罗汉国际经贸高级英语Unit4United We Stand 中文版
GCT综合英语第4单元课文翻译
仅做参考好好学习，天天向上Unit 4International TradeMost countries realize the advantages of world trade. Countries have developed their economies, increased production of goods, and met market demands through increased world trade. The interdependence among trading nations has provided increased business opportunities.International trade develops because certain countries are able to produce some goods more efficiently than other countries. They exchange goods to satisfy their needs and wants. Efficient production may be the result of several factors. A certain climate in a particular country may allow that country to grow agricultural products in abundance. For instance, the climates in the United States and Canada are suitable for production of large amounts of wheat. Natural resources such as oil or coal are abundant in other countries. Countries with a large pool of unskilled laborers are able to produce products which are labor intensive more cheaply than countries with highly paid, skilled labor forces. Another factor is geographical location. Countries like Singapore and Panama engage in banking and trading because they are located on world trade routes.The Scottish economist, Adam Smith, theorized that free market countries produce whatever they can most efficiently grow or manufacture, or what is of the greatest advantage to them. In other words, if they can make more money growing cotton than making cloth, they grow cotton and export it. Then they importcloth from a country that makes cloth more efficiently than it grows cotton. In an uncontrolled free market trade situation, there is international specialization which results in the most efficient production of goods. Therefore, competition guarantees that countries import products which are most efficiently manufactured abroad and export products which are most efficiently produced domestically. Price is determined by the supply side of the market. Smith' s theory was a theory of absolute advantage. The English economist, David Ricardo, refined Smith's theory to one of comparative advantage . He theorized that an exporting country does not have to be the most efficient producer of the product; it only has to be more efficient than the country which imports the product. Mutually beneficial trade arises when one country has a comparative advantage.There are several reasons why governments try to control the imports and exports of a country. One reason is that a country enjoys an advantage if it exports more than it imports. Wealth accrues to the exporting country. Some countries have special programs to encourage exports. They may be programs that provide marketing information, establish trade missions, subsidize exports,and provide tax benefits or incentives. Government subsidies allow companies to sell products cheaply. Sometimes these subsidized companies export their products and sell them cheaply overseas. This practice is known as dumping. Dumping is selling on a foreign market at a price below the cost of production.On the other hand, governments impose taxes and quotas to restrict importsof certain products. For example, to protect Japanese farmers, Japan limits the amount of produce that can be imported. Sometimes governments want to protect a domestic industry because that industry provides employment for the population. Not only the industries, but also the labor unions encourage the government to enact protectionist controls.Protectionist measures are in the form of duties which eliminate the comparative advantage or quotas which restrict the import of the product altogether. There are two forms of import tariffs: specific and ad valorem. A specific tariff is a certain amount of tax for each unit of the product, for example $ 500 for each automobile. An advalorem tariff is based on the value of the product, for example 5% of its value.In order to import and export products, there needs to be a system of inter-national monetary exchange. While a few products like oil are always priced in dollars, most products must be paid for with the legal tender of the producing country. International trade involves the exchange of one currency for another. Most currencies are now exchanged on a floating rate basis. There are no official exchange rates. The rates fluctuate according to market forces. If large amounts of a country's currency are being exchanged, the exchange rate may vary greatly because of demand, and therefore, the price of a currency is either rising or falling. Sometimes these great fluctuations in value threaten economic stability: then central banks change market forces by purchasing a foreign currency to support its price and maintain stability.The amount of money that goes in and out of a country is referred to as the balance of payments. If a country is exporting more than it imports, it is receiving foreign currency and has a balance of trade surplus. If it is importing more than it exports, it is sending money out of the country and has a balance of trade deficit. Continued surpluses or deficits change the demand for the currency of a country and cause its value to float either upward or downward.The comparative advantage which exporting countries enjoy sometimes changes. If transportation costs increase or currency exchange rates change, it may become cheaper to produce the product in the market country, especially if large amounts are involved. Exporting companies sometimes set up subsidiaries in the market countries.The larger company is referred to as the parent company. Some countries have laws restricting the foreign ownership of factories or other production facilities, while others encourage foreign investment. A large company that sets up production facilities in several different countries is referred to as a multinational. Multinational corporations develop a global philosophy ofmanagement, marketing and production, they choose to operate in those countries that afford them comparative advantages.国际贸易很多国家都意识到国际贸易的益处。
(完整版)高级英语第4课InauguralAddress课件翻译译文
3 We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the
disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and
27 Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of
the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you.
anywhere in the Americas. And let every other power know that this
10 To that world assembly of sovereignstates, the United Nations, our last best
invective, to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak, and to enlarge the
responsibility; I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange
with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the
a good conscienceour only sure reward, with history the final judge of our
第四单元课文翻译
全新版大学英语（第二版）综合教程4第四单元课文A翻译Globalization is sweeping aside national borders and changing relations between nations. What impact does this have on national identities and loyalties? Are they strengthened or weakened? The author investigates.全球化正在扫除国界、改变国与国之间的关系。
这对国家的认同和对国家的忠诚会带来什么影响呢？它们会得到加强还是削弱？作者对这些问题进行了探讨。
In Search of Davos ManPeter Gumbel1. William Browder was born in Princeton, New Jersey, grew up in Chicago, and studied at Stanford University in California. But don't call him an American. For the past 16 of his 40 years he has lived outside the U.S., first in London and then, from 1996, in Moscow, where he runs his own investment firm. Browder now manages $1.6 billion in assets. In 1998 he gave up his American passport to become a British citizen, since his life is now centered in Europe. "National identity makes no difference for me," he says. "I feel completely international. If you have four good friends and you like what you are doing, it doesn't matter where you are. That's globalization."寻找达沃斯人彼得·甘贝尔威廉·布劳德出生于新泽西州的普林斯顿，在芝加哥长大，就读于加利福尼亚州的斯坦福大学。
世纪商务英语口译教程Unit 4
GDP GNP 5 yr P FDI SOE R&D
give quick response to them.
subsidiary illustrated picture quotation to pour in assortment 惯例 续订 畅销，受欢迎 市场前景良好
子公司 插图 报价 蜂拥而入 种类;分类 general practice repeat orders to be popularly received a prospective market
应该用哪种语言来记呢？有些口译员习惯用译入语记录，即听到英语用汉语 记，听到汉语用英语记。这样的好处在于记下笔记的同时，转换工作也已经完成。 但一般认为更好的办法是多用母语，兼用外语和符号。我们写汉字的速度要远远 快于写英语，而且阅读汉字可以真正做到一目十行，加之汉语是意合语言，一个 字就能让我们联想到很多相关信息，所以多用母语记录是有很多好处的。
III. Dialogue Interpreting 对话口译
Directions: Work in groups of three, acting as A, B and interpreter respectively.
Role-play the following dialogues and interpret them. After the role-play,
roleplaydialoguewordsexpressionsspecificenquiry具体询价chambercommerce商会lateststyle最新式样financialposition财务状况tradereputation贸易声誉display展出greatfavor受欢迎creditstanding信用地位stateoperated国营的jointventureenterprise合资企业cooperativeenterprise合作企业exclusivelyforeignownedenterprise外商独资企业collectivelyownedenterprise集体企业wordsexpressionsindividuallyownedenterprise个体企业file把询价记录在卷offer接受报盘offer延长报盘offer更新报盘offer撤消报盘offer报盘有效期offersubjectfinalconfirmation报盘以最后确认为准enjoygreatpopularity享有盛誉readyquickseller
国际经贸高级英语精读(罗汉)how will Bill Gates invests his money 3-Text
How Bill Gates Invests His MoneyTending the Investment PoolsAs Gates converts billions of dollars of Microsoft stock into philanthropic tender, Michael Larson will be shepherding the funds every step of the way. He will manage the foundation portfolios until the dollars are expended on syringes, scholarships, and software. “People have no idea the kind of pressure that Michael Larson operates under,” says Roger McNamee. “For one thing, he’s running money for two of the largest foundations in the world. The better he does, the more good works can be done.”Here’s how Larson’s job works. He’s in charge of three large pots of money: the two foundations and the $5 billion or so in Gates’ personal portfolio, which is mostly invested through Cascade, though there are other smallish accounts also under Larson’s auspices. Each of these three pools is discretely managed, with its own objectives and investments. And there’s one thing both Gates and Larson want to make perfectly clear. “Michael and I talk regularly about general investment matters, but he has full discretion over the portfolio.” Gates says. Larson, his usual grin gone for a second, says, “I wish everyone understood that. When people find out that Cascade has made an inv estment in something, that’s not Bill Gates. I’ll call Bill about something I’m buying if he needs to know, but Bill might not have any idea what Cascade owns.” (There are exceptions to this rule. For instance, Gates makes his own investments in biotech—more on that later.)So what’s in the portfolios? The Learning Foundation is the simplest. Because Patty Stonesifer and her crew have a fairly constant need for cash, Larson keeps this portfolio mostly in short-maturity U.S. government and corporate fixed-income securities. The William H. Gates Foundation is a little more complicated. Though it may have a smattering of stocks at any given time, it too is almost entirely in bonds—about 75% short-term U.S. governments and corporates. “The portfolio is pretty c onservatively positioned right now for a couple of reasons,” says Larson. “First, it reflects my view of the markets. And second, we just had an inflow of a couple of billion dollars.” Another reason bonds are attractive to Larson is that as new money streams in, scaling up in the fixed-income markets is much easier than in stocks.As for the other 25% of this foundation’s assets, Larson has made investments running the whole gamut of the bond market. He holds some inflation-protected Treasury bonds called TIPs, and plain-vanilla corporate bonds like Ford, Du Pont, and Time Warner (parent of Time Inc., FORTUNE’s publisher). He also has a position in junk bonds and foreign government bonds—Danish, German, Canadian—as well as foreign corporates, gobs of mortgage-backed securities, and all sorts of hedging investments. Larson farms out some 15% of the overall portfolio to bond managers at Morgan Grenfell, PIMCO, Miller Anderson & Sherrerd, and Western Asset Management. “These guys have discretion over the money we give them, but if Idon’t agree with their take on interest rates or the yen, I’ll override them by hedging,” Larson says.Gates’ $5 billion personal portfolio is another matter. First, there is the question of how much Microsoft stock Gates should ow n. “The money I have outside Microsoft is less than 10% of the total,” says Gates.“ Since we are obviously heavily weighted with Microsoft, we will sell stock periodically in order to get more diversity. It’s basically the same strategy most individual investors engage in.” (As if!) Because Microsoft stock has soared over the past few years, Gates and Larson have had to sell huge amounts of stock to maintain even the semblance of a diversified portfolio. Since the company went public, Gates has sold an average of five million Microsoft shares a quarter, adjusted for splits. That works out to around 80000 shares every single trading day, though Larson sells through a “blind program” during legal windows to avoid insider-trading charges. Larson tries to sell as quietly as he can through his favorite brokers, including DLJ, Goldman Sachs, and Allen & Co. Gates has sold some 256 million (split-adjusted) shares of Microsoft stock over the past 13 years, for about $5.16 billion. He has given away another 76 million shares.If Gates continues to sell and give away Microsoft stock, will he still hold sway over the company? “Losing control of Microsoft isn’t an issue as I give the money away,” says Gates. “No one person controls Microsoft. The board and the shareholde rs decide whether they want to have me as CEO.” (Sure, Bill.) Actually, Gates’ ownership of the company has declined steadily over the years. At the time of the IPO, he owned 44.8% of Microsoft’s stock. He now owns just about 18.5%. About half of that decline is due to dilution, brought about by the issuance of millions of shares to Microsoft employees exercising options, while the other half is due to stock sales and gifts.As for the actual content of Gates’ $5 billion portfolio (drum roll, please), it t urns out to be not that e xciting. And for good reason. “If you think about it, 90%-plus of Bill’s wealth is in a single technology stock. He really doesn’t need much, if any, equity exposure at all,” says Larson. “Right now his portfolio actually looks som ewhat like a big old bond fund.” In fact, a recent snapshot of Gates’ personal portfolio looks like this: Larson has 70%, or $3.5 billion, invested in short-term governments and corporates, with a small weighting in foreign bonds. He also owns some emerging-market debt and high-yield issues. “Basically we are short on the yield curve right now,” Larson says, again reflecting his wary view of the markets.What about the other 30%, or $1.5 billion? About half of it—$750 million—is in what Larson calls privat e equity; that’s buyout funds and direct investments, such as Gates’ stake in Teledesic, McCaw’s satellite company (Larson is on its board). That figure also includes funds run by outsiders. About 5% of Gates’ portfolio is farmed out to managers like McNam ee’s Integral Capital Partners and Blue Ridge Capital, a New York hedge fund run by John Griffin, former right-hand man of Julian Robertson at Tiger Management. Larson also has a significant amount of money in shortpositions—actually more than usual right now—which reflects his view that many stocks are fully, if not overly, valued. He also has a small amount of money with Bill Fleckenstein, who runs a short-selling fund.Of the nonbond portion of Gates’ portfolio, another $250 million is in what Larson c alls “real stuff.” He means real assets, like commodities (he’s been in and out of crude oil futures) and real estate, such as investments in the Reserve, a real estate and golf course development near Palm Springs, and in the Cliveden hotels in England.T he remaining $500 million is in stocks. Given Gates’ huge position in Microsoft, why does Larson own equities at all? “Because I think some stocks have behavior patterns that run counter to Microsoft,” says Larson. “For instance, if and when the air comes out of tech stocks, food and oil stocks could hold up real well. The other reason we do equities is because we have some expertise in certain areas, and we make money at it.” It so happens that one of Larson’s interests is media stocks. He favors cable stocks such as TCI and Liberty Media, as well as Cox Communications and Barry Diller’s USA Networks. Larson also holds Berkshire Hathaway—he owned 300 shares last year and recently bought a bunch more—which he thinks became particularly attractive after its Gen Re acquisition. “Gen Re was in the S&P 500. Berkshire isn’t. So after the deal, index managers had to sell Berkshire, depressing the price.”Gates does make his own investment decisions in biotech. Says he: “I’ve always been interested in science—one o f my favorite books is James Watson’s Molecular Biology of the Gene. I’m an investor in a number of biotech companies, partly because of my incredible enthusiasm for the great innovations they will bring. I serve on the board of ICOS [which develops drugs to fight inflammatory diseases]. I continue to make a number of investments in this area.” At various points Gates has owned stock in other biotechs—including PathoGenesis, Targeted Genetics, and Chiroscience—but he is out of all those stocks now. He recently bought a stake in a company called Advanced Medicine, a private biotech firm.As for tech stocks, “We pretty much don’t own ’em,” Larson says, “not with Bill’s other asset.” It could be awkward, of course, if Cascade owned, say, 3% of a small tech co mpany that Microsoft’s strategic planners later decided they wanted to gobble up. Or if that small company felt inclined to sue Microsoft at some point. Gates does, however, own some tech stocks through his investments in McNamee’s partnerships. And Larson concedes that he might be short some tech names. “I do think the market is high right now, and there is an awful lot of excitement about tech stocks,” says Larson. Whoa! Does that mean he thinks Microsoft is overvalued? “I wouldn’t bet against [Microsoft],” he says.Larson continues: “I just think at some point the cycle is going to turn. We’ll have some rotation. There will be some trigger event that will change the equity market’s point of emphasis. Agriculture, for instance, will come back. Stocks like Deere & Co. [which he owns a bit of] will make out. Oil looks interesting. There aresome opportunities in that sector, and I don’t think oil has to go back to $20 a barrel [for oil stocks to work out].”What about interest rates? “I think they will trend higher. It’s true we don’t see much inflation now, but wage inflation is evident, and everything is in such high gear right now. I think long rates could climb 100 basis points, which could be a shock to the market. It could also make for a real nice buyi ng opportunity.” But Larson knows he has to go easy. “Sure, I could torque up the portfolio,” he says, perhaps a little wistfully, “but that’s not what I’m paid to do. The point wasn’t for Bill to become richer than the Sultan of Brunei.” No, but that hap pened anyway, not because of anything Larson did but because of Microsoft’s explosive growth (and a little imploding on the Sultan’s part.)The point is that the real growth engine is Microsoft. Just how big will the company, and therefore Gates’ fortune, become? How much will Gates end up giving away? No one knows, of course, not even Gates. But consider this: If Microsoft’s stock compounds over the next 20 years by merely 10%, Gates’ fortune, even assuming some selling, could be worth $400 billion. Impossible, you say? Well, what would you have said 13 years ago—the day of Microsoft’s IPO, when Gates’ holdings were worth $234 million—if someone had told you he would be worth $80 billion before the end of the millennium? Impossible.Andrew Carnegie was regarded in his day not just as a robber baron but—after the Homestead Strike of 1892, in which hired guards killed seven striking steel-workers—as a plutocrat with blood on his hands. He reshaped his image by giving away most of his fortune during his lifetime, and today he is remembered less for the strike than for his phrase “the man who dies...rich dies disgraced.”Today, Bill Gates is known variously as the creator of Microsoft, as the richest man in the world, and as a monopolist hell-bent on world infotech domination. Hard as it may be for some people to swallow, future generations may remember Bill Gates instead as the greatest philanthropist the world has ever known.(excerpted from Fortune, March 15, 1999)。
世纪商务英语翻译 unit4费
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I. 下列有关机构名称的翻译方法哪些是正确的？（1）
（ T ） 1. 机构名称的翻译在对外交往中关乎到合同条文法律的有效性和宣 传对象的 针对性。
（ T ） 2. 翻译此类名称时，首先要查阅各种词典、机构手册、工商名录等 正式出版物。
一般说来，企业名称都是音形意的完美结合，具有易读、易记的特点。 如“可口可乐"三字，响亮而又具有节奏感，因而极具传播力。另外，从功能 角度来看，企业名称除了具有一般名称的功能之外，还具有重要的商业功 能——实现广告效应，以达到促进企业生产、销售的目的。具体表现为：
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Contents
1. Introduction 2. Lead-in 3. Methods and Techniques 4. Useful Words and Expressions 6. Notes 7. Practice 8. Classic Translation
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I. 组织机构名称的语言特点（2）
1. 企业名称要与品牌、商标相统一 不少知名企业以其商标作为企业名称的字号，这种做法有利于提高企业的 知名度，突出品牌形象，以最少的广告投入获得最佳的传播效果。如，“可 口可乐”、“希尔顿”、“沃尔沃”、“海尔”等做到了三者很好的统一， 加深了消费者对企业及其产品的认识, 起到事半功倍的效果。 2. 企业名称要富于吉祥色彩、彰显传统文化底蕴 我国企业的名称常常沿用传统的起名方法，使用“福”、“顺”、“隆”、 “兴”、“瑞”、“泰”、“仁”、“和”、“盛”、“丰”、“昌”、 “富”、“贵”、“金”等带有吉祥色彩的词，以示好彩头。例如，金利来 远东有限公司的“金利来（Goldlion）”寓意给人们带来滚滚财源；“富康” 汽车暗示会使人致富。试想，看到这样的企业名称有谁会不产生好感呢！
高级综合商务英语unit4课文翻译
今年1月，史蒂夫•乔布斯(Steve Jobs)走上旧金山芳草地艺术中心(Yerba Buena Center)的舞台发布iPad，完成了现代商业史上最引人注目的一次复出。
这不仅仅关乎半年前迫使他退居幕后的疾病。
病魔一度令乔布斯严重消瘦，最终不得不进行肝脏移植手术。
而就在十多年前，几乎所有人认为乔布斯的事业及其共同创立的苹果公司(Apple)已经走上绝路。
硅谷和华尔街都断定，它们已经与科技的未来无缘。
然而，到了今年初，苹果已然重生。
在1月份的发布会之前，即使是按照乔布斯自己的苛刻标准衡量，外界对苹果的期望程度也是异乎寻常的。
批评者总是用贬抑的口吻谈论乔布斯创造的“现实扭曲场”：他能让观众信服，那些在其他厂商手中似乎尚未成形的技术已经被苹果完美地应用。
为了激起消费者购买他们自己也不知道是否真正需要的电子产品的欲望，打消他们的疑虑极其关键，而乔布斯则早就被公认为这种艺术形式的大师。
这不仅仅关乎半年前迫使他退居幕后的疾病。
病魔一度令乔布斯严重消瘦，最终不得不进行肝脏移植手术。
而就在十多年前，几乎所有人认为乔布斯的事业及其共同创立的苹果公司(Apple)已经走上绝路。
硅谷和华尔街都断定，它们已经与科技的未来无缘。
对于F•斯科特•菲茨杰拉德(F. Scott Fitzgerald)广为流传的名言（美国人的生命中没有第二幕）而言，没有比这更坚决的反驳了。
乔布斯首次登上报纸头条时，甚至比现在的马克•扎克伯格(Mark Zuckerberg)还要年轻。
早在书呆子备受追捧之前，由于在普及个人电脑(PC)中发挥的关键作用，以及苹果在华尔街的成功上市（当时乔布斯年仅25岁），乔布斯就成为了科技界的第一个摇滚明星。
如今，三十年过去了，乔布斯成为了在塑造世纪之交的世界中居功至伟的美国西海岸的几大科技巨头之一。
他的老对手比尔•盖茨(Bill Gates)或许更富有，而且在盖茨的事业巅峰时期，凭借其在PC软件领域的垄断，可以说盖茨的影响力比乔布斯更大。
国际经贸高级英语
《国际经贸高级英语(精读与翻译)》参考答案罗汉主编key to ExercisesUnit OneⅠ/1. the accumulation of physical capital indispensable to economic growth2. to import advanced equipment and know-how from abroad3. license trade accounting for 90 per cent of the total volumeof the world s trade of technology4. lack of human capital reflected in economic development5. the great impact of high technology on the adjustment of industries6. key factors driving economic growth7. the transformation from an agricultural nation into an industrial one8. the tangible and intangible factors making up the total factor productivity growth9. the improvement of educational systems lurking in technological progress10. the ratio of capital to labour in this industry11. expand the labour force and increase its education and training12. the role of the R&D department in the operations of multinational corporations13. a study report analyzing variations in technical progress across a large number of countries14. to incorporate quantity and models into economic analysis15. great gap in incomes between developed and developing nationsⅡ/1. Many economists attributed the rapid economic growth rate of someland desiring areas, such as HongKong and Singapore, to the enhancement of educational levels of their population. Based on this, they drew their conclusion that knowledge is the key to their economic development.2. In the 1960s, on the basis of importing much sophisticated technology andknow how from developed countries, Japan expanded its e conomy in large scales, enabling its economy to keep up with the most advanced level of the world in 20 years.3. The development of new economic theories has raised many subjects to statistics. For example, high rates of school enrollment may not translate into high rates of economic growth if the quality of education is poor, or if educated people are not employed at their potential because of distortion in the labor market.4. In 1994, after a long period of investigation and research, the famous economist Krugman presented a study report analyzing variations in technical progress across a large number of countries. He said in the report that the economic development of Asia was not based on the progress of technology, so the economy contained much foam in it. Three years later, the sudden break out of southeast Asian Economic Crisis verified his conclusion.5. People haven't hitherto come up with an ideal method to put a value on science and technology, for it is intangible to some degree.Ⅲ. In the information age, knowledge, rather than physical assets or resources, is the key to competitiveness. This is as true for the obviously konwledge intensive sectors,such as software or biotechnology, as it is for industrial age manufacturing companies or utilities.For the knowledge intensive sectors,knowledge which feeds through from research and development to innovative products and processes is the critical element. Butwith industrial age manufacturing companies or utilities, using knowledge aboutcustomers to improve service is what counts.What is new about attitudes to knowledge today is the recognition of the need to harness, manage and use it like any other asset. This raises issues not only of appropriate processes and systems, but also of how to account for knowledge in the balance sheet.In future, the value of intellectual capital will be more widely measured and reported. The measurement and reporting of key performance indicators related to intellectual capital will become a more widespread practice among major organizations, completing the financial accounts.Unit TwoⅠ/1. to crack the FORTUNE Global 5002. a collective enterprise supervised by workers3. be pessimistic about the factory s ability to absorb technology4. the incorporation (mix)of foreign management practices and Chinese nationalism5. a leading guru of Japanese quality control6. to transfer the management concepts to new acquisitions7. the dominant position in China s refrigerator market8. a case study of the management art9. to let shoddy products released to the market in large quantities10. to set the stage for the renovation of the enterprise11. the wholly-owned companies and holding companies under the control of the parent company12. to soak up the laid-offs released from state owned companies13. to sell modern refrigerator making technolog y to the factory14. the state-owned enterprises accounting for the majority of industrial enterprises15. the development of domestic pillar industriesⅡ/1. Although this joint venture has been growing very fast, it still has a long way to go to realize its goal of cracking the Fortune Global 500.2. Haier once tried to place the sample products in sight of the assembly line workers to improve the quality of the products, but now it has outgrown thispractice.3. In the early 1980s, out of every 1000 urban Chinese households, there were only two or three that owned refrigerators. With the enhancement of people's livingstandard, refrigerators have become the first big item in the households buy of many families.4. The company has 70 subsidiaries around the world, one third of which arewholly-owned, with their products sold to 108 countries and areas. In recent years, it has averaged an increase of 50% a year in revenues.5. The rapid development of collective and private enterprises will help to soak up the labour force released from poorly operated state-owned enterprises and to relieve the nation's employment burden.Ⅲ. Many managers feel uncomfortable if not actively involved in accomplishing a given job. This is said to result from a“low tolerance for ambiguity”. The manager desires to know what is happening on a moment by moment basis. A wise manager should know clearly what work must be delegated, and train employees to do it. If after training, an employee is truly unable to perform the work, then replacement should be considered. A manager should avoid reverse delegation.This happens when an employee brings a decision to the manager that the employee should make. An acceptance of reverse delegation can increase the manager'swork load and the employee is encouraged to become more dependent on the boss. Unit ThreeⅠ/1. to issue a vast amount of short term government bonds2. plenty of capital inflow to the security market in the recent period3. the preference of investors to the inflation protected treasury bonds4. to decrease the risk by hedging5. diversified portfolio6. to reach more than 50% of the initial public offering7. dilution of securities caused by the distribution of shares8. the trigger event that causes the imploding on market index9. short maturity U.S. government and corporate fixed income secu r ities10. real assets like commodities and real estate11. to avoid insider-trading charges through legal windows12. some trigger events that will charge the interest rate in the capital market13. reflect investors' wary view of the market14. shepherd the funds every step of the way15. the agriculture bonds that come back in the stock marketⅡ/1. During the past several months, the interest rate and the exchange rate have fluctuated greatly, which has brought enormous loss to many investors. But this institution overrode the adverse factors in the market and still obtained a big profit by wise hedging investments.2. The diversification of portfolio can decrease the non-systematic riskof individual securities in the portfolio efficiently, but it is unable to remove the systematic risk of the market.3. During the period of high inflation in capitalist countries between the late 1960s and late 1970s, many people tended to convert their money incomes into goods or real estate.4. One of the Bundesbank council members said that the central bank is under no immediate pressure to cut interest rates and that it needs more time to study the economic data before making a decision.5. Many experts consider that the interest rates would trend higher, because, although it is true that there is not much inflation now, wage inflation is evidentand the entire economy is in such high gear right now.Ⅲ. For all the similarities between the 1929 and 1987 stock market crashes, there are one or two vital differences. The most important of these was the reaction of the financial authorities. In 1929, the US Federal Reserve reacted to the crash by raising interest rates, effectively clamping down on credit. This caused manyotherwise healthy companies to fail simply due to cash flow problems. If onecompany failed leaving debts, many others down the line would meet the same fate. In 1987, the authorities were quick to lower interest rates and to ensure that ample credit was made available to help institutions overcome their difficulties. There were no widespread business failures and, more importantly, the economy did not enter another depression. There was a period of recession(milder than a 1930s-style depression), but this was largely due to a resurgence of inflation. The sharp interest rate cuts, and excessively hasty financial deregulation, pushed inflation higher, which in turn forced governments to reverse earlier interest rate cuts, prompting an economic slow-down.Unit FourⅠ/1. to rely heavily on monetary flexibility to reign in inflation2. to execute tight monetary policy3. to implement fiscal policy in the form of social insurance and national taxes4. to pour into economically expanding regions5. to replace their individual currencies with a single currency6. to bode well for the future of the EMU7. to control government deficits to meet Maastricht conditions8. the overvalued currency as a main barrier to export9. to refrain from dumping surplus goods abroad10. the influence of integrated economy on capital flow11. the balance-of-payments deficit warranting the devaluation policy adopted by the monetary authority12. to eliminate the economic costs associated with holding multiple currencies13. costs that must be taken into account when estimating profits14. to take advantage of the small difference between the central bank's pegged rates and market rates15. to hedge against risks coming from volatile exchange ratesⅡ/1. Ironically, Europe will see an increase in economic specialization along with the European unification process.2. The European Central Bank will face a dilemma when two member countries both badly need certain monetary policies to regulate their economies but the policies they need are of opposite directions.3. A person will be called an“arbitrageur"if, to gain profits, he takes advantage of the different exchange rates on different markets, or at different times on a same market.4. The national economies of many European countries have recently been forced to fit Maastricht conditions and arbitrary deadlines, and such actions have created unnecessary economic turmoils.5. As a central bank, the Federal Reserve System currently uses its control over the money supply to keep the national inflation rates low and to expand national economies in recession.Ⅲ. Even before construction of the euro is complete, governments can point to one notable success. The past year has seen extraordinary turmoil in global financial markets. Rich country stock markets and currencies have not been spared. Yet Europe has been, comparatively speaking, a safe haven, Intra-European movements in exchange rates have been tiny. This is something that the euro-11 governments had committed themselves to, but their success could not have been taken for granted a year ago. The fact is, at a time of unprecedented financial turbulence, theforeign exchange markets regarded the promise to stabilize intra-European exchange rates as credible. Currencies have held steady and interest rates have converged: it augurs well for the transition to the new system.Unit FiveⅠ/1. a major engine of growth in Asian economy2. the structural weakness in South Korea's financial system3. to execute economic policies which adhere to IMF-aid programs4. a sharp decline in the price competitiveness of that country's exports5. the slump in the Japanese stock market6. a more advantageous position than its rivals in terms of price competitiveness7. trade disputes sparked by price distortion8. the financial panic triggered by the devaluation of Japanese yen9. to stabilize the recently turbulent capital flows10. the advantageous position of industrial countries in the world trade system11. the serious welfare losses for all nations resulted from a full scale trade war12. a USD 58 billion bailout which South Korea was forced to seek from the IMF13. the great expenditure caused by huge government institutions14. technology intensive and knowledge intensive products with high competitiveness15. the country's economy which remains mired in recessionⅡ/1. While the Asian economy regained stability, the possibility of devaluation of the HongKong dollar will be an important variable affecting the recurrence of similar economic crises in Asia.2. In order to connect the improvement of price competitiveness brought about bythe currency depreciation to a better balance of payment, internationalcooperation is as essential as are internal reforms.3. The Asian financial crisis owing to the heavily indebted banking systems,excessive government spending and over reliance on foreign loans has damaged the world economy seriously.4. Some Japanese companies began to fall out of their over reliance on loansfrom the banking system, focusing on profits and cutting out wasteful spending.5. Erupted in July 1997, the Asian financial crisis reflected the defectsin the fragile financial systems of Asian countries.Ⅲ. Like death and taxes, international economic crises cannot be avoided. Theywill continue to occur as they have for centuries past. But the alarmingly rapid spread of the 1997 Asian crisis showed these economies' vulnerability to investor skittishness. Unfortunately, there is no international“911" that emerging markets can dial when facing economic collapse. Neither the IMF nor a new global financial architecture will make the world less dangerous. Instead, countries that want toavoid a rerun of the devastating 1997—98 crisis must learn to protect themselves. And liquidity is the key to financial self help. A country that has substantial international liquidity—large foreign currency reserves and a ready source offoreign currency loans—is less likely to be the object of a currency attack. Substantial liquidity also enables a country already under a speculative siege to defend itself better and make more orderly financial adjustments. The challenge is to find ways to increase liquidity at reasonable cost.Unit SixⅠ/1. capital flight depleting a country s foreign exchange reserves2. domestic hyperinflation caused by devaluation3. to adopt expansionary fiscal policy to increase national income4. be faced with the danger of increasingly shrinking aggregate demand5. capital market harassed by liquidity trap6. to rule out the possibility of massive speculative activities7. to drive down domestic prices at the expense of economic stagnation8. the international gold standard system characterized by fixed exchange rates9. the pressure of hot money flow on currencies10. the neoclassical theory centering on the spontaneous adjustments of market11. intelligent policy makers who will use variable means to achieve economic goals12. flexible fiscal and financial policies that can help the economy out of depression13. the different dilemmas that the developing countries and the mature economies are faced with14. to sacrifice full employment to achieve high output rate15. the increased demand for this currency that will lead to the devaluation of another currencyⅡ/1. The economic turmoil in that country made the central bank and the treasury department take each other to task, which reflected the importance of the collaboration of a country s monetary and fiscal policies.2. The government has now slipped into such a dilemma that if it wants toimprove its balance of payment, it will need to lower the exchange rate, but to lower the exchange rate will lead to inflation.3. Although devaluation will magnify exports, it can also lead to the increasing foreign curren cy denominated debt;it can even cause the collapse of people's confidence in the government. Therefore, the government did not dare to adopt the devaluation policy without careful consideration.4. The increase of foreign currency denominated debt is not necessarilythe indispensable cost of economic development. Because, although it may promote economic growth in the short run, it will increase the burden of domestic enterprises and lead to imbalanced balance of payment in the long run.5. Major capitalist countries had been seeing gold standard as a symbol of strong economic power, but they were forced to give it up for good during the Great Depression.Ⅲ. Troubled Asian Economies have turned out to have many policy and institutional weaknesses. But if America or Europe should get into trouble next year or the year after, we can be sure that in retrospect analysts will find equally damning things to say about Western values and institutions. And it is very hard to make the case that Asian policies were any worse in the 1990s than they had been in previous decades, so why did so much go so wrong so recently?The answer is that the world became vulnerable to its current travails not because economic policies had not been reformed, but because they had. Around the worldcountries responded to the very real flaws in post Depression policy regimes bymoving back toward a regime with many of the virtues of pre-Depressionfree-market capitalism. However, in bringing back the virtues of old fashioned capitalism, we also brought back some of its vices, most notably a vulnerability both toinstability and sustained economic slumps.Unit SevenⅠ/1. government reforms compatible with a country's development program2. lay emphasis on the resolution of government involvement3. the state induced transfer of wealth from the rich to the less fortunate4. to finance the development of public sectors5. a sharp decrease in the subsidy expenditure of a welfare state6. to minimize the public expenditure of this country7. the growth rate of gross fixed asset formation8. heavy interest obligations resulting from huge interest payments9. a certain share of shadow economy in the government performance10. to avoid increasing government spending and lowering the economic growth rates11. the benchmark to assess the scope for reducing the size of government12. be of growing importance in government reforms13. to facilitate adjustment to the new economic environment14. the detrimental short-run effects of reforms on some groups15. the protectionist and competitive devaluation policies administered by some industrial countriesⅡ/1. Over the years, opinions about the role of state have been changing, andpolitical institutions have been changing as well, to accommodate the demand for more state involvement in the economy.2. It's generally believed that even if welfare states cut down the hugewelfare expenditures, they can't necessarily solve their serious economic problems such as large budget deficits and hyperinflation.3. The government carried out the expansionary fiscal policy, which resulted inthe increase of budget deficits. To compensate the deficits, it should take certain measures, such as issuing bonds or increasing the money supply.4. Many industrial countries face the dilemma during their reforms between high inflation rates and low unemployment rates, so they must consider all around to minimize the losses.5. Radical reforms must aim at maintaining public sector objectives while reducing spending. In this process, the role of the government will change from the provider to the overseer or the regulator of activities.Ⅲ. Modern societies have accepted the view that governments must play a larger role in the economy and must pursue objectives such as income redistribution andincome maintenance. The clock cannot be set back and, in fact, it should not be. For the majority of citizens, the world is certainly a more welcoming place now than it was a century ago. However, we argue that most of the important social and economic gains can be achieved with a drastically lower level of public spendingthan that which prevails today. Perhaps the level of public spending does not needto be much higher than, say, 30 percent of GDP to achieve most of the importantsocial and economic objectives that justify government intervention. Achievingthis expenditure level would require radical reforms, a well-functioning private market, and an efficient regulatory role for the government.Unit EightⅠ/1. winds of reform in Japan s banking sector2. the amended Bank of Japan Law in line with the global standards for autonomy and transparency3. touch on the paramount goal in the sphere of monetary policies4. charge the central bank with maintaining price stability and nurturing a secure credit system5. generate unnecessary panics in the financial markets6. the execution of monetary policies independent of the bureaucracy7. the institutions in charge of formulating the interest rate policies8. a discount rate at a historical low of 0.5%9. to keep maintaining and nurturing the credit system in accordance with the state policy10. in the spheres of fiscal and monetary policies11. the new economic law entering force this year12. in the context of propelling economic reforms13. to strengthen the government s functions through fiscal policies14. key measures which have won confidence from the market15. the implementation of a merit based promotion systemⅡ/1. It is no overstatement to say that the bad accounts in Japan's banks have accumulated to a very high level.2. The central bank's quasi-bureaucratic status has stymied its normal operations, so many economists call for the enhancement of its autonomy in accordance with the global standards.3. It has been normal for bank shares to march in line with movements in net interest margins, which means bank shares tend to rise as net margins widen and fall as the latter narrow.4. Japan's bank shares are in a different position from their American counterparts: America s bank shares have already risen sharply thanks to the country's full-fledged economic recovery, while Japan's bank shares are still weak as the banks struggle to get to grips with their bad debts.5. Runs on the banks proliferated and a sharp fall in bank loans followed, before the non-performing loans, amounting to 30% of bank assets, were taken over by the state in 1997.Ⅲ. How fast Japan's financial system seems to be reforming. Barely a week goes by without news of another merger between Japan s huge but troubled financial firms. Deregulation is the spur. Three years ago the government announced a “Big Bang"for the country's financial-services industry. This would tear down firewallsthat had largely stopped insurance companies, banks and stockbrokers from competing in each other's patches. It was also meant to put an end to arbitrary, stiflingand often corrupt supervision.The biggest reason for deregulation in this way was that Japan's incestuous,Soviet'style financial system was hopelessly bad at allocating credit around the economy. The massive bad-loan problems that have plagued the country's banks for most of the 1990s are merely one symptom of an even bigger ill. Even so, there was wide spread scepticism that the government would go through with the cure. It deserves some credit, therefore, for largely sticking to its plans.Unit NineⅠ/1. the most commonly used measures of income distribution2. the shift from labour to capital markets3. specialization in production and the dispersion of specialized production processes4. the widening gap between the wages of skilled workers and those of unskilled workers5. new production techniques biased toward skilled labor6. economic inefficiency and distortions retarding growth7. sustainable growth and a viable balance of payments policy8. a broadly based, efficient and easily administered tax system9. reduce disparities in human capital across income groups10. targeted programs consistent with the macroeconomic framework11. constitutional rules on revenue sharing12. to promote equality of opportunities through deregulating economy13. cash compensation in lieu of subsidies14. stimulate the use of public resources and the overall economic growth15. take effective measures to promote employment and equityⅡ/1. Much of the debate about income distribution has centered on wage earnings, which have been identified as an important factor in the overall distribution of incomes. But in Africa and Latin America, unequal ownership of land is a factor that cannot be ignored.2. Globalization has linked the labor, product and capital markets of theeconomies around the world and has indirectly led to specialization in production and the dispersion of specialized production processes to geographically distant locations.3. Although fiscal policies are usually viewed as the principal vehicle for assisting low-income groups and those affected by reform programs, quite a number of countries have adopted specific labor market policies in an effort to influence income distribution.4. Measures governments can take to promote equality of opportunities include deregulating the economy;setting up strong and responsible institutions, including a well functioning judicial system;reducing opportunities for corrupt practices;and providing adequate access to health and education services.5. Another important issue is whether governments should focus on outcomes—such as decreasing the number of people living in poverty, or ensuring that all members of society have equal opportunities.Ⅲ. One theory on wealth distribution indicates that irrational distribution andcorruption are the major reasons for the uneven income level. According to this theory, wealth goes through four stages of distribution—the market, the government, non governmental organizations and unlawful activities, mainly corruption. Usually the first stage of distribution—the market—will result in an uneven spread of resources, which should be redressed by the second distribution stage, the government. In the third stage, the distribution of wealth is realized through contributions and donations made by non governmental organizations. The contributions are given to the poor in the form of charity activities. Thenfollows illegal grabbing of wealth, such as robbery, embezzlement, tax evasion andbribery. Their harm to social equality and stability is enormous and cannot really be measured.Unit TenⅠ/1. to facilitate the establishment of a new form of leadership in today's corporations2. to link a corporation's developing prospective to its present business performance3. companies which forge ahead in the rather changeable world economy4. to encourage domestic enterprises to seek out opportunities to enter foreign markets5. to instill development strategies of new products into employees at all levels6. to consider the promotion in the company the criteria to judge whether one is successful or not。
国际经贸高级英语精读与翻译
2.利益与社会责任 企业社会责任和企业利益之间，德隆克曾经讲商业组织的 目的是创造顾客。作为企业如果要创造更多的顾客，顾客确实 为企业本身带来商业利益。作为责任来讲他本身所有的方式是 参与到全过程，企业本身的利益也是和社会各个关系人联系在 一起的，一直以来应该是利润最大化，要对股东负责，但事实 上企业要保持一个能够持续成长的趋势，实际上不应该仅仅局 限于为股东负责，实际上是站在利润最大化上面。 所以我们认为，企业就像一棵种子，社会就是一块土地，如果 这个企业本身能够种入到土地中间去，这个企业不是纯粹站在 企业自身的利益，种子在土里死掉才能产生新的生物，长出更 多的树木回馈社会。所以企业更多的时候在利益和社会责任之 间找到平衡。
Unit 15 Business EthicsOnce Sold, Caveat Emptor.
2014-12-23
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学习目标
• 本单元的要点 • 本单元主要是一篇关于商业的社会责任的不同观 点的文章，以及讨论某些商业做法的论理问题的 练习。有些人认为，商业的目的以及经理的作用 就是为公司所有者、股份或股票持有者获取最大 的利润；另外一些人认为公司绝对不能欺骗顾客， 但是这只是出于商业考虑而不是出于道德上的考 虑：一个对公司失望的顾客以后不再购买该公司 的产品。还有一些人坚持认为公司对顾客、员工、 生意上的伙伴、当地的社区、整个社会以及自然 环境具有社会和道德上的责任，这种责任与为股 份持有者创造金钱的回报一样重要，甚至更加重 要。从课文中可以看到这些不同的观点。
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国际经贸高级英语精读第4单元课文翻译及答案
Though the majority of European government officials are currently optimistic, the difficulties that have been experienced do not bode well for the future of the EMU in its present form. While current problems center on controlling government deficits to meet Maastricht conditions, the exchange rate crises of the recent past call into question the basic desirability of the project. Until these issues are addressed, national economies should not be forced to fit Maastricht conditions and arbitrary deadlines, as such action will only create unnecessary economic turmoil. The current delays in monetary unification are necessary; more caution would be in the best interest of the people of Europe.
expecting payment in French francs will see the value of that payment fall if the franc depreciates against the German mark. The volatility of exchange rates is, in effect, a cost that international firms must take into account when estimating profits. However, under the system in place before the beginning of the present monetary unification process, this cost was also quite small. Under that system, nations set the exchange rates that their central banks used for conversion between currencies. Then, whenever a nation increased the money supply, the market exchange rate would fall a bit, but the banks’ exchange rate would remain stable. Arbitraguers would not take advantage of small differences between the central bank’s pegged rates and market rates because regulations on capital flow made such
全新版大学英语第二册第四册unit4
全新版⼤学英语第⼆册第四册unit4 Unit 4 GlobalizationBefore Reading1. An English Song—Imagine2. About the SubjectWatch and discussThink and construct3. Background InformationThe World Economic Forum (WEF)Samuel P. Huntington (1927-2008)Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)Global Reading1. Part Division of the Text2. Match the ideas3. Further UnderstandingFor Part 1&2 True or FalseFor Part 3&4 Questions and AnswersDetailed ReadingAfter Reading1. Useful Expressions2. Sentence Translation3. Dictation4. Writing Practice5. Picture Talking6. Proverbs and Quotations7. Supplementary ReadingSupplementary Reading1. Culture Notes2. Reading3. Comprehension TaskBefore Reading1 An English Song—Imagine(Directions:) Listen to the song and fill in the blanks with what you hear. ImagineImagine there’s no heaven.It’s easy if____ (=try).No hell below us, above us only sky.Imagine all the people____ for today, ah (=living).Imagine there’s no country. It isn’t hard to do.Nothing to kill or die for, and no _____ too (=religion).Imagine all the people living life in ____ (=peace).You may say I’m a _____, but I’m not the only one (=dreamer).I ____someday you’ll join us, and the _____ will be as one (=hope, = world).Imagine no _______. I wonder if you can (=possessions).No need for greed or _____(=hunger).A brotherhood of man.Imagine all the people ______all the world (=sharing).You may say I’m a dreamer, but I’m not the only one.I hope someday yo u’ll join us, and the world will live as one.2. About the SubjectWatch and discuss(Directions:) Watch the video clip “No Logo: brands globalization resistance”and discuss within your group questions given.1. What information can you get from the video?2. What is picked out as an example of showing globalization? Tell it inyour own words.Think and construct(Directions:) In the following, there are some words and expressions.Think and construct new expressions related toglobalization. Chang its part of speech if necessary.economy, international, growth, trade, loans, global, workers, foreign, investment, marketplace, political, phenomenon, world, level(=Tips: Economic Phenomenon, Political Globalization, Foreign Markets, International Organizations, Foreign Investments, Trade Globalization, Foreign Loans, World Economy, Economic Growth, Global Economy, International Marketplace, International Trade, Foreign Workers, Economic Level)3.Background InformationThe World Economic Forum (WEF)The World Economic Forum: an independent, international organization incorporated as a Swiss not-for-profit foundation whose motto is “entrepreneurship in the global public interest”. It believes that economic progress without social development is not sustainable, while social development without economic progress is not feasible.（插⼊图⽚WEF2010）Themes：Arts and Culture, Business and Management, Economy, Environment, Global Issue, Humanities, Science, Medicine and TechnologyIndustries:Automobile, Aerospace & Defence, Technology, Banking, Business Services, Chemicals, Energy, Engineering and Construction, Financial Services, Healthcare, Information Technologies, Institutionals, Media, Communication and Entertainment, Multi-industries, Retail and Consumer Goods, Transport Services, Travel and TourismChina and the World Economic ForumChinese Vice Premier Li Keqiang attended the 2010 World Economic Forum (WEF) Annual Meeting opened in Davos, Switzerland. The links between China and the WEF started in 1979, when a Chinese delegation was invited to the forum for the first time. Since then, China has played a much greater role within the WEF, including hosting the summer session three times.Samuel Phillips Huntington (1927–2008) ---An American Political Scientist His C hronologyMassachusettsNationality AmericanFields Political scienceInstitutions Harvard UniversityAlma mater Stuyvesant High SchoolHarvard University University of ChicagoYale UniversityKnown for Clash of CivilizationsInfluenced Fukuyama, ZakariaOverseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)Filipinos who migrate to other nations to find employment or support their families inthe Philippines.Each year, more than a million Filipinos leave to work abroad through overseasemployment agencies and other programs, including government sponsored ones.Overseas Filipinos often work as doctors,physical therapists, nurses, accountants, ITprofessionals, engineers, architects, entertainers, technicians, teachers, militaryservicemen, students, caregivers, domestic helpers and household maids ,Money sent by OFWs back to the Philippines is a major factor in the country'seconomy, amounting to more than US$10 billion in 2005. This makes the country thefourth largest recipient of foreign remittances behind India, China, and Mexico. Theamount represents 13.5% of the Philippines' GDP , the largest in proportion to thedomestic economy among the four countries mentioned. Overseas Filipinos sent $15.9billion worth of remittances to the Philippines in 2008,Global Reading1. Part Division of the Text2. Match the ideas(Directions:) In the text, there are many names and ideas mentioned. Scan and match the idea presented in Column B with the person in Column A. There are more names listed.Column A Column BBrowder believes that national identity makes no difference for him. (T)Alex Mandl is also a fervent believer in globalization. He never viewshimself as an American. (F)(=He sees himself as American without hesitation.)Davos man refer to the members of the international business élite who trek each year to the Swiss Alpine town for the annual meeting of the WorldEconomic Forum. (T)At the World Economic Forum, the issues discussed include everything frompost-election Iraq and HIV in Africa to the global supply of oil and theimplications of nanotechnology. (T)Professor Samuel Huntington describes Davos Man as an emerging global superspecies and a threat. (T)Questions and AnswersDid global trade exist in the past? What did people doing global trade think of it then? (=Yes, global trade has been around for centuries. In the past, the corporations and countries that benefited from global trade were largely content to treat vast parts of the world as places to mine natural resources or sell finished products.)What is Goldman Sachs’ prediction about the world economy in the future?(=It predicted that four economies — Russia, Brazil, India and China — will become a much larger force in the world economy than widely expected, based on projections of demographic and economic growth, with China potentially overtaking Germany this decade. By 2050, these four newcomers will likely have displaced all but the U.S. and Japan from the top six economies in the world. )Who does Manila Woman refer to?(=It refers to low-paid migrant workers from Asia and elsewhere who are increasingly providing key services around the world.)What is the major difference between Davos Man and Manila Woman?(=Unlike Davos Man, Manila Woman is strongly patriotic.)What does the author think Davos Man need to figure out?(=Davos Man needs to figure out how to strike a balance on a global scale between being international and being national at the same time.)Detailed ReadingText AGlobalization is sweeping aside national borders and changing relations between nations. What impact does this have on national identities and loyalties? Are they strengthened or weakened? The author investigates.In Search of Davos Man1Peter Gumbel1 William Browder was born in Princeton, New Jersey, grew up in Chicago, and studied at Stanford University in California. But don't call him an American. For the past 16 of his 40 years he has lived outside the U.S., first in London and then, from 1996, in Moscow,1This text is adapted from the January 31, 2005 issue of Time.where he runs his own investment firm. Browder now manages $1.6 billion in assets.2In 1998 he gave up his American passport to become a British citizen, since his life is now centered in Europe. "National identity makes no difference for me," he says. "I feel completely international. If you have four good friends and you like what you are doing, it doesn't matter where you are. That's globalization."2 Alex Mandl is also a fervent believer in globalization, but he views himself very differently. A former president of AT&T, Mandl, 61, was born in Austria and now runs a French technology company, which is doing more and more business in China. He reckons he spends about 90% of his time traveling on business. But despite all that globetrotting, Mandl who has been a U.S. citizen for 45 years still identifies himself as an American. "I see myself as American without any hesitation. The fact that I spend a lot of time in other places doesn't change that," he says.3 Although Browder and Mandl define their nationality differently, both see their identity as a matter of personal choice, not an accident of birth3. And not incidentally, both are Davos Men, members of the international business élite who trek each year to the Swiss Alpine town for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum, founded in 1971. This week, Browder and Mandl will join more than 2,200 executives, politicians, academics, journalists, writers and a handful of Hollywood stars forfive days of networking, parties and endless earnest discussions about everything from post-election Iraq and HIV in Africa to the global supply of oil and the implications of nanotechnology. Yet this year, perhaps more than ever, a hot topic at Davos is Davos itself. Whatever their considerable differences, most Davos Men and Women share at least one belief: that globalization, the unimpeded flows of capital, labor and technology across national borders, is both welcome and unstoppable. They see the world increasingly as one vast, interconnected marketplace in which corporations search for the most advantageous locations to buy, produce and sell their goods and services.4 As borders and national identities become less important, some find that threatening and even dangerous. In an essay entitled "Dead Souls: The Denationalization of the American Elite," Harvard Professor Samuel Huntington describes Davos Man (a phrase that first got widespread attention in the 1990s) as an emerging global superspecies and a threat. The members of this class, he writes, are people who "have little need for national loyalty, view national boundaries as obstacles that thankfully are vanishing4, and see national governments as residues from the past whose only useful function is to facilitate the élite's global operations." Huntington argues that Davos Man's global-citizen self-image is starkly at odds with the values of most Americans, who remain deeply committed to their nation. This disconnect, he says, creates "a major cultural fault line5. In a variety of ways, the American establishment, governmental and private, has become increasingly divorced from the American people."2Browder now manages $1.6 billion in assets.: Right now there are $1.6 billion worth of assets under Browder’s management at his investment firm.3both see their identity as a matter of personal choice, not an accident of birth: both believe it is themselves, not the place of their birth, that decides their identity4view national boundaries as obstacles that thankfully are vanishing: regard national boundaries as obstacles that are disappearing, which is a piece of good news for them5a major cultural fault line: an important line dividing a culture into two camps, which is likely to cause problems5 Naturally, many Davos Men don't accept Huntington's terms. Klaus Schwab, the founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum, argues that endorsing a global outlook does not mean erasing national identity. "Globalization can never provide us with cultural identity, which needs to be local and national in nature."6 Global trade has been around for centuries; the corporations and countries that benefited from it were largely content to treat vast parts of the world as places to mine natural resources or sell finished products. Even as the globalization of capital accelerated in the 1980s, most foreign investment was between relatively wealthy countries, not from wealthy countries into poorer ones. U.S. technology, companies and money were often at the forefront of this movement.7 However the past two decades have witnessed the rise of other significant players. The developed world is beating a path to China's and India's door — and Chinese and Indian companies, in turn, have started to look overseas for some of their future growth. Beijing has even started what it calls a "Going Out" policy that encourages Chinese firms to buy assets overseas. Asian nations are creating "a remarkable environment of innovation," says John Chambers, chief executive of Cisco Systems. "China and India are graduating currently more than five times the number of engineers that we are here in the U.S." That means that U.S. and European companies are now facing high-quality, low-cost competition from overseas. No wonder so many Western workers worry about losing their jobs. "If the issue is the size of the total pie, globalization has proved a good thing6," says Orit Gadiesh, chairman of consultants Bain & Co. "If the issue is how the pie is divided, if you're in the Western world you could question that.7"8 The biggest shift may just be starting. A landmark 2003 study by Goldman Sachs predicted that four economies — Russia, Brazil, India and China — will become a much larger force in the world economy than widely expected, based on projections of demographic and economic growth, with China potentially overtaking Germany this decade. By 2050, Goldman Sachs suggested, these four newcomers will likely have displaced all but the U.S. and Japan from the top six economies in the world.9 It's also entirely possible that the near future may see the pendulum of capital swing away from Davos Man-style globalization. One counterpoint is Manila Woman — low-paid migrant workers from Asia and elsewhere who are increasingly providing key services around the world. Valerie Gooding, the chief executive of British health care company BUPA, says the British and U.S. health care system would break down without immigrant nurses from the Philippines, India, Nigeria and elsewhere. Unlike Davos Man, she says, they're not ambivalent about being strongly patriotic.10 Not all Davos Men seek global markets, either. Patrick Sayer runs a private equity firm in France called Eurazeo, and complains there are still too many barriers to cross-border business in Europe, let alone the world. So he's focused Eurazeo on its domestic market. "I profit from being French in France. It's easier for me to do deals," Sayer says. "It's the same elsewhere. If you're not Italian in Italy, you won't succeed."6If the issue is the size of the total pie, globalization has proved a good thing: Globalization is good in that it helps make thepie bigger.7If the issue is how the pie is divided, if you're in the Western world you could question that.: When it comes to the question of how the pie is divided, Westerners could worry that non-Westerners might begin to take away a bigger share of the pie.11 That may sound like a narrow nationalism, yet it contains a hidden wisdom. Recall that Italy itself was, until 1861, not a unified nation but an aggregation of city-states. Despite tension between its north and south, there's no contradiction between maintaining a regional identity and a national one. Marco Tronchetti Provera, chairman of Telecom Italia, for example, can feel both Milanese and Italian at once, even as he runs a company that is aspiring to become a bigger international presence. The question is whether it will take another 140 years for Davos Man to figure out how to strike the same balance on a global scale.1. Difficult SentencesBrowder now manages $1.6 billion in assets.What information can you get from the sentence?(=Browder is quite a rich businessman and right now there are $1.6 billionworth of assets under at his investment firm.)2. Translate the sentence into Chinese(=布劳德如今掌管着价值16亿美元的资产。
全新版大学英语综合教程4unit4课文翻译
Globali zation is sweepin g aside nationa l borders and changin g relatio ns between nations. What impactdoes this have on nationa l identit ies and loyalti es? Are they strengt henedor weakene d? The authorinvesti gates.全球化正在扫除国界、改变国与国之间的关系。
这对国家的认同和对国家的忠诚会带来什么影响呢？它们会得到加强还是削弱？作者对这些问题进行了探讨。
In Searchof Davos ManPete r Gumbel1. William Browder was born in Princet on, New Jersey,grew up in Chicago, and studied at Stanfor d Univers ity in Califor nia. But don't call him an America n. For the past 16 of his 40 years he has lived outside the U.S., first in Londonand then, from 1996, in Moscow, where he runs his own investm ent firm. Browder now manages$1.6 billion in assets.In 1998 he gave up his America n passpor t to becomea British citizen, since his life is now centere d in Europe. "Nationa l identit y makes no differe nce for me," he says. "I feel complet ely interna tional. If you have four good friends and you like what you are doing, it doesn't matterwhere you are. That's globali zation."寻找达沃斯人彼得·甘贝尔威廉·布劳德出生于新泽西州的普林斯顿，在芝加哥长大，就读于加利福尼亚州的斯坦福大学。
高级英语第4课 Inaugural Address_OK
*/ JohnKennedy.htm *
3. To appreciate the language features of Kennedy’s address
4. To be acquainted with some English speeches
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Teaching Contents
1. J.F. Kennedy 2. The characteristics of a political speech 3. Detailed study of the text 4. Organizational pattern 5. Language features 6. Exercises 7. English speech
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John Fitzgerald Kennedy
1. 35th President of the U.S.(1961-1963) 2. a democrat, an eloquent speaker 3. the youngest man ever elected to the presidency 4. born in Massachusetts, inherited a background
• He entered Harvard, received a BS from Harvard 1940. He served in the Navy and won the Navy and Marine Corps Medal.
英语本科段自学考试英汉翻译教程Unit 4 Economy.doc
Unit 4 EconomyLesson 10 (E—C)A Golbal EconmyRsident Clinton realized—as all of us must—that today’s economy is global. We live in an era in which information, goods and capital sped around the globe, every hour of every day. Whther we like it or not, all of our fortunes are tied together. We are truly interdependent.America supports international trade because we believe fundamentally that trade will enrich those nations who embrace its discipline. The great promise of trade is its potential to promote mutual prosperity—and to strengthen the bonds between sovereign nations.The U.S. and China both demonstrate the potential of trade to improve the lives of our people. You know better than I the great achievements of the Chinese economy over the past two decades. In 1977, the sum total of Chinese imports and exports was less than $15 billion, putting China’s share of world trade at 0.6 percent. The most populosus country in the world, China ranked a distant 30th among exporting nations. By 1993 China’s exports and imports totaled nearly $200 billion. China had become the world’s tenth largest exporter.Since 1978, when China began opening its econnomy to imcreased foreign investment and trade, aggregate outpou has more than doubled. The strongest growth has occurred in the coastal areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and modern production methoods have spurred productin of both domestic and export goods. Per capita GNP has grown at an average rate of 7.6% from 1980-1992.The numbers are interesting, but how has this affected the people of China? In the last decade, telephone connections rose more than 60%. Electrical production more than doubled to 621 million kilowatt hours. In short, China has improved the economic well-being of its people.The people of the United States also have experienced the benefits of world trade. Since World War II, the U.S. has been the world’s largest econnomy and, in most years, the world’s largest eporter.But the importance of trade in our economy had exploded in the past three decades. In 1970, the value of two way trade was equal to just 13% of the U.S. economy. Last year, that figure, at 28%, was more than twice as high. In just the last seven years, jobs supported bu U.S. exports (goods and services) have risen by 4 million, to a total of 11 million. That’s almost one out of ten American jobs. Last year U.S. trade equalled $1.8 trillion dollars.Nor is the importance of trade likely to diminish for either China or the United States. China will continue to depend upon lucrative export markets to earn the foreign exchange it needs to develop and grow. At the same time, China’s imports will supply the much needed machinery and technology to fuel its continued development.For the United States, new commercial opportunities will grow most rapidly in the emerging markets. We estimate that three quarters of new eport opportunities over the next twenty years that’s an incredible $1.9 trillion in potential exports—will come in the emerging markets of Asia and Latin America. This means jobs for American workers and a higher standard of living for the American people.(Ecerpted form “Remarks by Ambassador Kantor at the University of International Business and Economics”, 1995)译文：一个全球性的经济正如每个人必须认识到的那样，克林顿总统认识到当今的经济具有全球性质。
【人教】2021版高中英语必修4课文逐句翻译(Word版,15页,】(成套下载)
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1.必修四Unit1A STUDENT OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE非洲野生动物研究者It is 5:45 am and the sun is just rising over Gombe National Park in East Africa. 清晨5点45分，太阳刚从东非的贡贝国家公园的上空升起，Following Jane's way of studying chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest. 我们一行人准备按照简研究黑猩猩的方法去森林里拜访它们. Jane has studied these families of chimps for many years and helped people understand how much they behave like humans. 简研究这些黑猩猩家族已经很多年了，她帮助人们了解黑猩猩跟人类的行为是多么的相似.Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day. 我们当天的首项任务就是观察黑猩猩一家是如何醒来的.This means going back to the place where we left the family sleeping in a tree the night before. 这意味着我们要返回前一天晚上我们离开黑猩猩一家睡觉的大树旁.Everybody sits and waits in the shade of the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off. 大家坐在树荫下等待着，这时候猩猩们睡醒了，准备离开. Then we follow as they wander into the forest. 然后这群黑猩猩向森林深处漫步而去，我们尾随其后.Most of the time, chimps either feed or clean each other as a way of showing love in their family. 在大部分时间里，黑猩猩或相互喂食，或彼此擦身，这在它们的家庭里是表示爱的方式. Jane warns us that our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the afternoon and she is right. 简预先提醒我们，到下午的时候我们就会又脏又累.她说对了.However, the evening makes it all worthwhile. 不过到傍晚时分我们觉得这一切都是值得的. We watch the mother chimp and her babies play in the tree. Then we see them go to sleep together in their nest for the night. 我们看到黑猩猩妈妈跟她的幼子们在树上玩耍，后来看见它们晚上一起回窝里睡觉了.We realize that the bond between members of a chimp family is as strong as in a human family. 我明白了猩猩家庭成员之间的联系像人类家庭一样紧密.Nobody before Jane fully understood chimp behaviour. 在简之前没有人完全了解黑猩猩的行为. She spent years observing and recording their daily activities. 她花了多年的时间来观察并记录黑猩猩的日常生活. Since her childhood she had wanted to work with animals in theirown environment. 从孩童时代起，简就想在动物生活的环境中研究它们.However, this was not easy. 但是，这不是一件简单的事.When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, it was unusual for a woman to live in the forest. 当她1960年最初来到贡贝时，对女性来说，住进大森林还是很稀罕的事情.Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project. 她母亲头几个月来帮过她的忙，这才使她得以开始自己的计划.Her work changed the way people think about chimps. 她的工作改变了人们对黑猩猩的看法. For example, one important thing she discovered was that chimps hunt and eat meat. 比方说，她的一个重要发现是黑猩猩猎食动物.Until then everyone had thought chimps ate only fruit and nuts. 在此之前，人们一直认为黑猩猩只吃水果和坚果. She actually observed chimps as a group hunting a monkey and then eating it. 而她曾经亲眼看到过一群黑猩猩捕杀一只猴子，然后把它吃掉. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other, and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system.她还发现了黑猩猩之间是如何交流的，而她对黑猩猩肢体语言的研究帮助她勾勒出黑猩猩的社会体系.For forty years Jane Goodall has been outspoken about making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals. 40年来，简∙古道尔一直在呼吁世人了解并尊重这些动物的生活. She has argued that wild animals should be left in the wild and not used for entertainment or advertisements. 她主张应该让野生动物留在野外生活，而不能用于娱乐或广告. She has helped to set up special places where they can live safely. 她还为黑猩猩建起了可以安全生活的保护区.She is leading a busy life but she says: 她的生活是忙忙碌碌的，然而，正如她所说的："Once I stop, it all comes crowding in and I remember the chimps in laboratories. It's terrible. “我一旦停下来，所有的一切都会涌上心头.我就会想起实验室的黑猩猩，太可怕了. It affects me when I watch the wild chimps. 每当我看着野生黑猩猩时，这个念头总是萦绕着我.I say to myself, 'Aren't they lucky?" 我会对自己说：‘难道它们不幸运吗？’ And then I think about small chimps in cages though they have done nothing wrong. 然后我就想起那些没有任何过错却被关在笼子里的小黑猩猩.Once you have seen that you can never forget ..."一旦你看到这些，你就永远不会忘记……”She has achieved everything she wanted to do: working with animals in their own environment, gaining a doctor's degree and showing that women can live in the forest as men can. 简已经得到了她想要得到的一切：在动物的栖息地工作；获得博士学位；还向世人证明女人和男人一样也能在森林里生活.She inspires those who want to cheer the achievements of women.她激励着人们为妇女们的成就而欢呼喝彩.2.必修四Unit 1 WHY NOT CARRY ON HER GOOD WORK? 为什么不继续她的事业？I enjoyed English, biology, and chemistry at school, but which one should I choose to study at university? 上学时我喜欢英语、生物和化学，但是我进大学该选哪门专业呢？I did not know the answer until one evening when I sat down at the computer to do some research on great women of China. 直到有一天晚上坐在电脑旁研究中国的伟大女性时，我才有了答案.By chance I came across an article about a doctor called Lin Qiaozhi, a specialist in women's diseases. 很偶然地，我看到了一篇关于林巧稚大夫的文章.她是妇科专家，She lived from 1901 to 1983. 1901年出生，1983年去世. It seemed that she had been very busy in her chosen career, travelling abroad to study as well as writing books and articles. 林巧稚似乎一直都在为自己选择的事业而奔忙，她去国外留学，并写了很多书和文章.One of them caught my eye. 其中有一本书引起了我的注意.It was a small book explaining how to cut the death rate from having and caring for babies. 这是一本小书，介绍如何从妇女怀孕到护理婴儿的过程中降低死亡率.She gave some simple rules to follow for keeping babies clean, healthy and free from sickness. 她提出了一些可以遵循的简单的做法，保持婴儿清洁和健康，让他们远离疾病. Why did she write that? 她为什么要写这些东西呢？Who were the women that Lin Qiaozhi thought needed this advice? 林巧稚认为哪些妇女会需要这些忠告呢？I looked carefully at the text and realized that it was intended for women in the countryside. 我细细地看了这篇文章，了解到那是为农村妇女写的.Perhaps if they had an emergency they could not reach a doctor.也许是她们在遇到紧急情况时找不到医生.Suddenly it hit me how difficult it was for a woman to get medical training at that time. 突然我想起，在那个年代，一个女子去学医是多么困难啊！That was a generation when girls' education was always placed second to boys'. 那可是一个女性受教育总是排在男性之后的年代. Was she so much cleverer than anyone else? 难道她比别人要聪明得多？Further reading made me realize that it was hard work and determination as well as her gentle nature that got her into medical school. 进一步阅读使我了解到，是苦干、决心和善良的天性使她走进医学院的大门.What made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients. 后来使她成功的是她对所有病人献出的爱心和体贴.There was story after story of how Lin Qiaozhi, tired after a day's work, went late at night to deliver a baby for a poor familywho could not pay her.数不胜数的故事讲述着林巧稚如何在劳累一天之后，又在深夜去为贫苦家庭的产妇接生，而这些家庭是不可能给她报酬的.By now I could not wait to find out more about her. 现在我迫不及待地想多了解一些有关她的情况. I discovered that Lin Qiaozhi had devoted her whole life to her patients and had chosen not to have a family of her own. 我发现林巧稚把毕生都奉献给了病人，而自己却选择了独身.Instead she made sure that about 50,000 babies were safely delivered. 她确保了大约五万名婴儿的安全出生.By this time I was very excited. 这时候，我非常激动.Why not study at medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and carry on her good work? 为什么不像林巧稚那样去读医学院，继续她高尚的事业呢？It was still not too late for me to improve my studies, prepare for the university entrance examinations, and…. 现在努力提高学习成绩、准备大学入学考试还不算晚……3.必修四Unit2 A PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE造福全人类的先驱者Although he is one of China's most famous scientists, Yuan Longping considers himself a farmer, for he works the land to do his research. 尽管是中国最著名的科学家之一，袁隆平仍然认为自己是个农民，因为他在田里耕作，进行科学研究.Indeed, his sunburnt face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, for whom he has struggled for the past five decades. 的确，他被太阳晒得黝黑的脸庞和和手臂，以及他那瘦削而又结实的身躯，就跟其他千百万中国农民一样，过去50年来，他一直在努力帮助他们.Dr Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice. 袁博士种植的是被称为“超级杂交水稻的”的稻种. In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output. 1974年，他成为世界上第一位种植高产水稻的农业先锋.This special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same fields. 这种特殊的稻种使得同样的田地多收获三分之一的产量.Now more than 60% of the rice produced in China each year is from this hybrid strain.如今中国每年出产的稻米有60%以上出自这种杂交稻种.Born in a poor farmer's family in 1930, Dr Yuan graduated from Southwest Agricultural College in 1953. 袁博士1930年出生，1953年毕业于西南农学院.Since then, finding ways to grow more rice has been his life goal. 从那时起，找到水稻高产的方法就成为他一生的目标.As a young man, he saw the great need for increasing the rice output. 年轻时，他就看到了稻田增产的巨大需求. At that time, hunger was a disturbing problem in many parts of the countryside. 当时，饥荒是许多农村地区面临的严重问题.Dr Yuan searched for a way to increase rice harvests without expanding the area of the fields. 袁博士要在不增加土地面积的基础上寻求达到增收稻谷的途径. In 1950, Chinese farmers could produce only fifty million tons of rice. 1950年，中国农民只能生产五千万吨稻谷，In a recent harvest, however, nearly two hundred million tons of rice was produced. 而近来却生产了将近两亿吨稻谷.These increased harvests mean that 22% of the world's people are fed from just 7% of the farmland in China. 这一粮食产量的增加意味着中国仅仅7%的耕地养活了世界22%的人口. Dr Y uan is now circulating his knowledge in India, Vietnam and many other less developed countries to increase their rice harvests. 袁博士现在在印度、越南和很多其他欠发达国家传播提高水稻产量的知识. Thanks to his research, the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world of hunger. 多亏了他的研究，联合国在消除世界饥饿的战斗中有了更多的办法.Using his hybrid rice, farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before. 用他的杂交水稻种子，农民种出的粮食比以前多了一倍.Dr Yuan is quite satisfied with his life. 袁博士很满意他的生活.However, he doesn't care about being famous. He feels it gives him less freedom to do his research. 但是，他对成名并不在意，并且觉得出名后搞科研就不那么自由了. He would much rather keep time for his hobbles. 他宁愿把时间花在自己的业余爱好上.He enjoys listening to violin music, playing mah-jong, swimming and reading. 他喜欢听小提琴乐曲、打麻将、游泳和读书.Spending money on himself or leading a comfortable life also means very little to him. 在自己身上花钱或者享受舒适的生活对袁博士来说意义不大.Indeed, he believes that a person with too much money has more rather than fewer troubles. 事实上，他认为一个人有了太多钱，他的麻烦事只会更多，而不是更少. He therefore gives millions of yuan to equip others for their research in agriculture. 于是，他拿出好几百万元帮助其他人进行农业科学研究.Just dreaming for things, however, costs nothing. 梦想是不花本钱的. Long ago Dr yuan had a dream about rice plants as tall as sorghum. Each ear of rice was as big as an ear of corn and each grain of rice was as huge as a peanut. 很久以前，袁博士曾在梦里看到水稻长得像高粱一样高，稻穗跟玉米穗一样大，而每粒稻谷像花生米一样大. Dr Yuan awoke from his dream with the hope of producing a kind of rice that could feed more people. 袁博士从梦中醒来，希望能种植一种能养活更多人的水稻.Now, many years later, Dr Yuan has another dream: to export his rice so that it can be grown around the globe. 在很多年后的今天，袁博士还有另外一个梦想，那就是他的稻谷可以出口并长遍全球.One dream is not always enough, especially for a person wholoves and cares for his people.一个梦想总是不够的，尤其对一个热爱和关心人民的人来说更是如此.4.必修四Unit2 CHEMICAL OR ORGANIC FARMING? 化学耕作还是有机耕作？Over the past half century, using chemical fertilizers has become very common in farming. 在过去的半个世纪里，在耕作中使用化肥已经非常普遍.Many farmers welcomed them as a great way to stop crop disease and increase production. 很多农民喜欢使用化肥.把化肥作为防治农作物病虫害和提高产量的重要手段. Recently, however, scientists have been finding that long-term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the land and, even more dangerous, to people's health. 然而，最近科学家发现长期使用这些肥料会造成土地受损，甚至更危险的是，会对人们的健康造成危害.What are some of the problems caused by chemical fertilizers? 化肥带来的问题有哪些呢？First, they damage the land by killing the helpful bacteria and pests as well as the harmful ones. 首先，化肥在杀死病菌和害虫的同时也会杀死有益的细菌和昆虫，从而破坏土地.Chemicals also stay in the ground and underground water for a long time. 化学物质还会在地里和地下水中保存很长时间，This affects crops and, therefore, animals and humans, since chemicals get inside the crops and cannot just be washed off. 而这会影响到庄稼，进而影响到动物和人类，因为化学成分会进入到农作物中，并且不能被冲洗掉.These chemicals in the food supply build up in people's bodies over time. 随着时间的推移，食物中的这些化学成分会在人体中堆积.Many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses. 很多化学成分能导致癌症或其他疾病. In addition, fruit, vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizers usually grow too fast to be full of much nutrition. 另外，施过化肥的水果、蔬菜和其他食物通常生长得过快而营养不足. They may look beautiful, but inside there is usually more water than vitamins and minerals. 它们表面上很好看，但里面通常是含过多的水分，而不是维生素和矿物质.With these discoveries, some farmers and many customers are beginning to turn to organic farming. 由于这些发现，一些农民和消费者开始转向有机耕作. Organic farming is simply farming without using any chemicals. 有机耕作就是不用任何化学肥料的耕作.They focus on keeping their soil rich and free of disease. 农民关心的是保持土壤肥沃并且免受病害.A healthy soil reduces disease and helps crops grow strong and healthy. 健康的土壤会减少病虫害并且帮助农作物茁壮成长. Organic farmers, therefore, often prefer using natural waste from animals as fertilizer. 因此，有机耕作的农民通常喜欢把天然的动物粪便当作肥料. They feel that this makes the soil in their fields richer in minerals and so more fertile. 他们认为这样会使地里的土壤更富含矿物质，因而也会更加肥沃，This also keeps the air, soil, water and crops free from chemicals.同时还可以让空气、土壤、水以及农作物不受化学物质的污染.Organic farmers also use many other methods to keep the soil fertile. 有机耕作的农民也使用很多其他的方法来保持土地肥沃.They often change the kind of crop in each field every few years, for example, growing corn or wheat and then the next year peas or soybeans. 在同一块地里，他们经常每隔几年就换种农作物. 例如，种玉米和小麦后来年再改种豌豆或大豆. Crops such as peas or soybeans put important minerals back into the soil, making it ready for crops such as wheat or corn that need rich and fertile soil. 像豌豆或大豆这样的农作物将重要的矿物质带回土壤，从而使之适宜于种植要求土地肥沃的农作物，比如玉米或小麦. Organic farmers also plant crops to use different levels of soil, for example, planting peanuts that use the ground's surface followed by vegetables that put down deep roots. 有机耕作的农民还种植多种农作物来利用不同层次的土壤.比如，他们先种植生长于浅层土壤的花生，然后再种植生根于深层土壤的蔬菜.Some organic farmers prefer planting grass between crops to prevent wind or water from carrying away the soil, and then leaving it in the ground to become a natural fertilizer for the next year's crop还有一些有机耕作者喜欢在农作物之间种草，以防止水土流失，并且把草留在地里，从而成为来年农作物的天然肥料. These many different organic farming methods have the same goal: to grow good food and avoid damaging the environment or people's health. 这些不同的有机耕作的方法有着同样的目标：种植好的粮食，避免损害环境或者人们的健康.5.必修四Unit 3 A MASTER OF NONVERBAL HUMOUR无声的幽默的大师As Victor Hugo once said, "Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face",维克多·雨果曾经说过：“笑容如同阳光，驱散人们脸上的阴霾”and up to now nobody has been able to do this better than Charlie Chaplin. 关于这一点，直到今天也没有人比查理·卓别林做的更好. He brightened the lives of Americans and British through two world wars and the hard years in between. 在两次世界大战及中间艰苦的岁月里，他给英国和美国人民带来了快乐.He made people laugh at a time when they felt depressed, so they could feel more content with their lives.在人们感到沮丧的时候，查理使人们开怀大笑，于是他们对自己的生活感到更加满足.Not that Charlie's own life was easy! 然而卓别林自己的生活也并不容易.He was born in a poor family in 1889. His parents were both poor music hall performers. 他生于1889年，出身贫寒.他的父母都是杂耍戏院里贫穷的演员.You may find it astonishing that Charlie was taught to sing as soon as he could speak and dance as soon as he could walk. 你可能会感到惊奇，查理刚会说话时大人就教他唱歌，他刚会走路时大人就教他跳舞. Such training was common in acting families at this time, especially when the family income was often uncertain. 这样的训练在当时的演员家庭中是很普遍的，尤其是在家庭收入经常不稳定的时候. Unfortunately his father died, leaving the family even worse off, so Charlie spent his childhood looking after his sick mother and his brother. 不幸的是他的父亲去世了，使得他的家庭更加艰难，所以查理在童年时期就要照顾生病的母亲和弟弟. By his teens, Charlie had, through his humour, become one of the most popular child actors in England. 在十多岁的时候，凭借着自己的幽默，查理已经在英国成为最受欢迎的童星之一. He could mime and act the fool doing ordinary everyday tasks. 他能够不说话而仅靠动作来模仿傻子做日常的任务.No one was ever bored watching him -his subtle acting made everything entertaining. 看他的表演没有人会感到无聊——他巧妙的表演使得一切都那么滑稽可笑.As time went by, he began making films. .随着时间的推移，他开始拍电影.He grew more and more popular as his charming character, the little tramp, became known throughout the world. 他塑造的可爱的“小流浪汉”角色开始闻名于世，而查理越来越受欢迎.The tramp, a poor, homeless man with a moustache, wore large trousers, worn-out shoes and a small round black hat. He walked around stilly carrying a walking stick. 这个穷苦的无家可归的小流浪汉，留着小胡子，穿着大裤子、破鞋子，头顶着黑色的小圆帽.他手里拿着一根手杖迈着僵硬的步伐四处走动. This character was a social failure but was loved for his optimism and determination to overcome all difficulties. 这个角色是个社会生活中的失败者，但他乐观的精神和战胜困难的决心使他受到人们的喜爱. He was the underdog who was kind even when others were unkind to him. 面对并不善待他的人，这个弱者依然保持友善的态度.How did the little tramp make a sad situation entertaining? 然而这个小流浪汉是如何把悲凉的遭遇变得滑稽可笑的呢？Here is an example from one of his most famous films, The Gold Rush. 这里有一个例子，来自于他最著名的电影之一《淘金记》. It is the mid-nineteenth century and gold has just been discovered in California. 19世纪中叶，在加利福尼亚州发现了金子. Like so many others, the little tramp and his friend have rushed there in search of gold, but without success. 像其他很多人一样，小流浪汉和他的朋友也涌向那里去淘金，但却没有成功.Instead they are hiding in a small hut on the edge of a mountain during a snowstorm with nothing to eat. 相反，他们被暴风雪困在山边的一个小木屋中，没有任何东西可吃. They are so hungry that they try boiling a pair of leather shoes for their dinner. 他们饿极了，只好煮了一双皮鞋来充饥. Charlie first picks out the laces and eats them as if they were spaghetti. 查理首先挑出鞋带来吃，像吃意大利面条一样.Then he cuts off the leather top of the shoe as if it were the finest steak. 然后他把皮鞋上端的皮子切下来，就像切下一块最好的牛排. Finally he tries cutting and chewing the bottom of the shoe. 最后他试着把鞋底割下来嚼着吃.He eats each mouthful with great enjoyment. 他每一口都嚼得津津有味. The acting is so convincing that it makes you believe that it is one of the best meals he has ever tasted! 查理的表演是那么有说服力，以至于你会相信这顿饭是他所吃过的最美味的一餐！Charlie Chaplin wrote, directed and produced the films he starred in. 查理·卓别林自编、自导、自制他主演的电影.In 1972 he was given a special Oscar for his outstanding work in films. 1972年他被授予奥斯卡特别奖，以表彰他在电影界的杰出工作.He lived in England and the USA but spent his last years in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977.他生活在英国和美国，却在瑞士度过了生命中最后的日子，并于1977年安葬在那里.He is loved and remembered as a great actor who could inspire people with great confidence人们热爱和怀念这位伟大的演员，因为他鼓舞人们并增强他们的信心.6.必修四Unit3英语笑话Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson went camping in a mountainous area. 夏洛克·福尔摩斯和华生医生去山区野营. They were lying in the open air under the stars. 他们在山区一块露天的地上躺了下来，头上顶着星星.Sherlock Holmes looked up at the stars and whispered, "Watson, when you look at that beautiful sky, what do you think of?" 夏洛克·福尔摩斯仰望着星空，轻声地说道：“华生，当你望着美丽的天空时，你想到了什么？” Watson replied, "I think of how short life is and how long the universe has lasted." 华生回答说：“我想到生命是如此的短促，而宇宙却是如此的漫长.”"No, no, Watson!" Holmes said. "What do you really think of?." “不，不对，华生！”福尔摩斯说，“你到底想到了什么？” Watson tried again. "I think of how small I am and how vast the sky is." 于是华生又试着回答：“我想到我是如此的渺小，而天空是如此的广阔.”"Try again, Watson!" said Holmes. “再回答一次，华生！”福尔摩斯说.Watson tried a third time. "I think of how cold the universe is and how warm people can be in their beds." 华生试着第三次回答了：“我想到宇宙是如此的寒冷，而人们睡在床上是如此的暖和. Holmes said, "Watson, you fool! You should be thinking that someone has stolen our tent!"福尔摩斯说：“华生，你这个傻瓜！你应该想到有人把我们的帐篷偷走.”7.必修四Unit4 COMMUNICATION: NO PROBLEM? 交际：没有问题了吗？Yesterday, another student and I, representing our university's student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year's international students. 昨天，我和另一个学生代表我们学校的学生会，到首都国际机场迎接今年的留学生.They were coming to study at Beijing University. We would take them first to their dormitories and then to the student canteen. 他们来北京大学学习.我们会首先把他们带到宿舍，然后去学生食堂.After half an hour of waiting for their flight to arrive, I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously. 在等了半个小时之后，我看见几个年轻人走进了等候区，好奇地向四周张望. I stood for a minute watching them and then went to greet them. 站着观察了他们一分钟后，我便走过去跟他们打招呼.The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain. 第一个到达的是从哥伦比亚来的托尼∙加西亚，随后紧跟着的是英国的朱莉娅∙史密斯.After I met them and then introduced them to each other, I was very surprised. 在与他们碰面并介绍他们彼此认识之后，我（对看到的情景）感到很吃惊.Tony approached Julia, touched her shoulder and kissed her on the cheek! 托尼走进朱莉娅，摸了摸她的肩，亲了亲她的脸！She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence. 她后退了几步，看上去有些吃惊，并举起了手，好像是在自卫. I guessed that there was probably a major misunderstanding. 我猜想这里可能有个很大的误会.Then Akira Nagata from Japan came in smiling, together with George Cook from Canada. 随后，来自日本的永田明微笑着走了进来，同时进来的还有加拿大的乔治∙库克.As they were introduced, George reached his hand out to the Japanese student. 当我为他们做介绍时，乔治把手伸向了这位日本学生.Just at that moment, however, Akira bowed so his nose touched George's moving hand. 然而，就在那时，永田明正在鞠躬，所以他的鼻子碰到了乔治伸过来的手. They both apologized - another cultural mistake! 两个人都互相道了歉——这又是一个文化差错！Ahmed Aziz, another international student, was from Jordan. 另一位留学生艾哈迈德∙阿齐兹是约旦人. When we met yesterday, he moved very close to me as I introduced myself. 我们昨天见面，我进行自我介绍时，他靠我很近. I moved back a bit, but he came closer to ask a question and then shook my hand. 我往后退了一点儿，但是他又上前问了我一个问题，然后同我握手.When Darlene Coulon from France came dashing through the door, she recognized Tony Garcia's smiling face. 当来自法国的达琳∙库隆匆忙走进门的时候，她认出了托尼·加西亚微笑的面孔. They shook hands and then kissed each other twice on each cheek, since that is the French custom when adults meet people they know. 两个人握了握手，并且在对方的面颊上吻了两下.因为，法国成年人见到熟人通常就是这么做的.Ahmed Aziz., on the contrary, simply nodded at the girls. 而艾哈迈德∙阿齐兹却只是朝女孩们点了点头. Men from Middle Eastern and other Muslim countries will often stand quite close to other men to talk but will usually not touch women.来自中东和一些穆斯林国家的男士在谈话时通常站得离其他男士很近，但一般不会与女士接触.As I get to know more international friends, I learn more about this cultural "body language".随着认识的国际朋友越来越多，我也了解到更多不同文化背景下的“身体语言”. Not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people. 各种文化背景下的人互致问候的方式不尽相同，身体接触和相互间距离的程度也并不一样. In the same way that people communicate with spoken language, they also express their feelings using unspoken "language" through physical distance, actions or posture. 用口头语言交流的同时，人们还使用不出声的语言——身体间的距离、动作或姿态等，来表达情感. English people, for example, do not usually stand very close to others or touch strangers as soon as they meet. 比如，英国人通常不会站得离别人太近，也不会一见面就（用身体）接触陌生人.However, people from places like Spain, Italy or South American countries approach others closely and are more likely to touch them. 不过，来自西班牙、意大利或南美等国的人会站在离别人很近的地方，而且很可能（用身体）接触对方.Most people around the world now greet each other by shaking hands, but some cultures use other greetings as well, such as the Japanese, who prefer to bow.现在世界上大多数人见面都要握手相互问候，但有些文化（背景下的人）会采取另外一些寒暄方式.比如说，日本人就更愿意鞠躬.These actions are not good or bad, but are simply ways in which cultures have developed. 这些行为都无所谓好与坏，只不过是文化发展的不同方式而已.I have seen, however, that cultural customs for body language are very general - not all members of a culture behave in the。
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Unit 4 United We Stand?1991年12月，欧洲12个国家签署了具有历史意义的马斯特里赫特条约，并在这样做时，创造了现在被称为欧洲货币联盟（EMU）的单一货币贸易区。
马斯特里赫特条约概述了欧洲货币联盟的国家将用单一的货币---欧元取代它们各自货币的过程，欧元将由一个单一的欧洲央行控制。
1999年1月，各国货币与欧元之间的汇率都应当绝对固定，到2002年1月，国家货币都应该被完全淘汰。
然而，德国，法国和其他一些欧元区国家能够满足该时间期限，达到合约要求，但许多其他国家因为困难重重已经推迟了关于马斯特里赫特条约规定，可能无法按照合约时间固定汇率。
尽管多数欧洲政府官员目前都持乐观态度，但已经历过的困难并不预示着当前形式下的欧洲货币联盟有好的未来。
虽然目前的问题集中在控制政府赤字，以符合《马斯特里赫特条约》中的条件，但是近期发生的汇率危机对这项计划是否真正值得推行提出了质疑。
如果这些问题得不到解决，国家的经济不应该被强迫以适应马斯特里赫特的条件和武断的时间期限，因为这样的行动只会造成不必要的经济混乱。
货币统一目前的延迟是必要的；更谨慎将符合欧洲人民的最佳利益。
为什么要货币联盟为了正确评估欧洲货币联盟所面临的困境，必须仔细分析尤其要注意当前系统的经济成本和效益。
目前每个国家都有不同的货币，相对货币价值趋于波动，除非受限于人工的国际协议。
货币波动的发生有多种原因，最重要的即国家经常扩大或减少流通的货币量。
货币供应量的增加会迫使货币贬值，较低的汇率增加出口，以提高经济的总产出。
货币紧缩会导致相反的效果，也趋于降低通货膨胀。
因此，欧洲央行目前使用的货币供应量的控制，以保持国家的通货膨胀率很低，扩大了陷入衰退的国家经济的范围。
欧洲货币联盟的好处在于能消除存在多种货币带来的经济成本。
存在不同货币中最明显的成本是必须花费从一种货币转换为另一种货币的资源。
例如，如果一家德国公司的盈利法国法郎，它必须把法国法郎换成德国马克以支付其雇员。
在这种交换中，员工的时间，公司的钱，必然要花。
然而，欧盟委员会估计，货币兑换费用，平均而言，是欧盟的国内生产总值的0.4％。
多种货币的第二个成本来自于当国家允许本国货币的相对价值为自由浮动。
改变汇率造成的不确定性会形成贸易壁垒，因为人们收到的钱的价值会随汇率变动而变动。
例如，一家德国公司用法国法郎预付，如果法郎对德国马克贬值，将会看到预付款的价值下降。
汇率的波动，实际上是跨国企业利润估算时必须考虑到的成本。
然而，在这样一个系统就绪的情况下，货币统一进程开始之前，这种成本也相当小。
在这个制度下，各国中央银行使用国家间设定的汇率进行货币兑换。
然后，每当一个国家增加货币供应量，市场汇率会下降一点，但央行的汇率将保持稳定。
套利者不会利用央行的固定利率和市场利率之间的细微差别进行套利，因为对资本流动的规定使得这样的动作成本很高。
只有当差异变得非常大，套利活动变得显著，才会迫使央行改变其汇率。
利用小的汇率波动和偶尔的汇率重新组合，企业能够利用期货和互换，和其他金融工具，以对冲风险。
但是，这个系统也产生了经济成本，因为对资本流动的监管要求使得资本市场效率低下。
然而，去除规定将导致难以忍受的汇率波动。
这一难题的最佳解决方案似乎是采用一个单一的欧洲货币。
马斯特里赫特和修改马斯特里赫特条约，详细阐述了实现货币统一的路径，包括重要的汇率条件，利用欧洲汇率机制（ERM）。
该机制表示，参与货币之间的汇率将不允许上下波动超过设定的利率的正负2.25%。
马斯特里赫特条约的国家一致同意这个波动区间，在加入EMU的两年前不会利用货币贬值。
然而，一系列危机很快迫使ERM做出改变。
1992年，德国经济繁荣，通货膨胀率为4%。
因此，德国增加货币的供应非常谨慎，而欧洲货币联盟的其他国家处于衰退中，被迫跟随采取从紧的货币政策。
根据保罗·德·格劳威的一项研究，欧洲货币联盟的其他国家，平均而言，应该使他们的货币供应量比实际增加5%。
然而，这些紧缩的货币政策显然不够严密；英镑和里拉兑德国马克大幅下降。
1992年9月，来自投机者的压力迫使英国和意大利的货币贬值，这两个国家暂时离开了欧洲货币联盟。
1993年8月,《马斯特里赫特条约》的ERM（欧洲汇率机制）已经被改变为另一种货币危机。
大量的货币,尤其是法国法郎,被严重高估,投机者给汇率施加了巨大的压力。
德国试图通过购买价值数十亿美元的法郎缓解压力,但这种努力是不够的。
不是迫使法国退出欧洲汇率机制，而是欧洲汇率机制本身做出了修改。
汇率波动区间从2.25%扩大到15%。
法国法郎立即贬值，来自投机者的压力得到了缓解。
然而，这些危机反映出的问题是该如何发挥欧洲货币一体化的功能。
显然，国家目前极其依赖货币灵活性来控制通货膨胀和提振低迷的经济。
货币统一和美国欧洲货币联盟发展到现在所经历的困难也许仅仅是未来单一的欧洲货币体系所要经历的困难的一瞥（一小部分）。
欧洲单一货币意味着单一的欧洲央行，执行集中的欧洲货币政策。
各个国家将不再能够使用货币政策来满足本国经济发展的需要。
此外，政府支出将受到类似的限制。
马斯特里赫特规则限制一个国家的财政赤字在国内生产总值的3%以内。
由于财政自由受限，在不对称的经济衰退时期，国内货币政策的缺失将会产生联盟内巨大的异议和争议。
例如，英国可能进入衰退，并希望扩大货币供应量，而当时欧洲其他国家经济繁荣，需要减少货币供应量，以降低通胀。
如果欧洲央行要减少货币供应量，那么英国将陷入更深的衰退。
但是，如果央行要迎合英国的需要，欧洲其他国家将经历高通胀。
这种情况造成的经济后果已经被1992年和1993年的危机所证明。
这种情况下统一后的政治后果显然是令人不安的。
可能更加麻烦的是，沿着地理和政治边界，欧洲经济专业化程度或许会有提高，这一现象可能使欧洲受到更严重的非对称衰退的威胁。
由于单一的货币带来的运输和通讯成本的减少，单一货币的国家倾向于变得更经济专业化。
举例来说，美国的地区专业化程度比目前欧洲国家专业化程度强；美国有在波士顿地区和硅谷的高新技术企业集群，但这些企业很少坐落在它们之间的任何地方。
类似的专业化也可以发生在欧洲。
它可以是，例如，最大的汽车制造商将聚集在德国的一个区域，而大多数天然气公司涌入英国。
在这种情况下，如果石油价格飞涨，那么英国会进入一个经济繁荣而德国进入严重的衰退。
为了防止这种有害的专业化，欧洲国家可能会选择通过关税制度设立人工壁垒。
然而，这样的举动将直接与货币统一的目标相矛盾。
在一个专业化分工的欧洲，非对称经济衰退的全面影响将是相当复杂的。
对经济后果的一个粗略估计是可以做到的，不过，利用美国经济为例。
当美国一个地区遭受经济衰退，受灾地区不能行使货币政策，美国特定地区的衰退的影响应该非常类似于欧洲货币一体化以后经济衰退的影响。
据经济学家保罗·克鲁格曼，美国地区的经济衰退往往会丧失劳动人口；工资往往不会下降，一些新兴产业被吸引到贫困地区。
这意味着，在美国经济衰退后的区域可能的确要比陷入衰退之前有更低的总产出，尽管该地区的失业率可能会回到自然失业率。
这增强了反对赤字开支，以此来结束经济衰退的例证，因为在经济衰退结束后，许多拿失业补助的人会找到工作，在不同的区域交税的情况。
他们失业补助的债务要么积累，要么由一小部分群体以较高的税率缴纳。
在欧洲，这意味着，一旦一个国家陷入衰退，它应该避免赤字开支，因为即使失业率回到它的自然水平之后，其GDP将保持在较低的水平。
然而，人口流失问题得到减轻，是因为欧洲劳动力的流动性大大低于美国的劳动力的事实。
因此，处于区域经济衰退中的欧洲国家，相比于同类美国地区，在衰退结束时将能够获得更高水平的产出。
这种产出的维持意味着更高水平的赤字开支可以使用，引起了EMU内部有待解决的有关财政规则的严重问题。
不幸的是，低劳动力流动也意味着国家在衰退的失业率上将花费的时间，也将超过一个类似美国地区所花费的时间。
美国单一货币区域和EMU还有另一个关键的区别。
虽然各州无法行使过多的财政政策，即美国联邦政府能以社会保险和国家税收的形式做的。
在联邦层面，政府可以支付失业救济金，然后当人们在这个国家的另一个地方找到工作时，把钱以税收的形式收回。
然而，欧洲没有一个大陆性的财政政策，因此，一个国家的经济衰退的成本将由个别国家负担。
国家政府面临经济衰退，也比美国的长，可能无法收回所有支付的失业补助，由于失业人口可能最终可能在欧洲的其他国家工作并且移民。
需要谨慎类似美国这样庞大的，货币统一的经济体的经验，以及迄今在欧洲货币统一过程中所出现的障碍，强有力的论证了谨慎行事的必要性。
欧盟的目标应该是改善欧洲人的生活。
一个单一的欧洲货币，未必能使欧洲人民获得最佳利益。
当然，资金的流动将会受到较少的限制，使经济变得更加有效率。
经济总量上升，欧洲将变得更加富强。
然而，有限的劳动力流动和专业化程度不断提高，某些地区可能会渐渐落后。
资本可能会涌入拥有专业化劳动力和技术的经济扩张地区，因为投资者看到了潜在的利润。
不过，其他地区，仍会处于贫困状态，直到工资差别大到超过昂贵的搬迁费用，足以使公司和投资者搬迁进来。
目前有争议的财政规则，仅仅旨在强调不同的欧洲国家的经济需求的差异。
这并不意味着欧洲不应最终有一个单一的货币。
它只是显示走向统一的过程，实际上统一是欧洲的特色，需要加以修订。
美国已成功地运用了单一货币，所以很明显，大的区域可以共享一个货币体系；解决欧洲的困境的方法只是需要时间来寻找。
如果没有这些解决方案，那么，目前走向统一的步伐似乎有些不必要的匆忙，这可能伤害欧洲经济和人民。