英语四级定语从句讲义以及参考答案

定语从句讲议

一．什么是定语从句

1.定语从句(Relative Clause, Adjective Clause, Attributive Clause, Defining Relative

Clauses, Restrictive Clauses ) 是一种由关系词(Relative Word) 引导的从句形式的后置定语。它分限定性和非限定性两种(Defining and Non-defining)。

2.关系词分关系代词(Relative Pronoun) 和关系副词(Relative Adverb)以及关系限定

词(Relative Adverb ).

二．限定性和非限定性定语从句在句法和语意上的区别

1．限定性定语从句对其所修饰的先行项(Antecedent) 起限制作用，不可缺少，否则句意不完全。主句和从句间不用逗号隔开。

2．非限定性定语从句只是对其所修饰的Antecedent提供有用的补充情况，缺了它，主句句意仍完整。主句和从句间用逗号分开，常用在书面语中，文体较正式。

三．关系词的分类

关系词分两类：

1．关系代词：

WHO: refers to persons and used as a subject;

WHOM: refers to sb. and used as an object

WHICH: refers to sth. and as a subject, object and prepositional object

THAT: often refers to sth. sometimes to sb. and a subject, object and prepositional

object

Note: THAT can’t be used to introduce a non-defining relative clause in an English

Examination.

2.关系副词:

WHEN: refers to time and used an adverbial.

WHERE: refers to place or location and as an adverbial.

WHY: refers to reason and as an adverbial. It can’t be used to introduce a non-defining relative clause.

3.Whose 是表示所属/所有权关系的关系词，是唯一的关系限定词。

4.As 是关系代词，可作主语，主补和宾语

四．Examples:

---- What’s the name of he blonde girl who just came in?

--- Do you think one should stay faithful to the person to whom one is married?

--- The brocks which fell off the roof caused serious damage.

--- Where’s the money that I lent you?

--- The man whose hair is long is an American movie star.

--- We all look forward to the day when the scientists can discover more secret of the universe.

--- This is the place where I found my lost watch.

--- That is the reason why I don’t agree with you.

--- The two combers, who were feeling exhausted, went back to their tent.

--- The Chairman’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a patient smile.

--- We are going to settle in N. Carolina, wher e land is cheap.

--- I’m seeing the manager tomorrow, when he will be back from New York.

五.修饰全句的定语从句。

--- He showed me a photo that upset me.

--- He tore up my photo, which upset me.

--- He wore his swimming things in the office, which shocked his boss a great deal. 五．Usages of Relative Clauses:

1．在限制性定语从句中，常用that来代替其他关系代词，尤其是在口语和非正式文体中，that 如果在从句中作宾语。常省略(zero that ).

--- He’s a man that ( who ) people like at first sight.

--- I’ve lost the bananas that ( which ) I bought this morning.

2.在下列单词后习惯上用that.

All, every ( thing ), some ( thing ), any (thing ), no ( thing ), none, little, few, much, only.

--- Any man that ( who ) smokes cigarettes is risking his health.

--- You’re the only person that can help me.

3.当先行项被最高级修饰时，关系代词习惯上用that.

--- Newton was one of the greatest men that ever lived.

4.关系代词在SVC结构中作主语补语或there be 结构中作“实意主语”时，通常用

that指人或物。

--- Dr. Smith still talks like the man ( that ) he was en years ago.

--- He asks for the latest book ( that ) there is on the subject.

5.在表示方式，时间或地点的单词后，常用zero that 来代替in which, when 或

where.

--- I didn’t like the way ( that ) she spoke to me.

--- I’ll never forget the Sunday ( that ) you first arrived.

--- Do you know any where( that ) I can get a drink?

6.先行项被the only, the very, the same, the last, the first time + clause 修饰时, 习惯

上用that.

7.当以who/ which 开始的特殊疑问句，惯用that.

六．有时非/ 限制性定语从句在语意上起状语分句的作用，表示原因，目的，结果，条件或让步等意义。

--- He is clever and quick at his work, for which he is honored with the title of model worker. ( so that : result )

--- He wished to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter .

( purpose )

--- The headmaster was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished esp. to talk to or to hear from. ( cause )

七．AS 引导定语从句。( 主要是非限定性，也可以是限定性。)

当as 引导以整个分句，整个谓语或述谓成份为先行项的非限定关系分句时，其仍

然保留“理由，比较，方式，等同”等意义；as 引导的分句在意义上不可与主句

相悖，而且一般是肯定句，对主句意义起辅助作用，表示正如等意义。其在句中

的位置可以是句尾，句中或句首，是介乎关系分句和状语分句的语法结构。

The same … as …; such… as… ; as … as …

--- He married her, as/ which was natural. ( SVC / SV ) as a subject

--- He seemed a foreigner. As / which in fact he was. ( SVC) as a SC