiveness might be a product of environment factors and especially, social reinforcement. In this study, they found that aggressive boys had encouragement from their parents to be aggressive outside their home. Since their fathers experienced indirect pleasure from hearing about their son’s aggressive behavior, this provided reinforcement for the boys.Acceptable paraphrase:Social scientists have often described aggressiveness, which is evident in many adolescent boys, as having a biological component. However, research completed by social study theorists Bandura and Walters (1959) showed that aggressiveness might result from factors in the environment and, in particular, social reinforcement. It was found in the study that young males who were aggressive had been encouraged by their parents to be aggressive away from their home. Their fathers received vicarious gratification from learning of their son’s aggressive behavior. Consequently, the boys’ behavior was reinforced by their fathers’ experience. ( Cong, 2009 )There are basically two ways to paraphrase this: by making word-level transformations (and maintaining the original syntax) or by considering its “deep structure” and making more significant changes. Note how these paraphrases differ: Source sentence:The temperature in many parts of the world is gradually rising.Paraphrase:(1)The temperature in lots of places around the earth is slowly increasing.(2)Most parts of the world are getting hotter steadily.Example (1) represents a word-level paraphrase and example (2) is a deep-level transformation. It is usually believed that making word-level paraphrases is easier than deep-level transformations.Here are some guidelines for paraphrasing:● U se synonyms.● Change word forms.● Make necessary structural adjustments.● Change between the affirmative and the negative.● Include reference to the original source.Read the following text carefully and try to rewrite an acceptable paraphrase. OriginalStarting in the 15th century, the reality and the idea of the family were to change: a slow and profound revolution, scarcely distinguished by either contemporary observers or later historians, and difficult to recognize. And yet the essential event is quite obvious: the extension of school education. We have seen how in the middle ages children’s education was ensured by apprenticeship in adults, and that after the age of seven, children lived in families other than their own. Henceforth, on the contrary, education became increasingly a matter for the school. The school ceased to be confined to clerics and became the normal instrument of social initiation, of progress from childhood to manhood. ( Source: Aries, P. 1962. Contemporary Childhood: A Social History of Family Life )3. Writing Practice3.1 Reorder sentencesRead the following jumbled conclusion from a thesis in computer science and engineering: the topic is: The Steiner Tree Problem. Please rearrange the following sentences so that they make more sense and follow the logical order of a conclusion.A.An advantage of this algorithm is that the computations of the bead's movementcan be done in parallel, provided that there is a synchronization barrier to update their new positions.B.This can take advantage of some parallel computers, for example, mapping eachbead to a (virtual) processor.C.It is possible that these techniques can also be applied to solve the SMT if a goodmapping of the problem to an appropriate network architecture is found.D. The Steiner tree has been shown to be an optimization problem. Neural networkhas been successfully applied to solve many optimization problems, for example, TSP. Some of these techniques have been discussed. This could be an interesting area for research in the future.E. The Steiner minimal tree problem has been studied in the above discussion. Anode-splitting algorithm that finds a good heuristic solution to the problem has been developed. In some cases, it is better, for instance, than Korhonen's algorithm.F. Comparison shows that the node-splitting method is comparable to other heuristicmethods.( adapted from Zhou, 2009: 312)3.2 Restatement of research objectiveLook at your thesis statement again and rework it in a new way. Avoid repeating key words and phrases from the thesis statement because you don't want the summary statement to sound boring or repetitive. Using a thesaurus is a good way to find new, interesting words.This study set out to determine ...The present study was designed to determine the effect of ...In this investigation, the aim was to assess ...The purpose of the current study was to determine ...This project was undertaken to design ... and evaluate …Returning to the hypothesis/question posed at the beginning of this study, it is now possible to state that …Here are some examples of research questions and summary statements:Research question: What is more important, competitive price, fuel economy, or high resale value when Chinese people buy cars.Summary Statement: The research was to determine what factors contribute more to Chinese people purchasing cars, competitive price, fuel economy, and high resale value.Rewrite the following thesis statements:1) What in San Francisco attracts visitors more, its magnificent location, its theaters and art galleries, or its fine restaurants?2) Do employees have to be trained for working in the Australian multicultural workplace? But managers also need to be trained. (It is clear, therefore, that both..)3) What is the 1994 rate of juvenile delinquency in the U.S.?4) Does education play a role in reducing juvenile delinquents' return to crime?5) What marketing strategies does the Coca-Cola company currently apply?6) Do children sent to day care or preschool start kindergarten with more highly developed language skills?7) How might the discovery of a genetic basis for obesity change the way in which we treat obese persons, both medically and socially?3.3 Summarizing the findingsRead the following text and identify major points and write a summary.Global Implications of Patent Law VariationA patent is an exclusive right to use an invention for a certain period of time, which is given to an inventor as compensation for disclosure of an invention.Although it would be beneficial for the world economy to have uniform patent laws, each country has its own laws designed to protect domestic inventions and safeguard technology. Despite widespread variation, patent laws generally fall under one of two principles: the first-to-file and first-to-invent. The first-to-file principle awards a patent to the person or institution that applies for a patent first, while the first-to-invent principle grants the patent to the person or institution that was first to invent –and can prove it. Most countries have adopted the first-to-file system. However, the United States maintains a first-to-invent system, despite obvious shortcomings. Patent ownership is not recognized globally. On the contrary, ownership may change depending on the country. It is not uncommon for an invention to have two patent owners – one in the United States and one in the rest of the world. This unclear ownership often has economic consequences. If a company is interested in using a patented invention, it may be unable to receive permission from both patent owners, which in turn may prevent manufacture of a particular product. Even if permission is received from both owners, pay royalties to both may be quite costly. In this case, if the invention is useful enough, a company may proceed and pass on the added cost to consumers. International economic tension has also been increasing as a result of differing policies. Many foreign individuals and companies believe that they are at a serious disadvantage in the United States with regard to patent ownership because of the logistical difficulties in establishing first-to-invent status. Further, failure of the United States to recognize patent ownership in other countries is in violation of the Paris Conventions on Industrial Properties, which requires all member nations to treat all patents equally. The conflict surrounding patents has prompted the World Intellectual Properties Organization (WIPO) to lobby for universality in patent laws. WIPO maintains that the first necessary step involves compelling the United States to reexamine its patent principle, taking into account the reality of a global economy. This push may indeed result in more global economic cooperation.3.4 Write a concluding sectionThe following is a research on the effectiveness of structured development lessons in English using 4 macro-skills intended for public science high school students. Read the following paper and write a concluding section for it.The teacher-researcher found out that the students' difficulties in oral and written English were speaking or conversational English, including correct usage, listening and answering questions. The causes for these difficulties were: students have poor background at the elementary level; English is not heard at home; teachers prefer to speak the dialect often; there might be lack or absence of English books.The main thrust of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of structured development lessons in English using the 4 macro-skills intended for the public science high school students. Specifically, the study answered questions on the level of language proficiency of the freshmen science high school students with referenceto pronunciation and correct usage; mean pretest and posttest scores of the students based on the structured lessons of macro-skills' learning performance; significant difference in the mean pretest and posttest scores of the students in listening, speaking, reading, and writing; mean gain in the posttest; and module which can be proposed based on the findings of the study.The study used the Descriptive Survey Method and the main tool used was the research-made or self-made type of examination (questionnaire), including the record sheet as instrumentally utilized for the 75 students as selected freshmen in the first year. The data gathered in this study were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 14--a computer program used for statistical analysis.FINDINGS1) Level of Language Proficiency of the Students’ PronunciationThe majority (81.9333) of the students got the highest rating scale of 80-89 which was rated Very Good. None of the students as counted individually obtained the rating scale of 50-59 (far below from the passing percentage).2) Correct UsageNone of the students was rated Excellent with the rating scale of 90 and above.The majority (77.5867) of the students got the average rating scale of 70-79 which was rated Good.3) English Difficulties of the Freshmen Students Based on the Macro-Skills ofEnglish Language TeachingThe teacher-researcher found out that the students' difficulties in oral and written English were speaking or conversational English, including correct usage, listening and answering questions. The causes for these difficulties were: students have poor background at the elementary level; English is not heard at home; teachers prefer to speak the dialect often; there is lack or absence of English books; there is lack or absence of instructional materials; there is absence of printed materials at home; there are no television sets at home; teachers have faulty pronunciation; there is little emphasis on written communications and there are no cultural shows and public speaking activities.The teacher-researcher found out that the students experience the following difficulties in written English: writing dictation, taking down notes, outlining, theme writing, punctuating, quoting, and obtaining coherence and unity in paragraph writing. The causes for these difficulties were: no appreciation for reading materials; lack of exposure to writing; inadequate writing activities; no ear training; no patience to analyze the mistakes in writing; absence of contents that can harness their potentials in essays, letters, etc.; poor spelling; and useless board work.4) Mean Pretest and Posttest Scores of the StudentsIt is found in this study, based on the macro-skills, that the posttest mean of the group in the listening area which is 83.1067 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 75.5333. In standard deviation, the result of pretest is 10.95980 while the result of the posttest is 6.07959. Unlike the standard error mean, the result of the pretest is 1.26553 while the result of the posttest is .70201; the posttest mean of the group in the speaking area which is 87.1200 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 80.5467. In standard deviation, the result of the pretest is 4.92455 while the result of the posttest is 3.42471.Unlike the standard error mean, the result of the pretest is .56864 while the result of the posttest is .39545; the posttest mean of the group in the reading area which is 86.7333 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 84.4133. In standard deviation, the result of the pretest is 3.28425 while the result of the posttest is 3.17649. Unlike the standard error mean, the result of the pretest is .37923 while the result of the posttest is .36679; the posttest mean of the group in the writing area which is 85.4400 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 76.3333. In standard deviation, the result of the pretest is 6.26732 while the result of posttest is 5.29467. Unlike the standard error mean, the result of the pretest is .72369 while the result of the posttest is .61138.It is found further that the posttest score in the speaking area got the 1st rank which is 87.1200 while the pretest is 80.5467 of which the difference is 6.5733; the posttest score in the reading area got the 2nd rank which is 86.7333 while the pretest is 84.4133 with the difference of 2.3200; the posttest score in the writing area got the 3rd rank which is 85.4400 while the pretest is 76.3333 with the difference of 9.1067.5) Paired Samples' Test/Paired Differences: the difference between the two means wassubjected to a paired t-test.5.1 Listening skill: the listening area was -7.57333, standard deviation was 10.63291,standard error mean was 1.22778, 95% confidence interval of the difference (lower limit) was -10.0974, the difference (upper limit) was -5.12692, and the c.v.result was -6.168 which was greater than the t.v. result which was -10.01974.Therefore, the macro-skill in the listening area was not significant.5.2 Speaking skill: the speaking area was -6.57333, standard deviation was 5.31742,standard error mean was .61400, 95% confidence interval of the difference (lower limit) was -7.79676, the difference (upper limit) was -5.34991, and the c.v. result was -10.706 which was lower than the t.v. result which was -7.79676. Therefore, the macro-skill in the speaking area was significant.5.3 Reading skill: the reading area was -2.32000, standard deviation was 2.98265,standard error mean was .34441, 95% confidence interval of the difference (lower limit) was -3.00625, the difference (upper limit) was -1.63375, and the c.v. result was -6.736 which was lower than the t.v. result which was -3.00625. Therefore, the macro-skill in the reading area was significant.5.4 Writing skill: the writing area was -9.10667, standard deviation was 7.38621,standard error mean was .85289, 95% confidence interval of the difference (lower limit) was -10.80608, the difference (upper limit) was -7.40726, and thec.v. result was -10.677 which was greater than the t.v. result which was-10.80608. Therefore, the macro-skill in the writing area was not significant.6) Mean Gain of the Pretest and Posttest Scores of the Students: mean gain is based on the macro-skills of language teaching, such as listening, speaking, reading and writing. Mean gain of singled-out freshmen students based on the macro-skills, such as listening, speaking, reading and writing as structured in the lessons, was used as a result in statistical analysis and computation of the mean pretest and mean posttest. It was disclosed upon interpretation of data that the mean gain in the listening area was obtained as the result of the subtraction of number from the mean pretest which was 75.5333 from the mean posttest which was 83.1067. The findings revealed that only the areas in speaking and reading got the highest posttest percentages. In the writing area, the mean gain was obtained as the result of the subtraction from the pretest which was 76.3333 from the mean posttest which was 85.4400.In the final results of the listening area, the posttest mean was 83.1067 while the mean gain was -7.57333 which had the lowest mean pretest and posttest percentages as compared to the other areas; in the speaking area, the posttest mean was 87.1200 while the mean gain was -6.57333 which got the 1st rank posttest percentage; in the reading area, the mean gain was -2.32000 which got the 2nd rank posttest percentage and also got the 1st rank pretest percentage among them; and in the writing area, the mean gain was -9.10667 which got the 3rd rank posttest percentage, next to the speaking and reading areas.It is also found that the posttest mean of the group in the listening area which is 83.1067 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 75.5333; the posttest mean of the group in the speaking area which is 87.1200 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 80.5467; the posttest mean of the group in the reading area which is 86.7333 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 84.4133; and the posttest mean of the group in the writing area which is 85.4400 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 76.3333.4.Writing Project4.1Getting information for writing a conclusionCreate a SWOT table summarizing your research findings of an environmental analysis.Strength OpportunityWeakness Threat4.2Outlining your conclusion1) State the research question and explain why it is interesting.2) Briefly describe the methods of research and data analysis.3) Describe the results.4) Explain the key implications of the results. Avoidoverstating the importance ofthe findings.5) The results and the interpretation of the results shouldrelate directly to theresearch questions, purposes or hypothesis.4.3Drafting your conclusion1) Begin with your research questions, purposes or hypothesis.2) Combine the thesis statement and your one-sentence segment summaries into aone-to-two-paragraph summary.3) Eliminate all unnecessary words and repetitions.4) Eliminate all personal ideas and inferences.5) Use transitions for a smooth and logical flow of ideas.6) Use summary expressions.4.4Final checklist。

专业学位硕士研究生英语教程Unit-7词汇及课后答案

Unit 7BehaviorWord Bankoutrageous: very shocking and unacceptable.令人震惊的/ 难以接受的; electric shock触电(terror->terrible->horror->horrible) abhor: v. to hate very much憎恶，讨厌; normal->abnormal [dress: (1)n. 连衣裙/ 长裙; (2) vt. dress<->undress->) address (discuss): v. to deal with处理(pathy=feeling) (a-: away) apathy (=indifference->indifferent冷漠的): n. lack of interest冷淡，无兴趣assign (->assignment=homework): v. to give as a share or duty分派，指派biology (->biological): n. the science that studies living organisms生物学board(->to ~ a plane/ a ship/ a bus; boarding card登机卡; ->boarder董事/房客->boarding school寄宿学校): n. an official body that has responsibility for a particular organization or activity 理事会，董事会(sequence: n.顺序->sequent: adj. 按序排列的) consequence: n. sth. that follows from an action or set of conditions; result后果，结果credit: n. a complete unit of a student's work that forms part of a course, esp. at a university学分/ 信用enlighten: v. t o cause to understand deeply and clearly启蒙，启发holler: v. to shout out呼喊[ID card= identity (card): n. 身份->identify: vt.) identical: adj. similar or the same相同的[machine机器-> machinery机械->mechanic机修工->mechanism机理/ 机制] mechanics: n. the ways in which sth. works, produces results, etc.方法，技巧mentor: n. a person who gives advice to another over a period of time, esp. to help them in their working, life导师pedagogy: n. the practice of teaching or the study of teaching methods教学法[perfect: (1)adj. 完美无缺的; (2)vt. =improve] perfectionist: n. a person who is not satisfied with anything that is not completely perfect完美主义者(plagiarism剽窃现象->) plagiarize: v. to take (words, ideas, etc.) from others' work (著作) and use them in one's own work without giving proper credit to the original author抄袭，剽窃police (policeman<->policewoman): (1)n.警察; (2)vt. to keep a watch on; control监督，控制routine: (1)adj. regular (regulate: vt. 调控); according to what is always habitually done惯常的，例行的; (2)n. 常规; routiner墨守成规者thrill (->thriller悬念片/ 恐怖片->action movie武打片): v. to have a sudden, strong feeling of excitement感到一阵激动Phrases and Expressionscome up with: to think of ; to produce想出，提出deprive sb. of sth.: to take sth. away from somebody剥夺（权利等）feel (be) obliged to: to feel it necessary to do觉得必要做prohibit sb. from doing sth.: to prevent somebody from doing sth.禁止; 阻止某人做某事take one's side: to support sb.; to agree with sb.站在……一边turn in (=hand in<->hand out发给学生作业的->handout 讲义): to hand in上交，交给Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the following.1. In Para. 1 "had been plagiarized" probably means ( D )A. had cheatedB. had copied term papers from the Internet websitesC. had been copied by othersD. had been identified as cheating in term papers2. In Para. 4, "teacher apathy the norm" means ( C )A. teachers take interest in students' cheatingB. teachers show sympathy for students' cheatingC. teachers give a blind eye to students' cheatingD. teachers mind students' cheating3. The word "hit" in Para. 11 means ( C )A. attackB. strikeC. popular routineD. beat4. The tone in Para. 13 is ( A )A. jocularB. sarcasticC. encouragingD. discouraging5. Who are responsible for plagiarism at school, according to the passage? ( A )A. Professors.B. The Internet websites.C. Students themselves.D. Parents on their children's side.II. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.Plagiarism is not a new thing. But with the development of the Internet technology, it has become more and more common. Where should the (1) penalty be placed (put), on the (2) cheaters, on the professors, or on the Internet? The answer is not as clear as (3) crystal (->crystallize). Beyond any (4) doubt, plagiarists ought to be punished. They need to do their own job and, at the same time, respect others. This is the basic (5) discipline (纪律) which they need to develop.What about the professors who show (6) apathy to cheating? They are (7) partly (partially部分地) (hold->) held responsible for the popularity (普及duty of passing knowledge (知识) to students, but also have the duty of cultivating the mentality (intelligence/ morality道德) of their students. If they were (8) apologists when (they are) dealing with students who plagiarize, how could plagiarism be controlled?The Internet websites seem to be to (9) blame, because the copied papers are mostly from the website (10) sources (来源->resources资源). But the purpose and function of websites are not to provide (convenient->) convenience (方便) for plagiarism. Instead (On the contrary), they are to make information much more easily accessible for people who can make proper use of (=use/ utilize使用) it. What's more, in the battle against plagiarism, haven't the websites played their role? VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. We (lose->lost->lost) lost the election because of the ___C__ to our supporters.A. (anti-: against; anti-Japanese war抗日战争) antipathy (=indifference)B. (sym-: same) sympathy (n. 同情-> sympathize with sb. vt.)C. apathy (n. indifference冷漠)D. empathy (移情别恋)2. She is ___A__ with having saved the company from bankruptcy (prevent sb. from doing sth.阻止…发生).A. credited (记功)B. praisedC. promotedD. attributed (n./ vt. 属性, 品质, 特征, 加于, 归结于)3. I never __D___ in dealing with such matters.A. stand sidesB. be sidesC. stay sides (stay aside闪开)D. take sides (=support)4. You made the wrong decision, and now you must take the __B___.A. resultsB. consequences (后果)C. outcomeD. effect (n.->effective)5. Tom is not __D___ clever in the class.A. specifically (具体)B. specially特殊C. especiallyD. particularly特别提及6. Basic English is a ___C__ in the curriculum for the freshmen (大学一年级学生).A. class班级/阶级/等级B. lecture讲座C. course课程D. lesson一节课/ 教训; I’ll teach him a lesson教训某人.7. The airline has __B___ a novel [(1)n.小说; (2)adj. new] solution to the problem of jet-lag (时差反应).A. come up to (amount to=reach the number)B. come up with拿出C. (fade out昏迷<->) come to苏醒D. come on=go on继续8. Peter (think->) thought the world was flat until I __A___ him.A. enlightened (启发)B. lightened (vt. 减轻, 照亮)C. (light-> lighted/ lit->lit) lightedD. delighted=happy干涉, 干预, 妨碍, 打扰) interfering.A. forcedB. pleasant D. respected10. Writing a [cheque (英) =check (美) is quite a simple __A___.A. procedure (程序)B. process (n.过程/工艺/vt.加工; processed food)C. move (vi.移动; n. 动作)D. action (重大军事行动)II. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary. thrill turn in quit routine identicalpenalty series faculty address sensitivementor database sinister tempt bargain1. This is a very tempting (=attractive) offer (n. /vt.) and I suggest you give it a consideration. [suggest sth./ doing sth./ that sb. do sth. #suggest sb. to do sth. (错误)]2. He ignored the side issues (side effect副作用) and addressed (dedicated oneself to sth.献身于…事业) himself to the main (major) problem.3. His term paper is identical (=same) to (介词) one thesis I've read on the Internet.4. What a thrilling (=exciting) game; the winner was in doubt (n.是个悬念) until the last minute.5. The soldiers have to turn in (=hand in递交) their guns (枪/炮) when they leave the army.6. She longed to (desire渴望) escape from the (stupid愚蠢的->) stultifying (vt.使显得愚笨, 使变无效, 使成为徒劳) routine of (homework家庭作业) housework (家务劳动).7. She had had enough and quit (=stop) working in the company.8. The patient [(1)n.病人(2)adj.有耐心的] is very sensitive (敏感) to pain.9. The increasing demand [(1)vt.要求; (2)n.需求] has given the company greater bargaining (讨价还价的) power.10. All faculty (一个机构的全体工作人员) members are required to attend the meeting. [(1) vt. attend a class/ meeting; (2)vi. to attend to sb.-> attendant服务员; flight attendant空勤人员] TranslationPut the following paragraph into Chinese.Plagiarists as victims. Teachers as oppressors. It's not your conventional reaction to cheating. Not surprisingly, it has been a hit with many college students, just as it was with the plagiarists at Piper High. The student newspaper at Stanford ran an editorial attacking the use of antiplagiarism software as a potential violation of the school's honor code, which "prohibits professors from taking 'unusual and unreasonable precautions' in their academic procedures." Moreover, the paper said, checking for cheating "might even harm the relationship between students and faculty."参考译文：抄袭者成为了受害者，老师们成了压迫者。

新世纪研究生英语听说教程原文答案Unit_7_Holidays_and_Vacations

Unit 7 Holidays and VacationsThinking AheadStudents are asked to discuss the following questions in groups. The reference answers for the questions are offered below:1. How many festivals do you know are celebrated in China? What are they?Spring Festival 春节The Lantern Festival 元宵节Qing Ming Festival / Tomb Sweeping Day 清明节Dragon Boat Festival 端午节Festival of Qi Xi Jie 七夕节also called the “Chinese Valentine’s Day”Moon Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋节Double Ninth (Elder Day) 重阳节New Year’s Day 元旦The Labor Day 劳动节The National Day 国庆节2. Give some examples of western festivals which are popular in China.The Easter 复活节Martin Luther King Day 马丁路德纪念日Memorial Day 阵亡将士纪念日Veterans Day 退伍军人节April Fool’s Day 愚人节Christmas Day 圣诞节Thanksgiving Day 感恩节Valentine’s Day情人节Halloween 万圣节Father’s Day父亲节Mother’s day母亲节Part I Video TimeIn this part, students will have 2 tasks to accomplish.Task 1In task 1, students will watch a video clip about festival entertainment in China and then do the exercises as required. Before watching, students are supposed to read the words, expressions and cultural notes related to the video.TranscriptHoliday Fun for EveryoneIn China, the Spring Festival is the most important celebration of the year. Holiday celebrations take many forms; it can be a time to be merry(快乐的), to exercise, to learn and to reflect(反射). We take a look at how some Chinese people spend the holiday. Ask anyone about their Spring Festival plans, and the same place will always pop up.Temple fairs(庙会) have been an integral part(组成部分) of Spring Festival rituals(仪式) for many generations. While the general(普遍) idea is to have fun and deliver(表达) silent prayers(祷告), there are various ways to accomplish this.People throw coins to strike a lucky bell(铃) or patiently(能容忍的) join a zigzagging queue(之字形的队伍) to touch a lucky zodiac animal(十二生肖动物) on the wall. They are all asking for blessings(赐福).If you don’t like the cold winter weather, indoor temple fairs offer a cozy(舒适) atmosphere to stroll(闲逛) around. Booths(货摊) are set up selling everything from desserts(甜点) to decorations(装饰品). Toys in the shape of an ox(公牛) are in hot demand.Elderly people like to sit down with a cup of tea, and tap(轻拍) their fingers to the rhythms(旋律) of a Peking Opera performance. The Laoshe Tea House in downtown(商业区) Beijing is doing a bustling(喧闹) trade(贸易), not to be overshadowed(遮蔽) by temple fairs.But for the adventurous(危险的) type, it’s time to set out(开始).With the global economic downturn eating into(蚕食) travel package prices(旅游套票价格) and fuel surcharges(燃油附加费) suspended on domestic flights(暂停国内航班), this Spring Festival is a great time to travel in China or abroad.Travel agencies(旅行社) say airfare prices(机票价格) to foreign destinations have dropped thirty percent, with the Maldives, Bali, Saipan(马尔代夫，巴厘岛，塞班) all hot destinations.While some people are heading to the beach, others are hitting the slopes(滑雪场). Seeking an adrenaline rush(肾上腺素), more and more Chinese people are taking up skiing. The sport requires a lot of energy, so does a class of fencing(击剑) or taekwondo(跆拳道).After a Spring Festival feast(春节盛宴), it may be time to burn a few calories(燃烧一些卡路里). Hitting the gym(体育馆) is the choice for many commuters, who struggle to find time on workdays to work up a sweat(汗水).The new year hoopla(喧闹) is taking a quiet and elegant(优雅的) turn at an ongoing exhibition at the National Art Museum of China(中国美术馆). The Chinese Folk Arts(中国民间艺术) and Crafts show(工艺品展示) gives a mind-boggling(令人难以置信) look at the country’s exquisite craftsmanship(精湛的制作工艺).Covering all nine halls of the museum’s first floor are 350 objects chosen from 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions(市和自治区) on the Chinese mainland. Visitors receive more than a lesson on art. Each work comes with its own history to tell. This is the first ever exhibition of Chinese fol k arts and crafts in the museum’s 46-year-history(这是在博物馆的46年历史上的首次展出中国民间工艺美术). The exhibition gives an insight into less well known traditions, and runs into early February(此次展览提供了一个深入了解少为人知的传统，并持续到二月上旬).Browsing for the latest releases at book fairs and in bookstores is another popular way to spend free time over the holiday(假日里在书展和书店浏览最新的书是来度过空闲时间另一种流行的方式).With so many options around, the question now is: How will YOU spend the holidays?Editor: Liu Fang(From /program/cultureexpress/20090131/101092.shtml) Key to ExercisesExercise 1 Watching for Specific InformationStudents are asked to watch the video clip and choose the best answers to the questions.1) B2) D3) A4) C5) DExercise 2 Essay WritingAs to the Spring Festival, the most important holiday in China, everyone has his own opinion and feeling about it. Students are asked to write a composition entitled Spring Festival in My Eyes with no less than 160 words following the outline given below:1) what people usually do during the Spring Festival2) your opinion and feeling about the Spring FestivalSampleSpring Festival in My EyesThe Spring Festival is a traditional Chinese festival and also the most important one of the whole year. Through the evolvement of thousands of years, a series of traditional customs are spreading far and wide. “S weeping the dust” before the Spring Festival means a thorough cleaning of houses to sweep away bad luck in the past year. Many people like to paste “Spring Couplets”and paper-cuts to give a happy and prosperous atmosphere of the Festival and express the good wishes of Chinese people looking forward to a good life. On the first day of lunar New Year, people give New Year’s greetings to each other. With the development of the new technology, it is common to send New Year’s greetings by such modern means of communication as telephones, emails and SMS. In recent years, it is popular for people to travel abroad and in China during the holiday. Many young people prefer to take up skiing, fencing, taekwondo and other sports to work up a sweat. Browsing for the latest releases in the bookstores is another popular way to spend freetime over the holiday.As for me, I find myself looking forward more and more to school after the Spring Festival. For one thing, the Spring Festival is always a big distraction, and for days before and after nobody can get any work done. Now I find myself enjoying it less and less. I stopped enjoying fireworks and firecrackers years ago. The firecrackers especially get on my nerves. I really think we should stop making them, as every year many children have their eyes hurt or even blinded. Even worse, sometimes fires are started and whole buildings get burned down. When it comes to food, people spend days queuing and buying them, such as chicken, duck, fish, pork, beef, mutton—name what you will. The result is too much. Too rich food does nobody any good. It’s all right for a few really good friends to get together and chat over some tea or drinks. But mere acquaintances and the usually not too neighborly neighbors dropping in to say hello—well, I suppose these are well-intended gestures, but I find them a pain in the neck（讨厌的任务）. No wonder parents are looking very tired and find the whole thing a strain. Maybe only the little children are still immersed in their happiness which comes from gift money and no homework everyday. When changes in life happen, we all miss the old good days.Task 2In task 2, students will watch a video clip about Christmas and then do the exercises as required. Before watching, students are supposed to read the words, expressions and cultural notes related to the video.TranscriptDo You Celebrate Christmas?CNN’s Bill Schneider reports on a poll that looks at people who celebrate the Christmas holiday(CNN的比尔施耐德报道了一份着眼于谁庆祝圣诞节假期的投票。

研究生英语阅读Unit7课后答案

Unit 7CulturesLearning ObjectivesAt the end of the unit, students will be able to:1.Know about some famous cultural landmarks of the world;2.Have a general understanding of cultural differences, such as marriage customs,table manners, etc.;3. show their mastery of the words and expressions concerning cultures.Part I Warm-up ActivitiesA Directions: Below are the names of the world’s famous cultural landmarks. Pleasematch them with the corresponding pictures.A. PyramidB. Sydney Opera HouseC. Eiffel TowerD. ColosseumE. the Statue of LibertyF. Taji Mahal1. Eiffel Tower2. Taji Mahal3.the Statue of Liberty4. Pyramid5. Sydney opera house6. ColosseumB Directions:Certain animals are chosen as symbols because they have qualities thatstand out. In different cultures the qualities they are associated are different. The following table includes some of the names of the animals. Complete the phrases by filling the right word in the blanks and discuss with your partner about their Chinesecounterparts.mule lamb dog snail fish bee snake horsesheep fox cat lion toad goose lark1. as happy as a lark2. as cunning as a fox3. as stubborn as a mule4. as busy as a bee5. as slow as a snail6. as strong as a horse7. as ugly as a toad 8. as meek as a lamb9. as brave as a lion 10.as evil as a snake11. kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 12. black sheep of the family13. lead a cat -and- dog life 14. love me, love my dogUseful Words and Expressionscultural heritage of the world 世界文化遗产cultural industries 文化产业cradle of culture 文化摇篮 culture shock 文化冲击hitch-hiking 搭乘 cross-cultural communication 跨文化交流 icon 偶像 diversity 多样性 bilateral 双边的 ink and wash painting 水墨画 local customs and practices 风土人情 native/rural/country culture 乡土文化 The big apple “大苹果”，纽约 champagne 香槟酒 cocktail 鸡尾酒 liqueur 烈酒mainstream culture 主流文化 cultural treasures 文化宝藏 brain drain 人才外流 oriental 东方的 Confucius Institute 孔子学院 Collectivism 集体主义 filial piety 孝道 frugality 节俭 egalitarian平等主义 money-orientated 金钱至上的 ethnic 种族的，人种的 exotic 异国的，外来的，异国情调的 Part II Listening1. Quotes about the United KingdomRead the new words below before listening.Directions:You will hear a number of quotes from people across the globe on their perceptions of the UK according to a survey commissioned by the British Council. Listen and match column A with key words in column B.COLUMN A COLUMN B1. ITALY ( e ) a. quality education2. HUNGARY ( b ) b. self-irony3. HONG KONG ( g ) c. heritage4. JAPAN ( h ) d. limited5. KENYA ( a ) e. liveliness and people’s open-mindedness6. BANGLADESH ( c ) f. innovative trends in music7. KOREA ( k ) g. drunk8. GREECE ( f ) h. discrimination and government.9. MEXICO ( d ) i. soccer10. NIGERIA ( j ) j. high quality products11. SAUDI ARABIA ( i ) k. royal family and democracyTapescriptQuotes about the United Kingdomby British CouncilA survey commissioned by the British Council gave rise to a number of quotes from people across the globe on their perceptions of the UK.• First set of quotesUAE - When young people say about the British that he's unpleasant or old, it is an impression we have from the time when Great Britain was a great power together with Portugal.ITALY - I particularly liked the spirit, the liveliness, the people and their open-mindedness.HUNGARY - It's so fantastic that they are able to look at themselves with self-irony. I think this is exceptional. They write books and make movies that tell a negative picture about them and they show it.HONG KONG - A lot of them are drunk and cause trouble.JAPAN - There are bad points such as discrimination but also good points such as the parliamentary government.KENYA - It's believed that if you go for further education in Britain, you get quality education.THAILAND - They seem so cold in general.BANGLADESH - Heritage from Britain, technology and dynamism from the United States. SINGAPORE - The British always give me the idea of old and boring.KOREA - Underlying the British people's ideologies is their deeply rooted tradition, long history, long history of the royal family and democracy, and the class structure.GREECE - I am thinking about music. It's not by accident that the most innovative trends in music come from England.VIETNAM - UK is a small island but it has a global trading system.• Second set of quotesMEXICO - The British are limited. They don't try new things.JAPAN - British scientists are, almost manic, in particular categories. But they are doing something that really doesn't matter.CZECH REPUBLIC - Britain was the first country with a constitution, I think. So there is a real democratic tradition in Britain.SPAIN - Out of the European countries I think the closest to the US is England; but you can't separate them from Europe.SINGAPORE - They have a group of white trash, you know, skinheads. That group is very, very racist. But I think the majority is fine. In fact, I know there are some community leaders that are black.FRANCE - There are many differences between the English, the Irish and the Scottish. Irish and Scottish are much more friendly.HUNGARY - Their mistrust with strangers is also a characteristic. Usually this is said for the Germans but it is far more true for the English.NIGERIA - A British product is very high quality. You'll use it and use it until you are tired. RUSSIA - People are very involved in the life of society, politics. They are very well aware of what is going on.GERMANY - The really crazy people all come from England.SAUDI ARABIA - They don't have any famous artists. They like soccer.2. Marriage CustomsA Directions：In this section you will hear an extract from a radio talk on marriagecustoms in different parts of the world by Professor Robin Stuart. Listen to the talk andanswer the following questions..1)How do people in the West perceive courtship and marriage despite the recent growth inthe number of divorces,?They regard courtship and marriage through the eyes of a Hollywood producer.2)What is very common as far as marriage is concerned in India?Arranged marriage3) In Japan, if one of the young people involved in the arranged meeting says ‘Oh, no, Icould never marry him or her’, what will happen next?They call the whole thing off.B Direction: Listen to the talk again and fill in the blanks.In parts of Africa, a man is allowed to have several wives. Now that sounds fine from the man’s point of view, but in fact the man is taking on a 1) great responsibility. When he takes a new wife and buys her a nice present, he has to buy all his other wives 2) presents of equal value and, although we are obviously speaking of a 3) male-dominated society, the wives often become very close and so, if there is a disagreement in the family, the husband has three or four wives to argue with 4) instead of just one.Now, most listeners, being used to the Western style of courtship and marriage, will assume this is the best system and the one with greatest chance of 5) producing a happy marriage. But pause and reflect. Marriage must always be 6) something of a gamble. Going out with somebody for six months is very different from being married to them for six years.It is true that American women, brought up in the United States, who married Africans and went to live in Africa, have sometimes found it 7) exceedingly difficult to assume the role of the wife of an African living in Africa. However, my observations have led me to believe that various forms of arranged marriage have just as much 8) chance of bringing happiness to the husband and wife as our Western system of choosing marriage partners. TapescriptMarriage CustomsHere is an extract from a radio talk on marriage customs in different parts of the world by Professor Robin Stuart:Despite the recent growth in the number of divorces, we in the West still tend to regard courtship and marriage through the eyes of a Hollywood p roducer. For us it’s a romantic business. Boy meets girl, boy falls in love with girl, boy asks girl to marry him, girl accepts. Wedding, flowers, big celebration.But in other parts of the world things work differently. In India, for instance, arranged marriage is still very common. An intermediary, usually a married lady, learns that a young man wishes to get married and she undertakes to find him a suitable bride. The young couple meets for the first time on the day of the wedding.In Japan, too, arranged marriages still take place. But there things are organized in a different way. A girl wishes to find a husband, and the girl’s mother, or an aunt perhaps, approaches the mother of a suitable young man and the young couples are introduced. They get a chance to have a look at one another and if one of them says ‘Oh, no, I could never marry him or her,they call the whole thing off. But if they like one another, then the wedding goes ahead.In parts of Africa, a man is allowed to have several wives. Now that sounds fine from the man’s point of view, but in fact the man is taking on a great responsibility. When he takes a new wife and buys her a nice present, he has to buy all his wives presents of equal value and, although we are obviously speaking of a male-dominated society, the wives often become very close and so, if there is a disagreement in the family, the husband has three or four wives to argue with instead of just one.Now, most listeners, being used to the Western style of courtship and marriage, will assume that this is the best system and the one with the greatest chance of producing a happy marriage. But pause and reflect. Marriage must always be something of a gamble. Going out with somebody for six months is very different from being married to them for six years.It is true that American women, brought up in the United States, who married Africans and went to live in Africa, have sometimes found it exceedingly difficult to assume the role of the wife of an African living in Africa. However, my observations have led me to believe that various forms of arranged marriage have just as much chance of bringing happiness to the husband and wife as our Western system of choosing marriage partners.3. For Immigrants, Making Small Talk is Big DealA Directions:In this section you will hear a passage about the importance of small talk.Listen and answer the following questions.1) Why is it hard for Americans to find jobs?Because it is the recession time.2) How is Wei Fang feeling in interviews with American employers?He is uncomfortable promoting himself.3) What can make a difference in meeting potential employers in America?Knowing how to make small talk.B Directions: Listen to the passage again. Complete the summary.Wei Fang, who is from the Shanghai area, is getting his MBA at Brandeis University in Boston, Massachusetts, felt 1) blind during his first few job interviews in the United States. When he was in conversation, he didn’t know 2) where to go next.This type of 3)cultural anxiety can be a real disadvantage at interview time. So the Brandeis business school 4) offers a program to help foreign students adapt to the American culture.Ndawula and Mutamba are both from 5) Africa. In their countries, people usually don't chat with strangers. If a woman approaches a man, it could seem 6) suggestive.As part of a homework assignment, Mutamba learned to start 7) talking about the weather with a stranger in a restaurant in America. After a semester's practice, she’s becoming more 8) confident conversationalist.The organizational behavior professor explained that even when workers are qualified, they can end up 9) socally incompetent if they don’t know what the norm of culture are. In Russia, the rule for appropriate behavior in a job interview are to be honest, modest and serious. In America, a 10) smile can get you a job, at least a chance.Tapescript (This is not a word for word tapescript)For Immigrants, Making Small Talk is Big DealThe foreign-born population in the United States is now at an all-time high - more than 10 percent. And while recession-time jobs are hard to come by for Americans, for those born overseas, finding a job here can be even tougher.Wei Fang, who is from the Shanghai area, is getting his MBA at Brandeis University in Boston, Massachusetts. And he's looking for a job in the United States. But he says he's uncomfortable promoting himself in interviews with American employers."In China," he explains, "the employers like the employees to be hard working and quiet. They want you speak only when they want you speak."In meeting potential employers here, knowing how to make small talk can make a big difference. But for foreign workers, promoting themselves - making small talk, "schmoozing," things Americans take for granted - can be tricky. Fang says he felt blind during his first few job interviews here."Lost, actually, when I was in the conversation. I don't know where to go next."This type of cultural anxiety can be a real disadvantage at interview time. So the Brandeis business school offers a program to help foreign students adapt to the American culture.Today is the last day of class. Students from around the world are setting up their final projects, opening laptops and taping posters to the walls. In one corner, Isaac Ndawula stops to talk with fellow student Sheila Mutamba. Her project is learning to make American-style small talk."So after all this, do you intend to take this back home?" (he asks her. She nods.)"I do, because I think small talk is very important."Ndawula is from Uganda, Mutamba from Rwanda. Both say in the part of Africa they come from, you don't get chatty with strangers. Mutamba says now, after a semester's practice, she's becoming a more confident conversationalist. But she says her first attempt at making small talk was very different."I remember that very clearly, because it was very hard. And just 'cause I'm black, I can't blush, but I was really feeling very awkward and very embarrassed," she says with a laugh.As part of a homework assignment, Mutamba says she did something an American might not think twice about. She turned to a stranger in a restaurant and started talking about the weather."So I keep trying to talk, but I have all these things in my head. I'm trying to be appropriate. I'm trying not to be nosey."Back home, she says, things are more conservative. If a woman approaches a man, it could seem suggestive.Adapting to a different set of rulesAndrew Molinksy, who created the Brandeis program, observes, "They don't know the rules. They don't know the script."The organizational behavior professor explains that even when workers are qualified, if they don't know what the norms of the culture are, they can end up looking socially incompetent. That was the case with a Russian engineer he worked with, who had 17 unsuccessful job interviews. Molinsky says she was extremely qualified, "but she kept failing on the interview, and she would get feedback that she wasn't a great fit."The rules for appropriate behavior in a traditional Russian job interview, he says, are to be honest, modest and serious. The engineer told him smiling was inappropriate."All this silly, friendly behavior," he recalls her saying, "if you smile in my culture like this, you look like a fool."But, he points out, in America, it gets you a job, or at least a chance.According to Columbia University Business School professor Michael Morris, in an increasingly global economy, all workers need to learn to manage across cultures. He says there's not much emphasis on that in the U.S. educational system, so it's something many Americans never learn how to do."Despite all the advantages, all the good luck of being born an American, having this great educational system and this affluent country, this is one disadvantage," Morris notes, suggesting we all need to catch up if we want to be global leaders.4. Table Manners and Diet CustomsA Directions:You will hear a dialogue about cultural shock. While listening for the firsttime , write down some key words in the notes column.B Directions:L isten to the dialogue again and decide whether these statements are true orfalse.1) When the man went to the host’s house, he brought a bottle of wine as a gift and theydrank together in the dinner. ( F )2) When Americans accept a gift, they almost always open the gift right away. ( T )3) American hosts are always saying “Eat some more! Take a bit more!”( F )4) Chinese hosts like to say that there is nothing here to eat, it wasn’t prepared very well andthey mean it. ( F ) 5) Since the man has been studying Chinese for a long time, he knows all the customs quite well. ( F ) TapescriptM: Last weekend, I went as a guest to a Chinese friend’s house. It was really an interesting experience! I felt a little bit of cultural shock.F: Really? So you discovered a few China and America’s different customs.M: Definitely. First, Chinese and Americans have very different ways of accepting gifts. When I went to their house, I brought a bottle of wine as a small gift. I originally thought we would drink together as we ate. So I surprised when the host put it aside and didn’t open it. I really didn’t understand but I didn’t say anything.F: You shouldn’t have worried. That’s just a way Chinese people accept gifts. It’s considered impolite to open something right when you receive it. The way Chinese people see it, opening the gift on the same occasion that you receive it seems to imply that you only want to see whether the gift is good or bad and you don’t care about the thought that your friend put into it.M: Oh really? Well I guess it was just a misunderstanding then. Americans almost always open the gift right away. Then they can say something nice to show that they like what theperson gave them.F: When you were having dinner, did they keep encouraging you to eat and drink?M: Yes! They were always saying “Eat some more! Take a bit more!” And the moment there is a bit space in my bowl, they immediately gave me another helping. That day I had 4 bowls of rice, ate I don’t know how much food. I ate so much I couldn’t walk in a straight line. In America, the host won’t urge the guest to eat and drink more. The guest just eats however much they want to eat.F: That’s just the Chinese way of being friendly and welcoming to one’s guests. For Chinese people, making sure their guest eat their fill and eat well is the most important thing.M: Also they set up this incredibly abundant table of food but then they said there is nothing here to eat, it wasn’t prepared very well and other things like that. And it seems even stranger to me. If they have prepared well, then how many dishes will they have to have?F: T hey were just being modest. Even if they had prepared more, they still would have said that. And Chinese hosts would always prepare a whole lot of dishes. Because if they are among meager selection, the host will feel that he had lost face. Preparing a huge feast is a way of showing your respect for the guest.M: Oh the Chinese customs are so complicated. I will never have understood if you haven’t told me.F: Every culture has its own particular ways of doing things though. There are some western customs that Chinese people think are hard to understand.M: I guess what I have learned is that when you study a language, you also have to understand the culture that behind it because otherwise it’s easy to create misunderstandings and miscommunications.F: I agree.Part III WatchingDirections:The extract is taken from BBC. In this extract the host will take you on a journey through the most thrilling art form of the world opera - Italian opera. Watch the video clip and answer the questions.1)When was the first opera unveiled to the delighted audience?In 1647.2)How do the Italian love opera?They love opera. It is in their blood.3)Opera is an entirely new art form in that it uses speech, songs and dance in a moreexpressive, more powerful and more emotional way.AudioscriptBewildering plots, exotic locations, foreign lyrics, spectacular music and yes, temperamental singers and conductors —— This is the world of opera. In these programmes, I will take you on a journey through the most thrilling art form of them all. One where all of human life and emotion are on display. Music fuses with words to create stories of love, betrayal, revenge, sorrow, passion, tragedy and comedy, to create the stirring and most magical world of Italian opera.The Italians love opera. It’s in their blood. In this film, I’ll be looking at four composers who shaped Italian opera, beginning a whole new art form that, 400 years later, is still thrilling audiences.The smell of the greasepaint, this is what opera is all about. I was born into this world. My father was a voice teacher, and he imbued in me a sense of theatre, the voices, the love of vocal music and just this backstage buzz just gets my blood going in a way that no other thing can. And now I’m lucky enough to have one of the to p jobs in opera- music director at the Royal Opera House in London.“Ladies and gentlemen, you have 30 minutes, please. Thank you.”Today is the dress rehearsal of Barbiere di Siviglia and I’m conducting the piece for the first time, so it’s a really bi g moment for me actually. The singers are all getting ready. The announcement has been made that I have to get down to the pit and so that’s where I’m going now.ApplauseOpera began in Italy 200 years before Rossini’s highly charged barber of Seville. A nd the man who composed its first undisputed masterpiece was Claudio Monteverdi.Monteverdi worked as courts composer at the Ducal Palace here in Mantua. He came here in 1590 at the age of 23, employed by the powerful Gonzagas to supply music to order for all kinds of occasions.This is Vincenzo Gonzaga, Monteverdi’s patron. Now here, he is royally clad in ermine and he had plenty of money for his mistresses but was obscenely in arrears when it came to paying Monteverdi for his music. Monteverdi was treated like a slave in this ducal Palace and was miserable, all the while, producing heavenly music.Monteverdi wrote a wide range of music for his employer. And the fashion at the time was for extravagant courtly entertainments, using speech, songs and dance. These were going toprovide the basis for something entirely new. In the late 1590s, a group of Florentine intellectuals got together and tried to find a way to combine music and drama. They wanted to return to the classical Greek and Roman idea of theatre, of declamation, but what they wanted to achieve with the music and this declamation was something more expressive, more powerful, and emotional. Inspired by these ideas, Monteverdi used the Greek myth of Orpheus and created one of the first examples of what was to become a new art form, opera. Orpheus himself is a singer, so of course his story fitted perfectly with the idea of having a completely sung drama. He uses his musical powers at the gates of Hades to bring his wife back from the dead. But before the story starts, there’s a prologue. Introducing his first character, the character named “music”, or the spirit of music if you l ike, perfectly shows this marriage of speech and music.There’s now real pulse in the music, it’s just free. Just a few chords, and yes, almost spoken words, recitativo, or in English, recit, that’s the shorthand we use. This sung speech was the revolutionary idea that created opera, telling a story and developing characters.In a different tempo… “Where have you come from? Where are you going?”Monteverdi successfully integrated this sung speech with songs dance and scenic effects to create a complete dramatic world. And it was unveiled in 1607 to a delighted audience in Mantua at carnival time.Part IV Oral PracticeRole Play: a dinnerDirections: You are an overseas student studying in China. Your Chinese friend invites you to his/ her home for dinner. During this visit, you found a lot of cultural differences between Chinese culture and the one you are from.Possible words from the host:—Help yourself.—Make yourself at home.—Have some more.As a foreign guest, you should try to include the following information in your talk.—the table manners and dining customs in your country—the cultural differences you have perceived since you come to ChinaEnrichment reading (略)。

研究生综合英语Unit7

arm-up Activities Additional lnformation for the Teacher’s Reference Text The Trying Twenties Further Reading
Speaking Skills
Unit 7 The Trying Twenties
portraits of national and world leaders, including both Presidents Bush, Bill and Hillary Clinton, Newt Gingrich, Margaret Thatcher, Saddam Hussein, and Mikhail Gorbachev. Since 1970, she has published many works, including Lovesound (1970), Hustling: Prostitution in Our Wide Open Society (1973), Passages (1976) and Character: America’s Search for Leadership (1988).
Additional Work
Unit 7 The Trying Twenties
Warm-up Activities 1. What does “the trying twenties” mean? Why is the twenties a “trying” period? Here “trying” means straining one’s power of endurance, so the phrase means that the twenties is a period in which people undergo many ordeals that will temper their willpower and make them more mature. Twenty-somethings are presented with numerous tasks which they are not yet equipped to deal with. For example, to prepare for a career, to find a mentor who will guide you through life, to find a mate with whom you will spend your life, etc. These are the things that were once irrelevant, but now have become imminent. In a sense these are the “trials” they need to go through as they are becoming an adult.

中国石油大学研究生英语外研社答案UNIT 7

UNIT 71.OUTSIDE VIEW Activity 1Activity 2Activity 3Activity 41. How does the figure for the percentage of the British population who live in towns compare with the percentage of Chinese people who live in towns? Suggested answer:It is far higher. As Britain was the first country in the world to industrialize its population it has had longer to become urbanized. Farming uses machines and there are not many jobs in the countryside. China's population is changing fast and the cities are growing. 2.What are the advantages and disadvantages of modern houses as compared to old houses? Suggested answer:Modern houses are designed to be more energy efficient. Modern buildings are designed with good drains and electrical wiring. Old houses which have survived are often well-built and stronger than quickly constructed modern housing.3 In what way is British housing different to Chinese housing?Suggested answer:In Chinese cities, most people live in flats. Houses are very expensive and not commonly seen4 What does the saying, "An English man's home is his castle" mean?Suggested answer:It means no one can enter without being invited in. There are more and more exceptions but it remains partly true. Even the police need a warrant from a magistrate before they can enter someone's home. Homes are private places5．Do the Chinese have the same attitude to their homes as the British? Suggested answer:Many Chinese people share the same attitude. Home is always the most safe and comfortable place for people, and it should be private and prevented from entering without invitation.LISTENING INPassage 1activity 11. t he number of months Anya Peters spent living in her carNine2. P eters' approximate ageearly 30s3. t he number of families living in temporary accommodationone hundred thousand4. t he number of people sleeping rough on any one night in England4835. t he gender of the majority of rough sleepersMale6. t he percentage of people who have or have had drug or alcohol problems 40—50 percentactivity 2Passage 2 activity 1activity 2activity 31. H ow old are the "boomerang" generation?In their 20s.2. W hat three main reasons are given for young people moving back to live with theirparents?Jobs are hard to find, students have fees to pay back and rents are high3. W hy are they called "kidults"?They are adult kids because they don't seem to mind moving back with their parents.4. W hat does the man say he liked about living at home?His mum cooked and he saw his friends5. W hat type of work does he do?He is a scriptwriter6. W hat kind of work did the woman do when she left school?She worked in a supermarket.7. W hy did the woman stay at home?The pay was low and she had no choice8. W hat work is she doing now?She is a department managerPresentation skillsactivity 1activity 2There's no place like home. How true this statement is. Our home is special to us in a way no other place is. We can see this even in language. In English you can be "homesick", but no one is ever said to be "schoolsick" or "officesick". Let us think about some of the ways in which home is unique.Firstly, it is our physical base. It seems natural to most animals to have their own private space where they feel secure. Home is our base. We make our first trips into the big world from it when we are young. We set out to school and work from it every day. We keep our belongings there. We arrange it to suit us and make us comfortable.Secondly, it is our emotional base. Our homes contain the people we are closest to — our parents, perhaps grandparents, and later our chosen partner and our child. These are the people we turn to when we are in trouble. They nurse us when we are ill and try to cheer us up when we are sad.Thirdly, home is where we experience the strongest feelings. We have some of our happiest and most relaxed moments at home, but we will also probably suffer our greatest sadness at home when someone in our family dies. Saying there is no place like home does not mean it is always the best place. There are many homes filled with hate and anger. Marriages break down and people scream at each other. The unique role of home in our lives means we must work very hard to make sure our homes are happy and when sadness comes there are ways to handle it.To conclude, there is no place like home is not only a warm saying, but a reminder to us that home is of central importance to us and we must all work hard to keep our homes places of support and happiness.Thank you.。

新视角研究生英语读说写七单元课后练习答案

Reference
Unit 7: Reading comprehension
Reference
The three aspects of cyberspace are: (1) private e-mail cБайду номын сангаасnversations; (2) information and entertainment services; (3) communities. E-mail conversations require no regulation, as they are private and consensual. Information and entertainment services don’t need regulation either, for customers need to request an item or sign up for a subscription, stuff is not sent out to people who don’t ask for it. Community services need regulation — rules and moderators to keep out unwanted advertising, irrelevant discussions, and rude participants.
Unit 7: Reading comprehension
7. Among these characteristics of cyberspace communities, which feature(s) makes cyberspace unique? How are cyberspace communities different from terrestrial ones?

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Section A
Part 2 Watching & Listening
Professor Hall: Yes, it is a paradox, but, global warming can 3) trigger _____ a cooling trend. Let me explain. The Northern Hemisphere owes its temperate climate to the North Atlantic current. Heat from the sun arrives at the 4) equator ______ and is carried north by the ocean. But, global warming is melting the polar ice caps and 5) disrupting ________this flow. Eventually it will shut down, and when that occurs, there goes our warm climate. British Reporter: Excuse me. When do you think this could happen, professor? When?
Section A
Part 1 Lead-in
Nominated: • Motion Picture Sound Editors, USA(Golden Reel Award) 2005 • Motion Picture Sound Editors, USA 2005 • Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects Driven Motion Picture
Section und Information
Director: Roland Emmerich Run Time: 124 minutes Release Time: 2004 Awards & Nominations Won: • BAFTA Awards: Best Achievement in Special Visual Effects • Visual Effects Society Awards(VES Award) 2005 • Golden Trailer Awards(Golden Trailer) 2005 • BMI Film & TV Awards 2005 • BMI Film Music Award • Best Single Visual Effect of the Year 2005
Word Bank cataclysmic a. 大变动的 fragile a. 脆弱的
paradox n.
Kyoto Accord fossil n.
自相矛盾的话
《京都议定书》化石
sensation 采用耸人听闻手 alist n. 法的人
chunk a. 大块的
Section A
Task 1
Part 1 Lead-in
______ 7. tornado
_________ 8. avalanche
9. tsunami ______
Section A
Part 2 Watching & Listening
Directions: In this part, you’re going to watch six clips from
Part 2 Watching & Listening
Watch the clip and fill in the blanks with the words you get from the clip.
Professor Hall: What we have found locked in these ice cores is 1) evidence _______ of a cataclysmic climate shift, which occurred around ten thousand years ago. The concentration of these natural greenhouse gases in the ice cores indicates that runaway warming pushed the planet into an ice age, which lasted two centuries. Arabian Reporter: I’m 2) confused _______ . I thought you were talking about global warming, not an ice age.
Section A
Part 1 Lead-in
Plot Summary
This movie takes a big-budget, special-effects-filled look at what the world would look like if the greenhouse effect and global warming continued at such levels that they resulted in worldwide catastrophe and disaster, including multiple hurricanes, tornadoes, tidal waves, floods and the beginning of the next Ice Age. At the center of the story is a paleoclimatologist (a scientist who studies the ways weather patterns changed in the past), Professor Jack Hall, who tries to save the world from the effects of global warming while also trying to get to his son, Sam, who is in New York City as part of a scholastic competition, when the city is overwhelmed by
A disaster film is a film that has an ongoing disaster (such as a damaged airliner, fire, shipwreck, an asteroid collision or natural calamities) as its subject. Along with showing the spectacular disaster, these films concentrate on the chaotic events surrounding the disaster, including efforts for survival, the effects upon individuals and families, and “what-if” situations. These films typically describe multiple plotlines, focusing on the characters’ attempts to escape or cope with the disaster and its after-effects. Once the disaster begins in a disaster film, the characters are usually
the movie The Day After Tomorrow. After watching each clip, please complete the tasks following it.
Section A
Part 2 Watching & Listening
Clip 1 UN Conference on global warming in New Delhi. (1'58")
Introduction to Disaster Films (1)
Unit 7 The Day After Tomorrow
Section A Focused Activities Part 1 Lead-in
Part 2 Watching & Listening
Part 3 Fun Time
Section A
Part 1 Lead-in
1. landslide _______
eruption 2. volcano _____________
3. lightening ________
4. flood ____
_________ 5. earthquake
6. fire ___
Section A
Unit 7 The Day After Tomorrow
Introduction to Disaster Films (1) Section A Focused Activities Section B Extended Activities
Introduction to Disaster Films (1)
Section A
Task
Part 1 Lead-in
The Day After Tomorrow shows a disastrous and abrupt climate change. Paleoclimatologist Jack Hall is at a research station in Antarctica when an ice block as big as a state breaks off the continental shelf. Jack senses that wild weather patterns (huge typhoons, large hailstorms in Japan and other temperate zones) might signal a coming ice age tripped off by global warming. Now identify the natural disasters according to the following pictures.

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