英汉翻译的文化策略

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» - Edward B. Tylor. 1924. [orig. 1871] Primitive Culture. 2 vols. 7th ed. New York: Brentano's.
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1. What is Culture?
• Peter Newmark
– The way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to one speech community.
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3. Common Strategies in handling Cultural Factors
• More Examples on Amplification and Footnote
– ―小李,什么时候请吃糖呀?”,王奶奶笑着问 道。 – “还没定了”,她脸一红。
译文
– ―XiaoLi‖, Granny Wang smiled, ―when can I eat your wedding candy?‖ – ―I don‘t know‖, she blushed with shyness.
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3. Common Strategies in handling Cultural Factors
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3. Common Strategies in handling Cultural Factors
• 5.脚注(Footnote)
– Bright red costumes, with hats, shoes and stockings to match, are to be all the craze in the Spring. Smart women will have to be careful not yawn in the streets in case some shortsighted person is on his way to post a letter.
– 文化包括三个层次的内容:
• (1)物质文化,如建筑物、服饰、食品、工具等; • (2)制度习俗文化,包括制度、法规,以及相应的设 施和风俗习惯等; • (3)精神文化,包括价值观念、思维方式、宗教信仰 等,也包括哲学、科学、文学艺术方面的成就和产 品。
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1. What is Culture?
• E.g.
– 磕头— kowtow; – 荔枝— litchi; – 功夫— kongfu; - engine—引擎; - motor—马达; - sofa—沙发; - logic—逻辑;
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3. Common Strategies in handling Cultural Factors
- the Yangs
归化
2. Even the cleverest housewife cannot make bread without flour.
- the Hawkes
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2. Alienation v.s. Adaptation
• 如何评价归化、异化
– 不能简单的说归化比异化好,或异化比归化好, 因为面对不同的读者要求、不同的文化态势, 出版商不同的要求,译者需要考虑到很多因素。 因此,很多情况下,是将二者综合使用。
• The importance of culture in translation
– To be bilingual, one has to be bicultural. – For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism. [对于成功的翻
» Newmark P. 2001. A Textbook of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
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1. What is Culture?
• 3 Levels of Culture
• 1. 音译 (Transliteration)
– 饺子—jiaozi; – 炕—the kang; – 阴阳—yin, yang;
» from David Hawkes, A Dream of Red Mansion
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3. Common Strategies in handling Cultural Factors
» from David Hawkes, A Dream of Red Mansion
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3. Common Strategies in handling Cultural Factors
• 3.音译/直译+增释 (Explanation)
– E.g.
– chocolate —巧克力糖, – opium —鸦片烟, – golf —高尔夫球, – rifle —来福枪, – nylon —尼龙布
• E.g.
– Mr Bennet (Pride & Prejudice) →老爷
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2. Alienation v.s. Adaptation
• Example
– 巧妇难为无米之炊。
异化
1. Even the cleverest housewife cannot make a meal without rice.
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2. Alienation v.s. Adaptation
• 2. 归化(domesticatioin; adaptation):
– 以译入语文化为中心,以读者为中心,将源语 文化经过整理,然后以译入语中较为现成的、 熟悉的、易于接受的形式出现。 – 缺点:丧失了源语的异国特色。如:
• 2. 直译 (Literal Translation)
– E.g.
– 纸老虎 — paper tiger, – 丢脸— lose face, – 百闻不如一见— Seeing is believing. – 眼不见,心不烦 — out of sight , out of mind.
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– Here he crossed his finger.
• 王佐良
– “翻译者必须是一个真正意义的文化人。人们 全说:他必须掌握两种语言,确实如此;但是, 不了解语言当中的社会文化,谁也无法真正掌 握语言。”,“真正的对等应该是在各自文化 里的含义、作用、范围、情感色彩、影响等等 都相当”(王佐良,1989)
» 王佐良. 1989. 翻译:思考与试笔. 外语教学与研究出 版社.
– 目前,翻译界学者倾向于异化,目的是保持世 界文化的多元性。
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3. Common Strategies in handling Cultural Factors
• • 般而言,处理文化因素的wk.baidu.com略是: 一
– 文化存真(transmit the authentic culture to the target readership), – 特别是在物质文化层面和制度文化层面。
译文
– 鲜红的衣服,再配上鲜红的帽子和鞋袜,是春日的流 行装束。不过时髦女郎们可得小心一点,别在街头打 哈欠,要是碰上近视眼准备寄信就大事不妙了。

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(注:在英国,邮筒为红色。)
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3. Common Strategies in handling Cultural Factors
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3. Common Strategies in handling Cultural Factors
• 谭载喜
– • 翻译中对原文意思的理解,远远不是单纯的 “ 语言理解问题。语言是文化的组成部分,它受 着文化的影响和制约。……在翻译过程中,译 者对某段文字理解的正确与否,在很大程度上 取决于他对有关文化的了解。……对于译者来 说,没有两种文化的对比知识,就无从谈起对 语言文字的正确理解与表达。”
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3. Common Strategies in handling Cultural Factors
• 2. 直译 (Literal Translation)
– 黄酒—yellow rice-wine, – 果子—fried pastry-shapes, 或sweets,抑或 cakes, nuts and dried fruits, – 银丝挂面—silver thread vermicelli – 贵妃:imperial concubine
译来说,双文化水平比双语言水平更重要。(Nida,2001:82)]
– It is not surprising that the most serious mistakes in translation are made because of ignorance about the views and values of other culture. [翻译中大部分重要的错
• 1 . 异化(foreignization; alienation):
– 以源语文化为中心,以源作者为中心,注意点 在于将源语文化传递给译语读者,以促进文化 的交流。 – 缺点:增加译语读者理解的难度,阅读的速度、 节奏也会受到影响。如:
• E.g.
– Mr. Bennet (Pride & Prejudice) → 先生
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3. Common Strategies in handling Cultural Factors
• 4.增释(Amplification)
– 《红楼梦》第3回中,林黛玉初见贾母,一家 人设宴同庆,“熙凤拉了黛玉在(贾母)左边 第一张椅子上坐了,黛玉十分推让。”
译文
– Xi-feng tried to seat Dai-yu in the left nearer to her grandmother – an honour which she strenuously resisted.
误是由于对其他文化的观点和价值的无知造成的。(Nida,2001:286)] » Nida. E.A.2001 Language and Culture: Context in Translating. 上海: 上外出版社/外教社
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2. Alienation v.s. Adaptation
Cultural Issues in C-E Translation
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1. What is Culture?
• Edward B. Tylor
– Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. (Edward B. Tylor)
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3. Common Strategies in handling Cultural Factors
• 文化存真的翻译技巧
– – – – – 1.音译(transliteration); 2.直译(literal translation); 3.音译/直译+解释(explanation); 4.增释(amplification); 5 脚注(footnote)。
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3. Common Strategies in handling Cultural Factors
• 1. 音译 (transliteration)
– 人名、地名以及一些表示新概念(即文化局限 词),在目标语(target language)里找不到 现成词语来表示时,均可采用音译法介绍到译 文语言中去,如:
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