英语分词的用法解析

考点：现在分词通常用来修饰物；过去分词通常
用来修饰人或与人感情色彩、面部表情相关的词。
• an interesting story; • a surprised look an exciting football match; a group of excited football fans a shocking news; a shocked face
e.g. 4. Defeated many times, they continue to fight. 过去分词作让步状语相当于让步状语从句
(Although they had been) defeated many times, they continued to fight. e.g.5. The teacher entered the classroom, followed by a group of students.
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三级链接
1. We saw the thief ________(catch) by the police. 答案： caught. 2. People found the water________.（pollute） 答案：polluted 3. Have you heard a pop song________（sing） in Japanese? 答案： sung 4. He had his watch __________ (repair). 答案：repaired.
三级链接
1. The new airpot (build) _________ now is 30 miles away from the city and is much larger than old one. 答案： being built. 空格处需用现在分词的 被动语态来表示被动和正在进行的动作， 且在句中作定语，修饰先行词airport.
三级链接
The policeman kept his eyes ____ on the screen of the computer to identify the criminal’s footprints. (2006年12月真题) A. fixed B. fixing C. being fixed D. to fix 答案： A。 本题考查分词做宾补， eyes和 fix之间是被动关系，故选A。
注意：带有连词的过去分词结构相当于一个省略句, 省略的部分为主语+be的相应变化形式.
注意： 1） 现在分词与过去分词作状语时的区别
选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的 主语。 如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分 词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。
When visiting _______________London (夜里参观伦敦)at night, you are a bit like in a dream.
e.g. 2. Given more time, I’ll catch up with you. 过去分词作条件状语相当于条件状语从句
(If I am) given more time, I’ll catch up with you. e.g. 3. Born and brought up in the village, he knows a lot of people there. 过去分词作原因状语相当于原因状语从句 (Because he was) born and brought up in the village, he knows a lot of people there.
2.作用---相当于一个定语从句
（1）Is there anything planned for tonight ？ =Is there anything that has been planned for tonight? （2）The book, written in1957, tells the struggle of the miners. =The book, which was written in 1957, tells the struggle of the miners.
考点：分词的进行式表示动作正在进行
• 试比较： 1. The problem discussed yesterday has something to do with daily life. （表示完成） 2. The problem being discussed now has nothing to do with daily life. （表示正在进行）
II. Past participles used as predictive（表语）
1. 过去分词作表语，表示主语所处的状态， 其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。 The window is broken. The inner gate was locked. She was greatly excited. 2. 与现在分词作表语的区别： 现在分词：主语的特征或性质，“令人…”，有主动意 思。
表示方式和伴随情况时可以转换为一个并列的谓语 成分。
The teacher entered the classroom (and he was followed) by a group of student.
过去分词作状语时, 为了使意义更加明确,也可以在pp. 前加上对应的连词when, as, if 等等.
• P59 依次分析每句话中，分词作什么成分： 1. 定语 2. 原因状语 3. 定语 4. 宾补 5. 伴随状语 6. 原因状语
I. Past participle used as attributes （定语）
1.位置: 单个分词位于名词前，短语则在名词后, 被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑 主语。 The stolen car was found by the police last week. The speaker answered all the questions raised by the audience.
2. The Olympic Games, _______ in 776 B.C.,did not inlude women players until 1912. A. plays B. to play C. playing D. played 答案： D。 本题考查非谓语动词。分词短语 做后置定语，与所修饰的词有被动或动宾 的关系，只能用过去分词。
1. When asked why he didn’t do it, he began to cry. 2. If given more time, I’ll catch up with you. 3. As / Because born and brought up in the village, he knows a lot of people there. 4. Although defeated many times, they continue to fight.
2. 表“感觉， 心理状态”的动词：
see, hear, find, feel, think, watch, notice + object(宾语) + p.p 3. 使役动词和类似使役动词的动词: make, get, have, keep ,leave, etc.+ p.p
考点：过去分词, 不定式, 现在分词作宾补的 区别。 三者与宾语逻辑上都是主谓关系， • 但过去分词强调他们之间的被动关系， • 不带to的不定式强调动作发生的全过程， • 现在分词强调他们之间的主动关系，正在 • 进行。
常见的这类此有： interesting — interested encouraging — encouraged delighting—delighted disappointing—disappointed pleasing—pleased puzzling—puzzled satisfying—satisfied surprising—surprised worrying--worried
IV. Past participle used as the Adverbial(状语)
过去分词作状语相当于状语从句。 e.g. 1. Asked why he didn’t do it, he began to cry. 过去分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句 (When he was) asked why he didn’t do it, he began to cry.
When visited (当有人夜里来访)at night , ____________ you must make sure the visitor really your friend.
试比较： I saw her come into the classroom. （强调看见进入教室这个动作的全过程） I saw her coming into the classroom. （强调看见进入教室这个动作正在发生的瞬 间。） I saw her taken out of the classroom. （强调动作take和主语her之间的被动关系。）
e.g. How disappointing the election is!
过去分词：主语的感受，“感到…”，有被动意思。
e.g. They feel disappointed at the election.
三级链接
1. She looked_______ (tire) with cooking. 答案： tired,过去分词修饰人物。“她由于忙着做饭， 看上去有些疲倦”。 2. As we joined the big crowd I got _______ from my friends. A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed 答案: A .此题中的“ got + separated ”表示状态， separated 为过去分词作表语。“ get/ be separated ”常与 from 连用，故答案为 A .
Participle
现在分词: 表示动作是主动的和正在进行 过去分词: 表示动作是被动的和完成
分词的结构
现在分词 形式
一般式 完成式 doing having done
过去分词 形式
done having been done
分词在句中可作的成分
1. 作表语 2. 作定语 3. 作宾语补足语 4. 作状语
4. with / without＋宾语＋宾补(过去分词)
当这一动词（及物动词）和with后的宾语在逻辑上 是被动关系，而且该动作已经发生过了，动词必须 用过去分词。 1. Do you know the man with his hair tied back? 你看见那个扎辫子的男人没？ 2. The fellow stood there with his hands crossed . 这个家伙两手交叉，站在那里。 3. The peasants have a good harvest with all the crops got in . 庄稼都收割了，农民们有了一个好收成。 4. With the homework finished, I went to bed. 做完作业，我就上床睡觉了。
III. Past participle used as the Object Complement (宾语补足语)
1. 表“希望，要求”的动词： want, wish, expect, wish, like, order + (to be) done 表示“希望/要求某人或某事被…” e.g. I want the work (to be) finished by Sunday. Jim ordered the room (to be) cleaned.