自考外语教学法之认知法

认知Discuss in your own words the four principles of cognitivism formulated by Diller.The Cognitive Approach holds that learning a language is a process of acquiring _mental_________control of the phonological, grammatical and lexical patterns of a second language, largely through study and analysis of these patterns as a body of knowledge.What is language in Chomsky’s opinion?Both the generative transformational and cognitive theories have recognized a ______ as an orderly system of rules which a learner can consciously acquire by study methods.What is the attitude of the Cognitive Approach towards mistakes in the language learning process?What are the focuses of classroom teaching in the Cognitive Approach?The Cognitive Approach insists that learning should be _______.A. groupedB. structuredC. paralleledD. practicedWhat does the Cognitive Approach think about the learner in foreign language teaching and learning?What is the attitude of the Cognitive Approach towards mistakes in the language learning process?What are the procedures followed in a Cognitive Approach classroom?Why does the Cognitive Approach give special importance to the learner’s active part in the learning of grammatical rules? To Piaget, the starting point of cognitive development must be activity on the part of the child, not passive reception of outside ________ .Both the gereative transformatianla and congtive theories have reconiged languge as orderly of _______rules which learner can consciously acquaire by study methodWhat are the generative linguists interested inWhat do assimilation and accommodation refer to in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?According to the cognitive theory, what are two processes that second language acquisition involves?What significant implications for language teachers do you see in Piaget’s cognitive theory of learning?What are the objectives of language teaching according to cognitive proponentsWhat are the main disadvantages of the Cognitive Approach What are the limitations of the Cognitive Approach?What are the main features of the Cognitive Approach? And in what aspects is the Cognitive Approach different from the Audiolingual Method?By the mid-_________ the upheaval in linguistics and psycholinguistic s created by Chomsky’s transformational-generative grammar had begun to affect language pedagogy.A. 1940sB. 1950sC. 1960sD. 1970sThe generative-transformational school of linguistics emerged through the influence of __________ .A. Noam ChomskyB. J. PiagetC. D. Ausubel D. J.B. BrunerPiaget saw cognitive development as essentially a process of __________ within which genetics and experience interact. A. maturation B. accommodationC. comprehensionD. assimilationChomsky divides the grammar of a natural language into __core________ grammar and peripheral grammar.The Cognitive Approach lays emphasis on innate organizing principles in human perception and _learning_____.The Cognitive Approach holds that students’ mistakes are ______ in the creative use of language.A. usefulB. understandableC. unavoidableD. reasonableThe generative linguist is interested not only in ______ language but also in explaining language.A. teachingB. describingC. usingD. understandingA major feature of _congtive_____ code-learning is the emphasis on explanations of grammatical functioning.The Cognitive Approach lays emphasis on innate organizing principles in human perception and __learning____.Cognitive psychologists hold that language learning is the discovery of the underlying _structure_____ of the language by means of inductive and deductive inference.Chomsky divides the grammar of a _nature_____ language into core grammar and peripheral grammar.The generative-transformational school of linguistics emerged through the influence of ______.A. J.B.BrunerB. N.ChomskyC. D.AusubelD. G.KellyChomsky rejected the behaviorist model of language acquisition on the basis of his model of competence and _performance_____.The process of learning by discovery, according to Bruner, involves _____ with the minimum of instruction and errorful learning.A. generalizationB. associationC. deductionD. inductionThe cognitive theory of learning as put forward by Ausubel is perhaps best understood by contrasting rote and _____ learning.A. usefulB. practicalC. meaningfulD. advancedCognitive psychologists hold that language learning is the discovery of the underlying _____ of the language by means of inductive and deductive inference.The schema theory is an important element in _congtive____ theory. The expression was coined to describe “an active organ ization”.According to D. Ausubel, the principal function of _______ is to act as a bridge between what learners already know and what they need to know.A. schema theoryB. language acquisition deviceC. language competenceD. advance organizersThe Cognitive Approach lays emphasis on the conscious acquisition of language as a meaningful system and it seeks a basis in cognitive psychology and in transformational _grammar______.In the Cognitive Approach, teachers are required to tell the learner about the language, because knowledge of language rules facilitates _learning______.The emphasis on WHAT and HOW continued during the transformational generative period, when the congtive_______ code-learning approach was much discussed.Piaget considers that conceptual growth occurs because the child, while actively attempting to adapt to the environment, organizes actions, into schemata through the processes of assimilation and _accomondation______.In Chomsky’s opinion, linguistic competence refers to the _internized_____ knowledge of the language that a native speaker of that language possesses.A. Linguists concernedB. Contributions to the Cognitive ApproachPiaget considers that conceptual growth occurs because the child, while actively attempting to adapt to the environment, organizes actions into schemata through the processes of assimilation and _accomadation___.In the Cognitive Approach, teachers are required to tell the learner about the language, because knowledge of language rules facilitates learning____.A: the main feature of the Cognitive① It concentrates on the learner’s process② Teachers are required to tell the learner③ It believes that learners play a decisive④ It emphasizes meaningful leaning and⑤ It gives equal importance to all the fourB: the advantage or disadvantage Approach associated with the featurea. Teachers find it difficult to select and of knowing. prepare meaningful presentations.b. The use of the four skills agrees with about the language. the nature of real communication.c. It involves more active use of the role in foreign language learning. students’ mental power.d. It regards language learning as a process practice. of acquiring conscious control of the language rules.e. It is merely proposing a return to the skills. deductive presentation of grammar rules.The process of learning by discovery, according to Brunner, involves ______ with the minimum of instruction and errorful learning.A. generalizationB. associationC. deductionD. inductionThe generative linguist is interested not only indescribing______ language but also in explaining language. Inother words, they attempt to find the what as well as the why in the study of languageAccording to Piaget, thought or thinking has its origin in actions physically performed and then internalized. In other words, thought is _internalized_____ actionsThe generative-transformational school of linguistics emerged through the influence of ________.A. J.B. BrunerB. N. ChomskyC. D. AusubelD. G. KellyThe cognitive theory of learning as put forward by Ausubel is perhaps best understood by contrasting rote and _______ learning.A. usefulB. practicalC. meaningfulD. advancedJean Piaget stated that as the child grows up, his capacity of reasoning______ would become more and more developed through different stages.The Cognitive Approach lays emphasis on the conscious acquisition of language as a meaningful _system_____ and it seeks a basis in cognitive psychology and in transformational grammarChomsky maintained that language is not a form of__behaviour____. On the contrary, it is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system.According to D. Ausubel, the principal function of ______ is to act as a bridge between what learners already know and what they need to know.A. schema theoryB. language acquisition deviceC. language competenceD. advance organizersA major feature of cognitive code-learning is the emphasis on explanations of ______.A. grammatical functioningB. conscious selection of wordsC. deductive order of learningD. language instructionSecond language acquisition, as a complex cognitive skill, involves the processes of _automaticity_____ and restructuring Chomsky rejected the behaviorist model of language acquisition on the basis of his model of competence and _performancd_____ The Cognitive Approach holds that students’ mistakes are_unavoidable_____ in the creative use of language.Why are teachers required to tell the learner about the language in the Cognitive Approach?A. Because knowledge of language rules facilitates learning.B. Because knowledge of language rules is useful for reading and writing.C. Because students’ mistakes can be avoided by learning grammatical rules.D. Because the learning of grammatical rules involves active mental processes.J.B. Bruner believes that learning is most effectively achieved when children are encouraged to ________A. use pre-packaged materialsB. use advice organizersC. engage in individualized teachingD. engage in guided discoveryWhich of the following is NOT a basic principle of the Cognitive Approach?A. Knowledge of language rules facilitates learning.B. Mistakes are unavoidable.C. Teach the language, not about the language.D. Learning is based on understandingThe language acquisition device (LAD) is made up of a set of principles called ____________ grammar.In Chomsky’s opinion, linguistic competence refers to the _________ of the language that a native speaker possesses.（）A．inborn deviceB．universal grammarC．internalized knowledgeD．general principlesCognitive Approach holds that students should be led to learn and use the language by making hypothesis, testing the hypothesis ________ and then make corrections.Cognitive Approach holds that mistakes are unavoidable in the creative use of _language_______.A: techniques used in the Cognitive B: the purpose Approach①. discriminationa. to activate oral and written skills②. physical responseb. to develop students’ ability to usethe language independent of the text③. sentence combinationc. to give students practice in listening comprehension④. describing picturesd. to give students practice in telling the difference between linguistic items⑤. prepared speech on a topic of interest e. to give students practice in the use of the grammar rulesBelieve_learner___play a decicive role in theLearning invole organization of materias and should be meaningfulFor Chomsky, linguistic competence refers to the internalized knowledge of the language that a native speaker of that language possesses.（）Piaget’s theory of cognitive development holds that the child achieves his conceptual growth through the process of assimilation and ____ Accommodation _________________.The Cognitive Approach seeks in_transformational____________________ Grammar and cognitive psychology a basis for second language teaching7. The revolution in linguistic theory in the 1960s refers to the appearanceof the ____.A. structuralist theoryB. communicative linguisticsC. transformational-Generative GrammarD. habit-formation theory“Teach the language, not about the language”is a principle of ________.A. Communicative ApproachB. Oral MethodC. Cognitive ApproachD. Audiolingual MethodThe cognitive theory of learning as put forward by Ausubel is perhaps best understood by contrasting rote learning and meaningful learning.Chomsky made a difference between the grammatical knowledge and the sentences it produced. He called the knowledge of grammar rules “competence ”.The process of learning by discovery involves induction(taking particular instances and using them to devise a general case ) with the minimum of instruction, and errorful learning .Piaget saw cognitive development as essentially a process of maturation , within which genetics and experience interact..In the opinion of J.B. Bruner, learners should organize knowledge for themselves, forexample, by using（）, rather than having materials pre-packaged by the teacher.A. discovery methodsB. advance organizersC. meaningful learningD. cognitive structureAll of the following are the proponents of cognitive psychology except （）A. J.B. Brunner B. D. A. WilkinsC. D. Ausubel D. J. PiagetIn which way is the Cognitive Approach different from the Audiolingual Method?（）A. giving the primary stress to listening and speakingB. giving priority to reading and writingC. laying special emphasis on speakingD. giving equal importance to all the four skillsIn 1957, Noam Chomsky published his book __ Syntactic Structures ______ ________.Piaget considers that conceptual growth occurs because the child, while actively attempting to adapt to the environment, organizes actions into schemata through the processes of __assimilation______ and accommodation.The generative linguist is interested not only in __describing______ language but also in explaining language. In other words, they attempt to find the what as well as the _why_______ in the study of language.______ is the author of the book Syntactic Structures.A. Edward SapirB. Noam ChomskyC. J. R. FirthD.M.A.K. HallidayThe generative-transformational school of linguistics emerged through the influence of ______.A. Noam ChomskyB.J. PiagetC. D. AusubelD.J.B. Bruner____ is the process by which we modify what we already know to take into account new information.A. OrganizationB. AccommodationC. ComprehensionD. AssimilationJ. B. Bruner believes that learning is most effectively achieved when children are encouraged to engage in __guided____ discovery.In practice the Cognitive Approach involves more active use of the students' mental power, which is especially suitable for __adult____ language learners.Jean Piaget stated that as the child grows up, his capacity of _reasoning_____ would become more and more developed through different stages.In order to find ways of associating the new materials with ideas or objects with which the pupils are familiar, D. Ausubel would prefer_______.A. straightforward explanation and expositionB. pupil-generated discovery methodsC. rote learningD. inductive and deductive inferenceOf the three procedures followed in a cognitive classroom, which can be viewed as the performance stage?A. Exercises.B. Application activities.C. Introduction of new materials.D. None of the above.Chomsky and others claimed that every normal human being was born with a(n) _______.A. ADLB. LDAC. LADD. ALDThe most important factor that made cognitive psychology dominant in the world is the development of the _computer______ technologyChomsky made the __distinction_____ between linguistic competence and linguistic performance.。