英语经贸知识笔记
经验分享-2016年中央财经大学金融硕士考研-英语复习 资料笔记 题型结构
好消息！好消息！中财金院金融硕士进入复试112人，录取92人，育明教育学员8人，进入复试6人，全部录取！未进入复试学员成功调剂东北财经金融专硕。
首先说下英语，（完型运气好6分,阅读+新题型+翻译33.5,大小作文共19分）作为英语渣，我四六级都没到过480，我觉得从小学到现在背单词对于我几乎没用，我相信很多人和我有同样遭遇，当你经常盯着一个单词边写边读时，其实是在走思，到头来还是不会做题（试想高中学语文，汉字全都懂但是阅读理解还是拿不了满分，想想你语文是背字典而学好的吗？）。
非常建议朱伟的恋练有词，讲课很实用很吸引人。
40个单元，每周完成5个单元就不错了，每天用一个小时左右复习一下昨天的单元内容，一定要坚持，当你完成10个单元会感觉有点质的飞跃，当你听完20个单元时，要开始做真题，近十年真题要做3遍，如果没有时间至少近五年要做3遍。
最后一年要留到考前一个月再做。
拒绝其他任何模拟题！96年到2003年的真题做做阅读和作文就好，这些真题难度最低，但也有不少经典的题目，如果没时间就只写写作文。
04到10年难度增加，10年以后很难，必须要钻研透彻（每个题型每个单词每个句子都要弄懂）！这里说下怎么做真题，每套题要严格按照考试时间来，下午2点到5点，去淘宝买下英语和政治的答题卡，然后去打印店用A3的纸复印，我每次大小作文模拟也是用答题纸，这样可以和考试做到最大可能的一致，否则和真正考试稍有一点不一样也会耽误你一会儿时间的。
以下是我的答题顺序，仅供参考:2点到2.15小作文，2.15-2.55前两篇阅读，2.55-3.35大作文，3.35-4.15后两篇阅读，4.15-4.35翻译，4.35-4.50新题型，最后十分完型，因为我英语很渣所以大作文用时间长，我说的时间都包括涂卡的时间！完型是用来调节时间的，没时间就直接涂在卡上！阅读理解的网课推荐唐迟老师和李剑，结合真题分析的很透彻。
李剑老师前几节课很好，后面就有些啰嗦了（我在淘宝买的李剑的专项阅读班才10块-_-||）基础不好的可以听完如果基础还可以只听前几节课就好了。
2017年对外经贸大学翻译硕士考研真题、答题攻略及复习经验指导
2017年对外经贸大学翻译硕士考研真题、答题攻略及复习经验指导357英语翻译基础考研真题第一部分短语翻译加解释七个选五个翻译加解释E-C barriestoentrycarpooling specialdrawingrightscurrentaccountquotaexportcredittertiaryindustry C-E全面二孩灵猫六国跨太平洋伙伴合作协定一带一路首次公开募股国际收支平衡表投资组合理论第二部分E-C世界银行集团的风险管理C-E第一部分三个古文句子翻译1.百川汇海阔风正好扬帆（后半句不大确定了）2.同心合意，庶几有成3.急人之急，雪中送炭，是中国所推崇的处世之道第二部分，篇章翻译是关于RCEP的，貌似是李克强的一个讲话。
211翻译硕士英语单选20题考的基本上都是词义辨析改错10题不是很难阅读四篇第一篇用机器鸟赶鸽子T/F/NG第二篇关于学习英语的（FT中文网原文）四选一第三篇关于Creation的选headings的题目第四篇关于Uber的文章（没记错的话也是FT中文网的文章）选句子填空写作图表作文给了两个图，第一个是FDI的图，第二个China'stradewithGeorfia（记不清是不是这个国家了）通过这两个图标分析说明中国在这个地区建立自由贸易区的可行性。
百科福之祸所依是谁说的2015诺贝尔文学奖武汉的意义法国西班牙分界线孙思邈写的书获得普利策奖和诺贝尔文学奖的唯一女作家狄更斯的小说晏殊的昨夜西风凋碧树中东地区矛盾冲突的原因二十四节气英语翻译基础书目推荐1、庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》。
北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。
2、叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》。
北京：清华大学出版社，2001。
3、中国日报（ChinaDaily）：英语点睛：新词新译4、王恩冕，《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，第三版，2010。
5、金融时报官方网站：双语时评。
对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题
全国8大分校·出题人阅卷人加盟·多对一跟踪督促·精准考研信息·考前绝密押题·复试协议保过高端状元集训营·一对一押题保分·专业课视频课程·全套真题（含解析）笔记·专业课押题卷对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士英语笔译考研资料-考研考博一．对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研内容分析专业招生人数初试复试英语笔译年份统考推免政治100分翻译硕士英语100分英语翻译基础150分汉语写作与百科知识150分笔试：40分钟，100分面试：100分笔试占复试成绩的50%，面试占50%201542102016339英语口译2015912020165724二．育明考研考博辅导中心孙老师解析：关于对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士2016年的招生信息最新总结：1,对外经济贸易大学近两年的复试分数线比较高，15年389分,16年388分。
这样的高分给很多同学无形中一个压力，导致很多学生不敢报考。
孙老师建议大家不要只看分数线，还要了解出题趋势和难度，大家都知道贸大很偏重经贸类的，所以复习起来还是很有方向的，这两年的题难度不大，也是高分的原因，17年的考生在报考事一点要根据自己的强狂选择。
2，从招生人数看贸大16年有很大的变化的，笔译招生40人没有变化，口译少了一个国际商务谈判方向，招生人数由80人减少55人。
增加了在职商务口笔译，招生人数30人。
实际上16年在职录取了7全国8大分校·出题人阅卷人加盟·多对一跟踪督促·精准考研信息·考前绝密押题·复试协议保过高端状元集训营·一对一押题保分·专业课视频课程·全套真题（含解析）笔记·专业课押题卷人。
育明教育考博分校针对对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士专业考研开设的辅导课程有：专业课一对一·全程集训营·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。
自考笔记.自考考前压题预测.0096外刊经贸知识选读串讲讲义
第一部分导言一、内容梗概《外刊经贸知识选读》这本教材以课文为核心，选文题材包括与我国经贸研究与实际工作有关的几个主要方面：中国对外贸易与吸收外资的概况以及其改革开放的大背景，国际经贸的宏观形势，世界经济和贸易大国的贸易政策和问题，亚洲新兴经济的状况和问题，日益激烈的市场竞争，从关贸总协定到世界贸易组织，初级产品市场的前景预测和市场变化的微观报导等。
这些课程内容的表达上语言上则提供了大量的、丰富的经贸研究与实际工作经常需用的词语、句式和文体及其应用的范例。
二、课程目标学习本课程，要求学生初步掌握使用英语从西方报刊或相类的材料中直接了解并获取经贸信息的基本知识和技巧。
为了实现这一最终目的，必须在学习过程中切实达到下列目标：1、熟悉并掌握课文中出现的经常用于报刊经贸文章（或相类材料）的词、片语和句型；2、能比较熟练地运用这些语言知识并结合所学的经贸业务和背景知识正确地理解教材中的课文练习用文、补充阅读材料等，并能得其要旨。
三、课程性质《外刊经贸知识选读》课程是全国高等教育自学考试国际贸易专业的必考课和英语专业的选修课，是为培养和检验自学应考者的阅读和理解西方报刊经贸文章所需的专业英语的基本知识和应用能力而设置的一门专业英语课程。
这一课程是英语阅读和理解课的一个专业分支。
其特点是：阅读材料以当代国际经贸活动为主要内容和背景；文章是用相关的英语表达的课程的设计和教材的编写着力于提示和总结这类材料的语言运用规律的启发有关经贸知识的应用。
由于课程内容的高度经贸专业化，学习本课程之前应完成经济学和其他国际贸易基础课程的学习。
四、学习方法1、首先要反复认知和记忆教材中出现的在西方经贸报刊文章（英语）中经常使用的词、片语和句型，了解其含义，掌握其用法，能够熟练地运用在阅读理解之中；2、在初步掌握了有关语言知识的基础上，在阅读中要结合所学文章的上下文和内容背景运用这些基本语言知识去正确、深入、灵活地理解。
这里所谓“灵活”，就是说一个词，片语或句型具体用在一句一段一篇里时其含义以至其用法经常有所变化，报刊文字尤其如此，而读者在理解上也要有随和应变之巧，不可一味墨守而不得其真义。
商务英语口译教程答案
商务英语口译教程答案【篇一：世纪商务英语口译教程教学大纲】ss=txt>一、课程名称：商务英语口译、英语口译或专业英语口译二、总学时：60-80学时三、先修课程：商务英语听力，商务英语会话，外贸英语口语，商务英语，外贸英语函电与单证，国际贸易，国际贸易实务，市场营销学四、本课程的性质和目的：本课程为专业必修课，以汉译英为主、英译汉为辅。
在巩固和加强学生的听、说、读、写、译等五大语言技能的基础上，培养学生掌握口译的基本理论和专题连续传译的技能，帮助学生掌握口译记忆方法、口头概述、口译笔记、及公众演讲技巧。
通过课内的模拟训练以及课外的实战训练，实际掌握一些经贸口译的知识、技能、程式等。
本课程旨在帮助学生掌握口译的技巧体系，在一定程度上实现相关专业与外语专业之间的复合、交融与渗透，初步了解经贸活动与谈判的常用模式程序和有关知识，培养跨文化交际意识，拓宽实用知识和背景知识，提高语言理解能力和语言表达能力、增强逻辑思维能力和应变应急能力、强化心理素质与责任心。
五、本课程的教学对象：本课程教学对象为高职高专院校商务英语、国际经济与贸易、工商管理等专业的高年级学生。
六、本课程理论教学内容：本课程讲授经贸口译的基本知识和必备技能，主要从“译能”、“译技”和“译为”三个方面进行培养与训练，将课堂口译操练与课外口译实践相结合，教学内容由口译理论与口译实践组成，以后者为主。
主要内容包括口译基本技能如笔记技巧，口译技巧等和商务英语如商务接待、商务谈判、经济发展、对外贸易等主题领域。
教学重难点：笔记技巧与实践，口译技巧与实践，记忆力训练和视译训练，商务英语表达各章节教学内容及教学要求如下：模块选材训练内容第一模块训练选材内容为商务场合与活动第一课接待、入住酒店、参观记忆力训练第二课洽谈、购物、宴会对话第三课旅游产品介绍送机第二模块训练选材内容为国际贸易实务第四课询盘、报盘、还盘记忆力训练第五课支付、保险、运输对话、段落第六课包装、索赔、代理笔记技巧讲解及训练、数字训练第三模块训练选材内容为大商务第七课经济发展与改革段落、文章第八课对外贸易视译第九课国际经济与贸易组织介绍翻译技巧及训练第四模块训练选材内容为综合性第十课同传训练（介绍性质）同传技巧及训练学时分配表：七、本课程考核方式本课程为非统一考试科目。
国际贸易英语知识点总结
国际贸易英语知识点总结一、国际贸易术语（Incoterms）1. FOB (Free on Board)- 含义：卖方在指定的装运港将货物装上买方指定的船只后，卖方即完成交货义务。
风险在货物越过船舷时转移给买方。
- 示例：We offer the goods FOB Shanghai.（我们提供上海港船上交货价的货物。
）- 相关费用：卖方负责将货物运至装运港船上之前的一切费用，包括国内运输、装卸等费用；买方负责从装运港到目的港的运费、保险费等。
2. CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight)- 含义：卖方负责支付货物成本、保险费和运费，将货物运至指定目的港。
- 示例：The price is quoted CIF New York.（价格报的是纽约港到岸价。
）- 相关费用：卖方承担货物到达目的港之前的成本、保险费和运费；买方负责卸货后的费用，如进口关税等。
风险在货物越过装运港船舷时转移给买方。
3. CFR (Cost and Freight)- 含义：卖方负责货物成本和运费，将货物运至指定目的港。
与CIF相比，不包含保险费。
- 示例：We can supply the goods CFR London.（我们可以供应伦敦港成本加运费价的货物。
）- 相关费用：卖方承担货物运至目的港的成本和运费，买方负责保险费及卸货后的费用。
风险在货物越过装运港船舷时转移给买方。
二、商务信函写作。
1. 信头（Letterhead）- 包含公司名称、地址、联系方式（电话、传真、电子邮箱等）。
- 例如：ABC Company.123 Main Street, New York, NY 10001.Tel: +1 - 212 - 1234567.Fax: +1 - 212 - 1234568.Email:*******************.2. 称呼（Salutation）- 如果知道对方姓名，用“Dear Mr./Ms. + 姓氏”，如“Dear Mr. Smith”；如果不知道具体姓名，可用“Dear Sir/Madam”或者“To Whom It May Concern”。
外贸口语知识点总结英文
外贸口语知识点总结英文一、询盘1. Hi, I’m writing to inquire about your products.2. Could you please send me more information about your goods?3. I’m interested in your (product name). Can you provide more details?4. Can you give me a quotation for (product name)?5. What’s your best price for (product name)?6. Do you have a catalog or price list for your products?二、报盘1. Thank you for your inquiry. We are pleased to offer you the following quotation.2. Please find attached our price list/catalog for your reference.3. The price we quoted is based on (terms of payment, delivery, etc.).4. We can also offer you a discount if you place a large order.5. The quoted price is valid for (time period).6. We can offer you a sample for testing.三、订单确认1. We are satisfied with your quotation and would like to place an order.2. Please send us a proforma invoice for the order.3. We will pay by (terms of payment).4. Could you give us an estimated delivery time?5. We look forward to doing business with you.四、支付方式1. We can accept payment by T/T, L/C, Western Union, etc.2. We require a 30% deposit before production and the balance before shipment.3. The payment terms are negotiable based on the order amount.4. The payment should be made in US dollars or Euros.五、货物提运1. We have arranged the shipment of your order.2. The goods will be delivered to your designated port.3. The tracking number will be provided once the goods are shipped.4. Please confirm the receipt of the goods when they arrive.六、质量检验1. We have received the goods and they are in good condition.2. We are satisfied with the quality of the products.3. There are some defects in the goods. We request a replacement.4. We will conduct a quality inspection upon receipt of the goods.七、投诉处理1. We are unsatisfied with the quality of the products received.2. We request a refund for the defective goods.3. We hope you can rectify the problem and improve the quality of your products.4. We expect better service in the future to avoid similar issues.八、市场营销1. We would like to introduce our new product line to you.2. We are offering a special promotion for our products this month.3. We are interested in becoming your distributor in our region.4. We would like to explore opportunities for collaboration with your company. 以上是一些常见的外贸口语知识点，希望对您有所帮助。
英语经贸知识笔记
《英语经贸知识》重点资料Lesson 11. International trade: can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another.2. International specialization: one country producing more of a commodity than it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries.3. The theory of comparative advantage: holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.4.国际专业化：international specialization 绝对利益：absolute advantage比较利益：comparative advantage5. rich in advantage over point on across borders6.Translation:(1) 在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。
In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self- sufficient.(2) 随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。
经贸知识英语复习提纲
经贸知识英语Module 1 (1)Module 2 (6)Module 3 (9)Module 4 (10)Module 5 (11)Module 6 (18)Module 7 (20)Module 8 (21)Module 9 (22)Module 10 (29)Module 11 (32)Module 12 (33)参考答案 (40)Module 1I. Choose the best answer:B1. She for an advertising agency.A. workB. worksC. workingD. workedC2. I _________all the computer systems in the office.A. checkingB. checksC. checkedD. checkD3. The managers ________a lot of time in meetings.A. spendingB. spentC. spendsD. spendC4. I ________work before six o’clock most days.A. did n’t leaveB. not leaveC. don’t leaveD. doesn’t leaveB5. The department ________a full-time secretary.A. not haveB. doesn’t ha veC. didn’t haveD. don’t haveA6._____ __weekends?A. Do you workB. Did you workC. Does you workD. Are you workB7. We receive telephone calls.A. neverB. rarelyC. sometimesD. stillD8.The bonuses are late.A. rarelyB. sometimesC. oftenD. alwaysB9. She’s a good .She did a great session on team-building last week.A .train B. trainer C. training D. trainedC10. A health and safety is coming to see the factory tomorrow.A. operateB. operatingC. operatorD. operatedII. Translate the followings into Chinese:1. I’m responsible for checki ng company’s accounts. 我负责检查财务报告。
CET6真题高频词汇大解析(二)_四级真题高频词汇
CET6真题高频词汇大解析（二）_四级真题高频词汇Transition （9次）1. The wooden cases must be secured by overall metal strapping so that they can be strong enough to stand rough handling during ______. （05/6） A） transitB） motionC） shiftD） traffic2. These continual ________ in temperature make it impossible to decide what to wear. （04/6）A） transitionsB） transformationsC） exchangesD） fluctuations3. In order to keep the line moving, customers with lengthy ____ are required to do their banking inside. （03/12）A） transitB） transactionsC） turnoverD） tempos4. Retirement is obviously a very complex _____ period; and the earlier you start planning for it, the better. （03/6）A） transformationB） transmissionC） transactionD） transition5.The ________ from childhood to adulthood is always critical time for everybody. （01/6）A） conversionB） transitionC） turnoverD） transformation6. Cultural ________ indicates that human beings hand their languages down from onegeneration to another.（01/1）A） translationB） transitionC） transmissionD） transaction7.There is much I enjoy about the changing seasons, but my favorite time is the ______ fromfall to winter. （00/6）A） transmissionB） transformationC） transitionD） transfer8.He attends to the _______ of important business himself. （98/6） A） transactionB） transitionC） transmissionD） transformation9. It will be safer to walk the streets because people will not need to carry large amounts of cash; virtually all financial _______ will be conducted by computer. （97/6）A） transactionsB） transmissionsC） transitionsD） transformationsAccommodate（3次）1. It is a well-known fact that the cat family______lions and tigers.（05/6）A） enrichesB） accommodatesC） adoptsD） embraces2. They used to quarrel a lot, but now they are completely ____with each other. （03/9）A） reconciledB） negotiatedC） associatedD） accommodated3. In this poor country, survival is still the leading industry; all else is ______.（98/1）A） luxuryB） accommodationC） entertainmentD） refreshmentAdminister（3次）1. The Chinese Red Cross ____a generous sum to the relief of the victims of the earthquake in Turkey. （03/9）A） administeredB） elevatedC） assessedD） contributed2. Their diplomatic principles completely laid bare their ________ for world conquest.?（01/1）A） admirationB） ambitionC） administration3. Although it was his first experience as chairman, be ________ over the meeting with great skill. （98/6）A） presidedB） administeredC） masteredD） executedAcquaint（2次）1. The author of the report is well ________ with the problems in the hospital because he has been working there for many years. （01/6）A） acquaintedB） informedC） accustomedD） known2. They are well _______ with each other since they once studied in the same university. （98/6）A） identifiedB） recognizedC） acknowledgedD） acquaintedActivate（2次）1. Lighting can be used not only to create an atmosphere, but also to ________ features of the house, such as ornaments or pictures. （05/1） A） highlightB） underlineC） activateD） upgrade2. The medicine ____ his pain but did not cure his illness. （02/6） A） activatedC） mediatedD） deteriorated参考答案：transition: ADBDB CCAAaccommodate: DAAadminister: DBAacquaint: AD（此题请务必看后面的解释）activate: AB共出现9次，作为主考词5次，陪考次4次。
2017年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研参考书、历年真题、复试.
2017年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研必读信息复习经验经验指导:1、抓住重点,快速复习2、建立框架,系统复习3、明确背诵,精确记忆4、区分主次,结合热点5、模拟训练,名师批阅6、押题模考,一战封侯育明教育权威提示:(按照行政管理专业考研知识点和重要程度,分为以下4个层次掌握进行复习:基础★知识点记忆★★重难点精背★★★押题模考★★★★★押题模考,决胜千里,重点要求考生达到精确记忆,次重点能融会贯通,能复述框架,次重点知识点形成体系,以不变应万变。
一、翻译硕士专业学位简介对外经济贸易大学是教育部“211工程”首批重点建设高校之一,也是我国唯一一所国际经济贸易专业门类齐全的多学科大学。
2009年起,翻译硕士专业学位开始招生,已培养出优秀毕业生,就业于外交部、商务部、中联部等各大部委外事部门,以及中外企事业单位和金融机构。
英语学院开展翻译教学已有50多年的历史,曾经拥有张培基、丁衡祁等著名翻译学者,设有翻译系和MTI教育中心,形成了从本科、硕士、博士、留学生等全国8大分校·出题人阅卷人加盟·多对一跟踪督促·精准考研信息·考前绝密押题·复试协议保过高端状元集训营·一对一押题保分·专业课视频课程·全套真题(含解析笔记·专业课押题卷完整的翻译人才培养模式,经贸特色和优势鲜明。
200年与欧盟委员会口译总司合作设立了“中欧高级译员培训中心”,引进了成熟的欧洲译员培训模式培养会议口译员,2004年起招收会议口译硕士研究生,2008年起招收翻译专业本科生,2009年起招收翻译硕士,2011年起招收商务翻译博士研究生,已培养出高素质口笔译毕业生近千人。
我院师资队伍实力雄厚,经贸翻译和口译教学团队在全国享有盛誉。
现有专任翻译教师22人,并聘请林超伦等多位资深专家担任兼职教师。
口译教师均在欧盟口译总司接受过专业培训,并获得欧盟口译证书。
2016年中国人民大学经济学院国际贸易学考博辅导班真题参考书考博笔记解析
中国人民大学经济学院国际贸易学考博信息汇总该文档包括第一部分：考试科目，第二部分：复试分数线、招生人数，参考书目，第三部分：导师信息，第四部分：考研真题。
第一部分：考试科目020206-国际贸易学初试考试科目：①经济理论；②世界经济与国际贸易；③外语；跨一级学科考生复试笔试加试科目：④经济学中的数学方法；⑤经济思想史；同等学力考生复试笔试加试科目：④经济学中的数学方法；⑤经济思想史；⑥政治理论。
注：经济理论含：政治经济学、微观经济学、宏观经济学一级学科，包括以下2种提法：①教育部《学位授予和人才培养学科目录》。
在高等学校研究生教育体系设置中，一级学科是学科大类，二级学科是其下的学科小类。
根据2011修订版，共设13个学科门类（哲学、经济学、法学、教育学、文学、历史学、理学、工学、农学、医学、管理学、军事学、艺术学）、110个一级学科。
例如，理学下有数学、物理学、地理学等十余个一级学科。
②国家标准《中华人民共和国学科分类与代码国家标准》（GB/T13745）。
它是经国家技术监督局批准，由国家科委与技术监督局共同提出，国家技术监督局于1992年11月1日正式在北京发布该标准。
1993年7月1日正式实施此标准。
根据2009修订版，共设5个门类（自然科学类、农业科学类、医药科学类、工程与技术科学类、人文与社会科学类）、58个一级学科。
例如，自然科学类下有数学、物理学、地球科学等八个一级学科。
同等学力考生在报考研究生时必须具有大学本科毕业的水平。
同等学力报考硕士研究生的基本要求是：获得国家承认的大专学历，毕业后2年(从大专毕业到录取为硕士生当年的9月1日)或者2年以上，达到与大学本科毕业生同等学力，且符合招生单位根据本单位的培养目标对考生提出的具体业务要求的人员。
这个规定是必要非充分条件，也就是说：专科毕业两年(含两年)是报考研究生的基本条件，各招生单位还将在此基础上对同等学力做出具体的规定和要求。
第二部分：复试分数线、招生人数、参考书目年份复试分数线进入复试人数/录取人数（不含硕博连读）2012年外语55分专业一60分专业二60分总分180分114人/79人2013外语55分专业一60分专业二60分总分18093人/75人年分2014年外语55分专业一60分专业二60分总分180分104人/76人2015年外语55分专业一60分专业二60分总分180分106人/80人育明教育姜老师解析：1、人大经济学院的复试分数线并不是非常高，但考生之间拉开的分差却是比较大的。
贸大翻硕——2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研辅导班笔记解析
贸大翻硕——2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研辅导班笔记解析各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。
李贽及其主要思想李贽（1527—1602），由于其言论著作，猛烈抨击了纲常礼教和孔孟之道，统治阶级把他视为“洪水猛兽”。
万历二十八年（1600），以“维持风化”为名，将他驱逐出境。
三十年（1602），明政府以“敢倡乱道，惑世诬民”的罪名，把他逮捕下狱，并下令禁毁他的著作。
明清两代均被列为禁书。
李贽具有突出的反对封建礼教的思想。
他蔑视儒学经典，尤其反对神化孔子，因此不能把几千年前孔孟的学说作为衡量今天是非的标准。
李贽还对封建传统观念进行了批判。
他认为“人人皆可以为圣”，“圣人不曾高，众人不曾低”（《焚书》）。
他提倡男女平等，反对歧视妇女。
他还主张婚姻自主，赞扬卓文君和司马相如相爱是“同声相应，同气相求”（《藏书》）。
李贽的这些言论，直接冲击了儒学的独尊地位，批判了封建等级和纲常礼教。
王夫之及其唯物思想王夫之（1619—1692），曾起兵抗清。
兵败，还乡，人称船山先生。
著作现存《船山遗书》288卷，。
代表作有《张子正蒙注》《周易外传》《尚书引义》《读四书大全说》《思问录》《黄书》《噩梦》和《读通鉴论》等。
王夫之发展了古代朴素的唯物思想。
他认为“气”是物质实体，“理”是客观规律，即物质是普遍存在的，客观规律也是普遍存在于物质本身的；又说：“气者，理之依也”，这里的“理”是指精神，即精神是依赖于物质的，由物质产生的，离开物质，精神就不存在。
王夫之还研究了认识论反映论的一系列问题。
他认为客观事物是可以认识的，而认识则来源于实践—“纾”（这里的“纾”，指的是个人的实践）。
王夫之的哲学思想是对我国古代朴素唯物思想的一个总结。
黄宗羲及思想特点黄宗羲（1610—1695）曾参加抗清，后长期隐居。
对外经贸金融硕士考研经验——尽最大努力,不负韶光
对外经贸金融硕士考研经验——尽最大努力，不负韶光一、自我介绍先说一下本人的情况，我是二战考生，帝都某理工类211本科，一战刚过国家线，仔细分析了一下失败的原因。
主要有开始时间太晚，比如跨考8月份才开始准备，备考中对考研形势的严峻性不够重视所以比较懈怠等。
二战初试成绩也不是很高，总分370+，政治65+，英语一70+，396经济类联考120+，431专业课100+。
二、择校对于考研择校，其实当时选择的时候还挺果断的，本科就是在北京就读的，所以读研想继续在北京。
开始选了本校的金融专硕，后来听学长学姐说贸大在找工作时会有很大的优势，公认财经类院校清北复交人两财一贸比较好，自己又是理工科跨金融，所以选择一个相对于容易一些的，就定了贸大。
至于为什么考金融，本专业是理工科，大二的时候就修读了金融的双学位，为以后读研的时候攻读金融奠定基础。
考研之前也看了很多经验贴，考完之后想写一份希望可以帮助到20届的学弟学妹们。
三、复习安排1.政治：65+要想得高分，必须选择题少错，做扎实，大题平均分30分，字写的好看的，酌情加一两分。
用书：肖秀荣三件套（书+1000题+1000题答案）+腿姐冲刺背诵手册+肖8+腿姐五套卷+徐涛8套卷+各种老师模拟卷+肖四，强烈推荐腿姐冲刺背诵手册！！！把这本书背烂选择题不出意外可以拿个不错的分数。
除肖秀荣三套卷之外，课程我是跟着腿姐的走的。
前期学习：8月份开始准备政治，马原作为比较重要又比较抽象的一门学科，所以先看了腿姐的课（b站），一般一节课两个多小时，两天一节课，加做1000题的配套题，整个8月都是在看马原。
去年腿姐已经有自己的配套书籍了，但是肖秀荣三套卷买的比较早，所以没有重复购置。
做1000题的时候我第一遍把答案写在A4纸上，方便二轮复习的二刷。
做完后把不确定的题和错误的在题号处按不同的符号进行标记，二刷的时候如果没有时间可以着重看。
看完课一定要及时巩固，及时做配套题，因为根据遗忘曲线第二天以后再做题效果差很多。
International trade英语专业专业必修课 国际贸易实务 英文版 课堂笔记整理
Chapter 1 Introduction to International tradeQuestions & Answers (terms)•International trade(the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and/or services across national boundaries）•Trade in goods (the purchase and sale of visible goods:coffee, chemicals, airplanes, textiles, tobacco)&Trade in services(the purchase and sale of invisible goods: transportation, insurance, tourism, hotel accommodations, commerce)•Self-sufficient (someone who does his own hunting, finds his own shelter, and provides for his own needs)•Barter (the trade of goods without any exchange of money)•Balance of trade (a nation’s rel ationship of exports to imports). A favorable balance of trade, or trade surplus, occurs when the value of the country’s expor ts exceeds that of its imports;An unfavorable balance of trade, or trade deficit, occurs when the value of the country’s imports exceeds that of its exports.•Balance of payments [the difference between money coning into a country (from exports) and money going out of the country (for import) plus money flows coming into or leavinga country from other factors such as tourism, foreign aid.BOP=EM-IM+MF]. Afavorable balance of payments means more money is flowing into a country than flowing out;An unfavorable balance of payments is when more money is flowing out ofa country than coming in.•Dumping(the practic of selling products in foreign country at lower prices than those charged in the producing country). Companies use this tactic to reduce surplus products in foreign markets or to gain a foothold in a new market by offering products for lower prices than domestic competitors do.The foundation of international trade and economic activities：In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills.Questions & Answers (text)•What are major reasons of the exchange of goods between nations?✧First, no nation has all of the commodities that it needs.✧Second, a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs.✧Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries.✧Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style (fashion).•Why is FDI now more important than trade?✧First, FDI enables host country to build a new manufacturing plant and to payworkers to build it.✧Second, once the plant is operative, it provides both jobs and taxes for host country.✧Third, FDI acts as a catalyst (催化剂) in economic growth for host country.•Why inflows into Sub-Saharan Africa have increased?Tourism is the world's largest industry and every year it pumps billions of dollars into some of the poorest countries in the world. It creates jobs, reduces poverty, builds new roads, airports, hotels and hospitals.•What are major obstacles to Chinese foreign trade?✧Firstly, China should deal with pressure from international markets that aregradually becoming saturated（饱和）.✧Secondly, the cost of Chinese exports is increasing, partly because of the highercost of labor and environmental protection.✧Thirdly, increasing international trade protection has caused China to stumble into（陷入）difficult territory.✧Finally, the trade imbalance between China and other countries is getting worse.Chapter 2 Basic Theory of International TradeQuestions & Answers (terms)•Opportunity Cost机会成本：有一得必有一失(the amount of another goods or service that might otherwise have been produced)•Absolute Advantage两者相权取成本低、效率高者[A commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land, and labor).] Comparative Advantage两利相权取其重，两劣相权取其轻only one of the goods would work "most best" and "least worse"•What the Theory of C-A Shows if we want to maximize total output in the world then:✧first, fully employ all resources worldwide;✧second, allocate those resources within countries to each country's comparativeadvantage industries;✧third, allow the countries to trade freely .•Specialization (there were some things he was more capable of doing and it would benefit him to concentrate his efforts on the production of those goods in which he was particularly proficient)What are the major benefits of exporting?Why export? Y our general objectives will probably be:To increase profitabilityTo utilise production capacity to the fullThe small domestic market may not big enough for growthYou may be manufacturing a specialised product and find there are not enough customers in SwedenYou may be looking for the increased security your company can achieve by spreading its risks over a variety of marketsYou may want to ensure that your product is kept up to date by exposure to competition in international marketsIt provides scope to develop a company's strengths and abilities. Selling in aninternational environment will sharpen your innovative edge and open up opportunities that might never come your way if you limit yourself to the home market.Michael Porter’s Dia mond ModelMichael Porter of the Harvard Business School introduced a new competitiveness theory, the so-called diamond model. He argues that national prosperity is not inherited, but created by choices; in other words, national wealth is not set by factor endowments, but created by strategic choices. He introduced a concept of “clusters”, or groups of interconnected firms, suppliers,related industries, and institutions that arise in particular locations.1. Firm strategy, Structure and RivalryThe world is dominated by dynamic conditions, and it is direct competition that impels firmsto work for increases in productivity and innovation.2. Demand ConditionsThe more demanding the customers in an economy, the greater the pressure facing firms to constantly to improve their competitiveness via innovative products, through high quality, etc.3. Related Supporting IndustriesUpstream or downstream industries facilitates the exchange of information and promotes a continuous exchange of ideas and innovations.4. Factor ConditionsContrary to conventional wisdoms, Porter argues that the “key” factors of production (or specialized factors) are created, not inherited. Specialized factors are skilled labor, capital and infrastructure. “Non-key” factors or general use factors, such as unskilled labor and raw materials, can be obtained by any company and, hence, do not generate sustained competitive advantage. However, specialized factors involve heavy, sustained investment. They are more difficult to duplicate. This leads to a competitive advantage, because if other firms cannot easily duplicate these factors, they are valuable.The role of government in Porter’ Diamond Model is “acting as a catalyst and challenger; it is to encourage—or even push—companies to raise their aspirations and move to higher levels of competitive performance…”.They must encourage companies to raise their performance, stimulate early demand for advanced products, focus on specialized factors creation and to stimulate local rivalry by limiting direct cooperation and enforce anti-trust（反托拉斯，反垄断）regulations.Chapter 5 International Trade TermsRole of International Trade TermsStanding for specific obligations of the buyer and the seller.Name the exact point at which the ownership of the merchandise is transferred from the seller to the buyer.Define the responsibilities and expenses of both the seller and the buyer.Define the nature of the contract, such as FOB contract or CIF contract, to determine expenses and risks as well as their rights and obligations accordingly.The use of the trade terms greatly simplifies the contract negotiations, and thus saves time and cost.The price of commodity（refers to the unit price, which is made up of a name of currency, a unit price, a measuring unit, a trade term, and a name of destination or shipping place .For example,US$ 800 per M/T CIF London）国际贸易合同的主要条款有: 合同对象(标的)：commodities or services 合同总值: total value or quantities 交货条件: trade terms 包装: packaging 装运期: shipment装运口岸和目的地: departure port or destination 保险: insurance 支付条款: payment Procedures of Marine Insurance•To apply for marine insurance;•To determine the insurance value of the goods to be insured;•To determine the insurance average and coverage;•To determine insurance premium;•To sign an insurance policy•To lodge an insurance claim.Proper pricing, complete and accurate quotations, and choice of terms of sale and payment are four critical elements in selling a product or service internationally. Of the four, pricing is the most problematic, even for the experienced exporter.Export product cost structure, involving cost of production, selling and delivery costs, and customs duties.Pricing Considerations•At what price should the firm sell its product in the foreign market?•What type of market positioning does the company want to convey from its pricing structure?•Does the export price reflect the product's quality?•Is the price competitive?•Should the firm pursue market penetration or market-skimming pricing objectives abroad?•What type of discount (trade, cash, quantity) and allowances (advertising, trade-off) should the firm offer its foreign customers?•Laws pose a problem?•Should prices differ by market segment?•What should the firm do about product line pricing?•What pricing options are available if the firm's costs increase or decrease?•Is the demand in the foreign market elastic or inelastic?•Are the prices going to be viewed by the foreign government as reasonable or unfair?•Do the foreign country's antidumping?Pricing Summary Here are the key points to remember when determining your product's price: •Determine the objective in the foreign market.•Compute the actual cost of the export product.•Compute the final consumer price.•Evaluate market demand and competition.•Consider modifying the product to reduce the export price.•Include “non-market" costs, such as tariffs and customs fees.•Exclude cost elements that provide no benefit to the export function, such as domestic advertising.In the cost-plus method of calculation, the exporter starts with the domestic manufacturing cost and adds administration, research and development, overhead, freight forwarding, distributor margins, customs charges, and profit. The effect of this pricing approach may be that the export price escalates into an uncompetitive range.The actual payment= the full invoice of the goods +the additional charges of expenses the seller has paid.Stages in Handling a Bill of Exchange•To draw•Presentation and acceptance•Endorsement•Without recourse•Payment•Dishonor and recourse。
【索菲外贸笔记】商务英语汇总
【索菲外贸笔记】商务英语汇总在当今全球化的商业环境中，商务英语的重要性日益凸显。
无论是与国际客户进行沟通、签订合同，还是拓展海外市场，熟练掌握商务英语都是必不可少的技能。
接下来，我将为大家汇总一些常见且实用的商务英语知识。
一、商务英语中的常用词汇首先，让我们来了解一些在商务场合中频繁出现的词汇。
“Quotation”，这个词意为“报价”。
例如：“We have sent you the latest quotation for our products”（我们已向您发送了我们产品的最新报价。
）“Invoice”，意思是“发票”。
比如：“Please issue the invoice as soon as possible”（请尽快开具发票。
）“Delivery”，表示“交货”。
“The delivery date has been postponed dueto unforeseen circumstances”（由于不可预见的情况，交货日期已推迟。
）“Order”，有“订单”的意思。
“We have received a large order from a new customer”（我们从一位新客户那里收到了一个大订单。
）“Inventory”，指“库存”。
“We need to check the inventory before placing an order”（在下订单之前，我们需要检查库存。
）“Credit”，常见的释义为“信用；信贷”。
“Our company has a good credit record in the market”（我们公司在市场上有良好的信用记录。
）“Debt”，意思是“债务”。
“The company is struggling to pay off its debts”（公司正在努力偿还债务。
）二、商务英语中的常用句型在商务交流中，一些特定的句型可以让我们的表达更加准确和专业。
外贸交易知识点总结英文
外贸交易知识点总结英文International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. It is an important aspect of the global economy and can have a significant impact on a country's economic growth and development. Here are some key points to consider when engaging in international trade:1. Trade Agreements and Tariffs- Trade agreements are formal agreements between two or more countries to facilitate and promote trade and economic cooperation. These agreements may include provisions for reducing or eliminating tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers.- Tariffs are taxes or duties imposed on imported goods and are used to protect domestic industries and generate revenue for the government. Tariffs can have a significant impact on the cost and availability of goods in the importing country.2. Exporting and Importing- Exporting is the sale of goods and services to foreign markets, while importing is the purchase of goods and services from foreign markets. Both exporting and importing can provide opportunities for businesses to expand their customer base and increase revenue.- Exporting and importing require careful consideration of regulations, documentation, and logistics. It is important for businesses to understand the legal and logistical requirements for international trade in order to avoid potential pitfalls and ensure smooth transactions.3. Currency Exchange and Exchange Rates- Currency exchange is the conversion of one currency into another for the purpose of trade or investment. Exchange rates represent the value of one currency relative to another and can fluctuate based on a variety of factors, including economic conditions and geopolitical events.- Fluctuations in exchange rates can have a significant impact on the cost and profitability of international trade. Businesses engaged in international trade should monitor exchange rates and consider strategies to manage currency risk, such as hedging and forward contracts.4. Trade Finance- Trade finance refers to the financial instruments and products that facilitate international trade, such as letters of credit, trade finance loans, and export credit insurance. These financial tools can help businesses mitigate the risks associated with international trade and access the capital needed to support their trade activities.- Trade finance can be complex and requires a thorough understanding of international trade regulations and financial practices. Businesses should work with experienced financial and legal professionals to navigate the complexities of trade finance and ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations.5. Trade Compliance and Documentation- International trade is subject to a variety of regulations and documentation requirements, including customs declarations, import and export licenses, and compliance with trade sanctions and embargoes. Non-compliance with these requirements can result in significant penalties and legal consequences.- Businesses engaged in international trade should have robust compliance programs in place to ensure adherence to applicable laws and regulations. This may include engaging with customs brokers, legal counsel, and trade compliance experts to navigate the complexities of international trade regulations and documentation.6. Market Research and Cultural Considerations- Before entering a new international market, businesses should conduct thorough market research to understand the local demand, competitive landscape, and cultural considerations. Cultural differences can have a significant impact on business practices, communication, and consumer behavior.- Businesses should be mindful of cultural nuances and adapt their marketing and business strategies accordingly to effectively engage with customers in international markets. This may include tailoring product offerings, marketing messaging, and business practices to align with local customs and preferences.7. Risk Management and Insurance- International trade involves various risks, including political, economic, and commercial risks. Businesses should consider strategies to mitigate these risks, such as obtaining trade credit insurance, political risk insurance, and commercial risk insurance.- Effective risk management is critical to the success of international trade operations. Businesses should assess and quantify their risk exposure and implement strategies to mitigate and transfer risk. This may include working with insurance providers, legal counsel, and risk management experts to develop a comprehensive risk management strategy.8. Intellectual Property Protection- Intellectual property rights, such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights, are essential for protecting innovation and creativity in international trade. Businesses should understand the importance of intellectual property protection and take steps to safeguard their intellectual assets in international markets.- Intellectual property infringement is a significant risk in international trade, particularly in regions with weak intellectual property enforcement. Businesses should take proactive measures to protect their intellectual property, including obtaining patents and trademarks, enforcing their rights through legal channels, and working with local counsel to navigate intellectual property regulations in foreign markets.9. Ethical and Social Responsibility- Businesses engaged in international trade should uphold ethical and social responsibility standards throughout their operations. This may include adhering to fair labor practices, sustainability initiatives, and responsible sourcing and manufacturing practices.- Ethical and social responsibility considerations are increasingly important in international trade, as consumers and stakeholders demand transparency and accountability from businesses. Companies should implement ethical and socially responsible practices in their international operations and communicate these efforts to their stakeholders.In conclusion, international trade presents significant opportunities for businesses to expand their reach and access new markets. However, navigating the complexities of international trade requires careful consideration of trade regulations, financial practices, risk management, and ethical considerations. Businesses should work with experienced professionals and stakeholders to develop a comprehensive international trade strategy and ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations. By approaching international trade with a thorough understanding of its complexities and risks, businesses can maximize the benefits of global trade and position themselves for success in the international marketplace.。
对外经济贸易大学英语专业考研择校、参考书、考研经验分享-新祥旭考研
对外经济贸易大学英语专业考研择校、参考书、考研经验分享-新祥旭考研英语学院下设语言文学系、翻译学系、商务英语学系和通用英语学系4个系；此外，还设有理论语言学研究所、应用语言学研究所、英美文学研究所、翻译研究所、英语国别文化研究所、商务英语研究所6个研究所。
英语专业每年在校本科生有480人，每年招收英语研究生80人，研究生教育是1978年国家批准的第一批硕士点，已有近30年的历史。
目前，拥有外国语言文学硕士学位授权一级学科，设有英语语言文学和外国语言学及应用语言学2个硕士点。
2019年对外经济贸易大学英语学院招生专业目录、考试科目初试参考书目（1）外国语言学及应用语言学、英语语言文学各专业及方向翻译硕士专业学位各专业及方向培养模式英语笔译专业商务笔译方向商务笔译方向采取“校企联合”的培养模式，学习期间可去政府外事翻译部门和翻译公司等部门实践教学，并为外事外交部门定向培养能胜任各种场合和行业的高层次笔译和英文编辑人才。
商务法律翻译方向本方向拟采取跨学科的培养模式，引进核心法律课程和教学资源，为涉外商务法律部门培养高层次的法律翻译人才。
英语口译专业国际会议口译方向国际会议口译方向与欧盟合作，采用“MTI硕士学位+欧盟证书”的双证培养模式，旨在为国际组织和我国政府机构、跨国企业培养合格的国际会议译员。
全部课程主要由实践和教学经验丰富的中外教师共同执教。
欧盟口译总司派考官全程参加入学考试、中期与毕业资格考试。
学生修满全部课程、各课程考试合格，同时达到规定的口译实践时数并完成口译实习报告者，可获得MTI硕士学位；学生参加欧盟毕业考试合格者，将获得欧盟口译总司和对外经济贸易大学共同签发的“国际会议译员资格证书”。
所有报考此方向的考生统一先报“商务口译方向”，确定录取后，择优选拔参加“国际会议口译方向”考试。
商务口译方向在商务口译方向，采取国际培养模式，有条件并有意愿的学生可选择去英、美等国外高校修读完规定课程和学分，合格者可分别获得中、外两校硕士学位。
自考“英语(一)”课堂听课笔记第二章(3)
自考“英语（一）”课堂听课笔记第二章（3）Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes 介绍了美国三级政府（联邦政府，州政府，市政府）征收的三种税（income tax，sales tax，property tax and excise tax）。
美国人对税收的一致看法是：The taxes are too high. 这篇文章对我们了解美国社会很有帮忙，值得一读。
本课主要语言点1. Americans often say that there are two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes.句中的that引导的是一个宾语从句，例如：Everybody knows that the earth goes around the sun.（众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
）请翻译下面的句子：1) 他知道我不会责怪他。
(He knew that I wouldn’t blame him.)2) 妈妈说他必需在六点以前回来。
(Mother said that he had to be back before 6:00.)3) 我想天气很快会放晴。
(I think that it is going to clear up soon.)4) 我相信他对我说了实话。
(I believe that he told me the truth.)句中的a person can be sure of …是定语从句，修饰two things, 引导定语从句的关系代词that被省去了。
例如：Have you found the book you want?（你找到你要的书了吗？）请翻译下面的句子：1) 他找到了他丢失的那块表。
(He found the watch he had lost.)2) 这儿有很多我感兴趣的书。
(There are many books I am interested in.)be sure of的意思是”对……确信无疑”，例如：─ Is he going to call us at 9:00? （他会在九点给我们打电话吗？）─ Yes, I am sure of it. （是的，我必定。
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《英语经贸知识》重点资料Lesson 11. International trade: can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another.2. International specialization: one country producing more of a commodity than it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries.3. The theory of comparative advantage: holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.4.国际专业化:international specialization 绝对利益:absolute advantage比较利益:comparative advantage5. rich in advantage over point on across borders6.Translation:(1) 在复杂的经济世界中,没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。
In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self- sufficient.(2) 随着制造业和技术的发展,出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素,即国际专业化。
With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization.(3) 按照比较利益学说,两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。
According to the theory of comparative advantage, both trade partners can benefit from trade.(4) 比较利益并不是一个静止的概念,一个国家可以通过自己的行动发展某种特定的比较利益。
Comparative advantage is not a static concept; a country may develop a particular comparative advantage through its own actions.(5) 比较利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。
The idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade.Lesson 21. Economies of scale: that is, the cost advantages of large-scale production.2. Tariff barriers: are the most common form of trade restriction.3. A tariff: is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area which usually coincides with the area of a country.4. A customs union: a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations is called a customs union.5. Import duties: are tariffs levied on goods entering an area.6. Export duties: are taxes levied on goods leaving an area.7. Drawback: refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.8. Most -favored -nation (MFN) treatment: refers to a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.9. Quotas or quantitative restrictions: are the most common form of non-tariff barriers. A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.10. 需求结构:patterns of demand 生产能力:production capabilities消费爱好:consumption preference 规模经济:economies of scale成本优势:cost advantage 大规模生产:large-scale production关税和配额:tariffs and quotas 外汇:foreign exchange革新或款式:innovation or style 移民汇款:immigrant remittance11. capability at/in cost for/of at reasonable costs levied ontake into account without reference to (不针对) make efforts toengage in12.Translation:(1) 一件商品的成本会因生产规模扩大而减少。
The cost of product will decrease with the expansion of production scale.(2) 在实际中,即使完全的专业化在经济上有利,也可能永远不会发生。
In reality, complete specialization may never take place even though it is economically advantageous.(3) 配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。
Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form ofnon-tariff barriers.(4) 有形贸易指货物的进出口贸易,而无形贸易涉及的是国家间的劳务交换。
The visible trade is the import and export of goods, and the invisible trade is the exchange of services between countries.(5) 国家从事的贸易种类是多样的、复杂的,往往是有形贸易和无形贸易的混合。
The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.Lesson 31. Consignment transaction: this means the exporter has to send his goods abroad and will not get payment until the goods are sold. If not sold, the goods can be shipped back.2. The draft: also referred to as the bill of exchange, is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.3. Sight draft: calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.4. Usance draft: is payable at a later date, e.g.30, 45,60 or 90 days after sight or date.5. Documentary draft: the draft is accompanied by the relevant documents such as the bill of lading, the invoice, the insurance policy etc.6. Documents against payment (D/P): documents will not be released to the importer until payment is effected.7. D/P at sight: requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.8. D/P after sight: gives the importer a certain period after presentation of the documents, but documents are not released to him until he actually pays for the merchandise.9. Documents against acceptance (D/A): documents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the exporter. Payment will not be made until a later date. D/A is always after sight.10.外汇管制:foreign exchange control 预付现金:cash in advance记帐贸易:open account 破产:go bankrupt11.add up to (amount to) have/gain control over part with (分手)enter into on demand (立即) hand over to (交给)push the sale(促销) tie up money(占压资金)make/effect paymentopen/issue/establish L/C with bank in one"s favor (以谁为受益人)12. Translation:(1) 在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险,因为总存在对方不履约可能。