霍夫斯泰德文化维度汇总

霍夫斯泰德文化维度

一、权力距离(power distance

权力距离即在一个组织当中，权力的集中程度和领导的独裁程度，以及一个社会在多大的程度上可以接受组织当中这种权力分配的不平等，在企业当中可以理解为员工和管理者之间的社会距离。一种文化究竟是大的权力距离还是小的权力距离，必然会从该社会内权力大小不等的成员的价值观中反映出来。因此研究社会成员的价值观，就可以判定一个社会对权力差距的接受程度。

This dimension expresses the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. The fundamental issue here is how a society handles inequalities among people. People in societies exhibiting a large degree of power distance accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place and which needs no further justification. In societies with low power distance, people strive to equalise the distribution of power and demand justification for inequalities of power

二、不确定性避免(uncertainty avoidance index

在任何一个社会中，人们对于不确定的、含糊的、前途未卜的情境，都会感到面对的是一种威胁，从而总是试图加以防止。防止的方法很多，例如提供更大的职业稳定性，订立更多的正规条令，不允许出现越轨的思想和行为，追求绝对真实的东西，努力获得专门的知识等等。不同民族、国家或地区，防止不确定性的迫切程度是不一样的。相对而言，在不确定性避免程度低的社会当中，人们普遍有一种安全感，倾向于放松的生活态度和鼓励冒险的倾向。而在不确定性避免程度高的社会当中，人们则普遍有一种高度的紧迫感和进取心，因而易形成一种努力工作的内心冲动。

The uncertainty avoidance dimension expresses the degree to which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity. The fundamental issue here is how a society deals with the fact that the future can never be known: should we try to control the future or just let it happen? Countries exhibiting strong UAI maintain rigid codes of belief and behaviour and are intolerant of unorthodox behaviour and ideas. Weak UAI societies maintain a more relaxed attitude in which practice counts more than principles.

三、个人主义与集体主义(individualism versus collectivism

“个人主义”

”则指一种结合紧密的社会组织，其中的人往往以“在群体之内”和“在群体之外”来区分，他们期望得到“群体之内”的人员的照顾，但同时也以对该群体保持绝对的忠诚作为回报。美国是崇尚个人主义的社会，强调个性自由及个人的成就，因而开展员工之间个人竞争，并对个

人表现进行奖励，是有效的人本主义激励政策。中国和日本都是崇尚集体主义的社会，员工对组织有一种感情依赖，应该容易构建员工和管理者之间和谐的关系。

The high side of this dimension, called individualism, can be defined as a preference for a loosely-knit social framework in which individuals are expected to take care of only themselves and their immediate families. Its opposite, collectivism, represents a preference for a tightly-knit framework in society in which individuals can expect their relatives or members of a particular in-group to look after them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. A society's position on this dimension is reflected in whether people’s self-image is defined in terms of “I” or “we.”

四、男性度与女性度(masculine versus feminality

男性度与女性度即社会上居于统治地位的价值标准。对于男性社会而言，居于统治地位的是男性气概，如自信武断，进取好胜，对于金钱的索取，执着而坦然；而女性社会则完全与之相反。有趣的是，一个社会对“男子气概”的评价越高，其男子与女子之间的价值观差异也就越大。美国是男性度较强的国家，企业当中重大决策通常由高层做出，员工由于频繁地变换工作，对企业缺乏认同感，因而员工通常不会积极地参与管理。中国是一个女性度的社会，注重和谐和道德伦理，崇尚积极入世的精神。正如我们上面的叙述，让员工积极参与管理的人本主义政策是可行的。

The masculinity side of this dimension represents a preference in society for achievement, heroism, assertiveness and material rewards for success. Society at large is more competitive. Its opposite, femininity, stands for a preference for cooperation, modesty, caring for the weak and quality of life. Society at large is more consensus-oriented. In the business context Masculinity versus Feminity is sometimes also related to as "tough versus gender" cultures.

五、长期取向与短期取向（long vs short term orientation）

第五个维度从对于世界各地的23个国家的学生的研究中得出。这项研究使用的是由中国学者设计的调查问卷，可以说是注重德行而不是真理。长期取向的价值观注重节约与坚定；短期取向的价值观尊重传统，履行社会责任，并爱‘面子’。这一维度的积极与消极的价值取向都可以在孔子的教义中找到，他是最有影响力的中国哲学家，生活于公元前500年；然而这一维度也适用于没有儒家传统的国家。

Every society has to maintain some links with its own past while dealing with the challenges of the present and the future. Societies prioritize these two existential goals differently.

Societies who score low on this dimension, for example, prefer to maintain time-honoured traditions and norms while viewing societal change with suspicion. Those with a culture which scores high, on the other hand, take a more pragmatic approach: they encourage thrift and efforts in modern education as a way to prepare for the future.

In the business context and in our country comparison tool this dimension is related to as "(short term normative versus (long term pragmatic" (PRA. In the academic environment the terminology Monumentalism versus Flexhumility is sometimes also used.