大学英语跨文化交流教程课后习题答案整理
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全) Unit1 Sportsmanship: It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas.3. It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general.The pioneering spirit: E某cept for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom.American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.1. Traditionally, individualism, independence andcollaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans.3. The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationshipsFive relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend.Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders.Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals.1. According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinalrelationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships beThat is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was e某plained as\There should be affectionbetween man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends.\2. What is the difference between collectivism andindividualismFirstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually e某pect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups.Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personalbenefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.E某tended family: adult couples are e某pected to formtheir ownhousehold with either of their biological families.2. Because they desire a close and intense bond with their partners，they e某pect so much from marriage that so many get divorcedImpermanence: the property of not e某isting for indefinitely long durations.Stable: resistant to change of position or condition Connection vs. contract: relationship。
跨文化交际课后题答案
Unit 1Language and Culture in Communication1.Fill in blanksa. There are here-------- Chinese equivalents to communication in Mainland.交际（）交流（）沟通（）传播（）通信（）交通（）传理（）b. There must be ___________conditions for communication to take place.c. There are _______ kinds of communication.d. The two kinds of cross-cultural communication are _______ and ______.e. In any forms of communication, mono-cultural, unilateral and bilateral cross-cultural alike, ______ is the essence.f. You complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone is a________ example of communication.g. You send an e-mail message to an American friend is an instance of communication but______.h. An Arabic traveler talks to you in Arabic that is Greek to you is an instance of_________.i. The community definition of a social situation is a sort of ______ definition, or ______ interpretation of the situation.j. In cross-cultural communication, private goals are difficult to detect and are likely to cause ______.k. A social situation may receive two definitions. They are____________________ and ______________.l. The verbal message of shrug is a non-verbal signal of_________________.m. The verbal message of thank is a non-verbal signal of________________.n. The goal of Dick’s going to the library is likely to _______________________________________.Ⅱ. Key Termsa. languageb. non-verbal communicationc. cross-cultural communicationd. situational schemae. signalf. cultureg. communicationh.. mutual monitoringi. valuej. competenceⅢ. Short Answer1. Give some best and not good instances of communication.2. How to understand a mutual monitoring?a. Types of communication.b. Cultural influencing factors of cross-cultural communication.c. b. collectivist culturec. hospitalityⅣ. Case studyUse the communication theory to analyze the following case:Xiao Huang meets Evelyn at the airport and says to her: "Long time no see!" 1）The source of information is: ______.2）The encoder is: ______.3）The code is: ______.4）The message is: "______!"5）The channel is: ______.6）The medium is: ______.7）The noise is: ______.8）The decoder is: ______.9）The retrieval of information is: ______.Keys To Unit OneⅠ.Fill in the blanks.a. 6b. 4c. 5d. unilateral cross-cultural communication, bilateral cross-cultural communicatione. meaning exchangef. bestg. Yes, but not very good.h. non-communicationi. official，officialj. misunderstandingk. one of the community and one of the participants.l. raising one’s shoulders up and down.m. holding one’s hands in a fist in frontn. borrow booksII. Key Termsa. language. a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols ("He taught foreign languages")b. While we speak with our vocal organs we converse with our whole bodies. In addition to the words we use we convey a whole variety of information to others with our bodies. This is non-verbal communication.c.It refers to the communication between the people with different cultural backgrounds.d. It refers to the rules and procedures that govern the way things are going to proceed.e. It means an element of the behavior, appearance, etc., of one organism that is received by the sense organs of a second organism and affects its behavior.f. Culture means:1.The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.2.The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.g. communication: the exchange of information between people, e.g. by means of speaking, writing, or using a common system of signs or behaviors. There are source of information, encoder, code, channel, decoder, retrieval of information.III. Short answers.Best examples：You complain to your instructor about your course credits through telephone. Two blind people exchange ideas in Braille. Not so good examples; An orator delivers a speech to a large gathering. You send an email message to an American friend.when you are alone with no one else being present , you can do anything you like, because you are not in a social situation. Once another person joins you, or even comes close enough that you two can see each other, your behavior is affected by his or her presence. That is mutual monitoring.a. human communicationb. animal communicationc. human-animal communicationd. human-machine communicatione. machine-to-machine communication4. they are of history, tradition, religion, value, social organization, customs, social development and systems.5. collectivist culture places little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as ‘we’ cultures because the basic unit is the in-group or collective.IV. Case study1）Xiao Huang2）Xiao Huang3）English;4）Long time no see!;5）face to face;6）air;7）the disturbance of the passing airplanes; 8）Evelyn;9）Evelyn。
新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案Unit2
新编跨⽂化交际英语教程_参考答案Unit2Unit 2Culture and CommunicationReading IWhat Is CultureComprehension questions1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why?Some may prefer a short definition, such as the one given by E. Sapir or R. Benedict, for it is highly generalized and easy to remember. Some may prefer a longer one, such as Edward T. Hall’s definition of culture, because it provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of culture and points out the all-pervasive impact of culture on human life in different dimensions.2. What have you learned from those definitions about culture?Many things can be learned from those definitions, for each definition, though not without its limitations, tells us something very important about culture or certain aspect(s) of culture.3. Do you agree that our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can try tosatisfy the higher needs?Even though this is generally the case, there will still be some exceptions. Sometimes people might prefer to satisfy higher needs, for instance, esteem needs, before their lower needs, such as certain physiological needs or safety needs are satisfied.4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve thesame ends by taking different roads?For example, everyone has to eat in order to live and this is universally true. However, to satisfy this basic need, people of various cultures may do it in very different ways: what to eat and how to eat it vary from culture to culture.5. What behaviors of ours are born with and what are learned in the culturalenvironment?Instinctive behaviors are behaviors that we are born with and ways of doing things in daily life, such as ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, making friends, marrying, and dealing with death are learned in the cultural environment.6. What other cultural differences do you know in the way people do things in theireveryday life?We can also find cultural differences in ways of bringing up children, treating the elderly, greeting each other, saving and spending money, and many other things people do in everyday life.7. In what ways are the Chinese eating habits different from those of theEnglish-speaking countries?We Chinese may enjoy something that is not usually considered as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we prefer to have things hot and lay much emphasis on tastes. We tend to share things with each other when we are eating with others.Reading IIElements of CommunicationComprehension questions1. What are the aspects of context mentioned above?One aspect of context is the physical setting, including location, time, light, temperature, distance between communicators, and any seating arrangements. A second aspect of context is historical. A third aspect of context is psychological. A fourth aspect of context is culture.2. In what ways would your posture, manner of speaking or attire change if you movefrom one physical setting to another, for example, from your home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc?One’s posture, manner of speaking or attire change from being casual to formal gradually from home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc, according to different formalness and seriousness of these situations. 3. How do people acquire communication norms in their life?People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.4. What examples can you give to describe some Chinese norms in our everydaycommunication?For example, it seems to be a norm in China to address one’s boss by his or her title and never to express one’s disapproval directly to him or her.5. How can we play both the roles of sender and receiver in communication?As senders, we form messages and attempt to communicate them to others through verbal and nonverbal symbols. As receivers, we process the messages sent to us and react to them both verbally and nonverbally.6. Does the sender play a more important role than the receiver in communication? No, they are equally important for both of them are essential in the process of communication.7. In what ways do the differences between participants make communication more or less difficult?Three especially important variables affecting participants which are relationship, gender, and culture make communication more or less difficult.8. What is a symbol and what is a meaning?The pure ideas and feelings that exist in a person’s mind represent meanings. The words, sounds, and actions that communicate meaning are known as symbols because they stand for the meanings intended by the person using them.9. How can meanings be transferred from one person to another? What problems may arise in this process?A message from one person is encoded into symbols and then decoded into ideas and feelings to another person. In this process of transforming include nonverbal cues, which significantly affect the meaning created between the participants in a communication transaction.10. When are unintended or conflicted meanings likely to be created?Unintended meanings are created when the decoding person receives a meaning unrelated to what the encoder thought he or she was communicating. Conflicting meanings are created when the verbal symbols are contradicted by the nonverbal cues.11. Which channels do you usually prefer in communication? Why?Of the five channels, some may prefer sight. As the old saying goes, words are but wind, but seeing is believing.12. What examples can you find to show that one channel is more effective than othersfor transmitting certain messages?For example, when asking a lady for a date, a young man may wear an immaculate suit and spray some perfume to show that he highly values this date with her. In this case, sight and smell are definitely more effective than words for conveying that particular message.13. What are the things that can create noises in the process of communication?Sights, sounds, and other stimuli in the environment that draw people‘s attenti on away from intended meaning are known as external noise. Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process are known as internal noise. Unintended meanings aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding. This is known as semantic noise.14. What should we do to reduce the interference of noise in communication?When communicating with others, we should pay undivided attention to communication itself, avoiding being distracted by any external or internal noise. Besides, we should make sure that what we say is correctly understood by others and vice versa to prevent semantic noise from generating.15. Why is feedback a very important element of communication?Feedback is very important because it serves useful functions for both senders and receivers: it provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process.16. What will you usually do when you receive negative feedback in communication?Open.Case StudyCase 5In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he had not figured on North American rules whichfirmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone.A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason behind the rule, you do not insist in offering alcohol. So unconscious and so strong are their cultural rules that the Americans equally politely never made a second offer of beer to Heping who probably thought North Americans most uncouth. However, what we have to remember is that cultures are seldom a strict either-or in every instance for all people and there are always individual differences. Probably this young Chinese nurse was very different from Heping or, unlike Heping, she may have known something about the American cultural rules and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.Case 6When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, speaker’s meaning and hearer’s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ‘How long is she going to stay?’ she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz’s question to mean “Litz does not want me to stay for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. If she feels she hasto ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Case 7Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn’t know th at Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case 8As the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girl. She did not like to see her boyfriend feel disappointed at the “shabby” Chinese Christmas. That’s why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the minister’s family over for theChristmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food. How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites?From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shameful just because one’s culture is different from others’. As Amy’s mother told her, you must be pr oud to be different, and your only shame is to have shame.。
大学生跨文化英语口语教程1答案
大学生跨文化英语口语教程1答案1、The twins _______ us something about their country. [单选题] *A. told(正确答案)B. saidC. talkedD. spoke2、It' s a pity that we have to stay at home when we are having（）weather. [单选题] *A. so fineB. so fine aC. such fine(正确答案)D. such a fine3、I _______ no idea of where the zoo is. [单选题] *A. thinkB. getC. have(正确答案)D. take4、There _____ wrong with my radio. [单选题] *A. are somethingB. are anythingC. is anythingD. is something(正确答案)5、During the Spring Festival, people in Northern China usually eat _______ as a traditional Chinese food. [单选题] *A. pizzaB. dumplings(正确答案)C. hamburgersD. noodles6、You must pay more attention to your pronunciation. [单选题] *A. 词汇B. 拼写C. 发音(正确答案)D. 语法7、We had a(an)_____with him about this problem last night. [单选题] *A.explanationB.impressionC.exhibitionD.discussion(正确答案)8、Don't tell me the answer, I'll work out the problem _____. [单选题] *A .by meB. myself(正确答案)C. meD. mine9、Fresh _______ is good for our health. [单选题] *A. climateB. skyC. weatherD. air(正确答案)10、You have coughed for several days, Bill. Stop smoking, _______ you’ll get better soon. [单选题] *A. butB. afterC. orD. and(正确答案)11、16．We asked ______ engineer we met before to help repair the radio yesterday. [单选题] * A．aB．anC．the(正确答案)D．/12、Mr. Bliss became the first person to die in a car accident. [单选题] *A. 事故(正确答案)B. 竞赛C. 检阅D. 交易13、I am so excited to receive a _______ from my husband on my birthday. [单选题] *A. present(正确答案)B. percentC. parentD. peace14、Growing vegetables（）constantly watering. [单选题] *A. neededB. are neededC. were neededD. needs(正确答案)15、The Spring Festival is on the way.Many shops have _______ huge posters with the word sales. [单选题] *A. put up(正确答案)B. put onC. put outD. put off16、My friends will _______ me at the airport when I arrive in London. [单选题] *A. takeB. meet(正确答案)C. receiveD. have17、--Whose _______ are these?? ? ? --I think they are John·s. [单选题] *A. keyB. keyesC. keys(正确答案)D. keies18、David ______ at home when I called at seven o’clock yesterday evening. （）[单选题] *A. didn’tB. doesn’tC. wasn’t(正确答案)D. isn’t19、We are living in an age（）many things are done by computer. [单选题] *A. thatB. whichC. whyD. when(正确答案)20、29．There is a book in your left hand. What’s in your ___________ hand? [单选题] * A．the othersB．other (正确答案)C．anotherD．others21、The little boy saved his money ______ he could buy his mother a gift on Mother’s Day.（）[单选题] *A. butB. such thatC. in order toD. so that(正确答案)22、The reason I didn't attend the lecture was simply _____ I got a bad cold that day. [单选题] *A. becauseB. asC. that(正确答案)D. for23、How can I _______ the nearest supermarket? [单选题] *A. get offB. get upC. get to(正确答案)D. get on24、42．—________ meat do you want?—Half a kilo. [单选题] *A．How much(正确答案)B．How manyC．WhatD．Which25、Sometimes Americans are said to be _____. [单选题] *A superficially friendB superficial friendC. superficial friendlyD. superficially friendly(正确答案)26、The secretary was asked to_____of the waste paper on the desk. [单选题] *A.disappearB.dispose(正确答案)C.declareD.got rid27、Tom sits _______ Mary and Jane. [单选题] *A. amongB. between(正确答案)C. onD. next28、I haven’t met him _____ the last committee meeting. [单选题] *A. forB. since(正确答案)C. atD. before29、The early Americans wanted the King to respect their rights. [单选题] *A. 统治B. 满足C. 尊重(正确答案)D. 知道30、( ) It ___ the Chinese people 8 years to build the Dam. [单选题] *A. took(正确答案)B. costsC. paidD. spends。
大学跨文化英语 综合教程I Unit 3 Breaking Stereotypes 课后习题参考答案
Text AReading Comprehension1.1) Japanese women are submissive, flirtatious and accommodating.2) She was impressed by their strength and independence.3) Because Mrs. Okano regarded herself as a typical Japanese woman. There was nothingunusual about her.4) The fact that typical American women were not at all what she had thought about “liberated”American women shocked Mrs. Okano.5) She meant that the author could enjoy more freedom and be more independent in Japan2. 1) D 2) C 3) A 4) G 5) E 6) F 7) B3. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) T 6) F4. 1) A 2) B 3) B 4) BLanguage Practice1. 1) financial译文：事实上，信用卡不需要任何成本，并可以帮助你度过经济困难时期。
2) unaware译文：“处在暗处”的意思是你不知道正在发生什么。
3) characterized译文：两家公司都认为彼此之间关系友好。
4) ridiculous译文：当我第一次在那些电视连续剧中看到这样荒唐可笑的故事时确实非常吃惊。
5) Typical译文：网上超市的典型用户包括年纪大的、工作时间长的以及没有私家车的人。
6) shocked译文：迈克尔·杰克逊的粉丝说当听到他突然离世的消息时非常震惊也非常悲伤。
岳豪华东师范大学跨文化交际英语教程1课后答案
岳豪华东师范大学跨文化交际英语教程1课后答案1、I think ______ time with my friends is fun for me.（）[单选题] *A. spendB. spendC. spending(正确答案)D. spent2、He was very excited to read the news _____ Mo Yan had won the Nobel Prize for literature [单选题] *A. whichB. whatC. howD. that(正确答案)3、They might have found a better hotel if they _________ a few more kilometers. [单选题]*A. droveB. would driveC. were to driveD. had driven(正确答案)4、Just use this room for the time being ,and we’ll offer you a larger one _______it becomes available [单选题] *A. as soon as(正确答案)B unless .C as far asD until5、He spoke too fast, and we cannot follow him. [单选题] *A. 追赶B. 听懂(正确答案)C. 抓住D. 模仿6、You could hardly imagine _______ amazing the Great Wall was. [单选题] *A. how(正确答案)B. whatC. whyD. where7、Mike and his friend are going to the _______ to see the new action movie tonight. [单选题] *A. book shopB. restaurantC. concertD. cinema(正确答案)8、_____how to do with the trouble of the computer, Tom had to ask his brother for help. [单选题] *A.Not to knowB.Not knowing(正确答案)C.Not knownD.Not know9、A good teacher is able to_____a complicated idea in very simple terms. [单选题] *A.put across(正确答案)B.break upC.work outD.bring out10、The trouble turned out to have nothing to do with them. [单选题] *A. 由…引发的B. 与…有牵连C. 给…带来麻烦D. 与…不相干(正确答案)11、This seat is vacant and you can take it. [单选题] *A. 干净的B. 没人的(正确答案)C. 舒适的D. 前排的12、90．—I want to go to different places, but I don’t know the ________. —A map is helpful,I think. [单选题] *A．price(正确答案)B．timeC．wayD．ticket13、You have failed two tests. You’d better start working harder, ____ you won’t pass the course. [单选题] *A. andB. soC. butD. or(正确答案)14、My father?is _______ flowers. [单选题] *A. busy watering(正确答案)B. busy waterC. busy with wateringD. busy with water15、I saw the boy _______?the classroom. [单选题] *A. enter intoB. enter(正确答案)C. to enter intoD. to enter16、（)late for the meeting again, Jack! 一Sorry, I won t. [单选题] *A.Don’tB. Be notC.Don't be(正确答案)D.Not be17、7．—________ is the Shanghai Wild Animal Park?—It’s 15km east of the Bund. [单选题] *A．WhoB．WhatC．WhenD．Where (正确答案)18、Our school is beautiful. How about _______? [单选题] *A. theirs(正确答案)B. theirC. theyD. them19、Fresh _______ is good for our health. [单选题] *A. climateB. skyC. weatherD. air(正确答案)20、60．—Are you ready?—Yes. We can start ________ any time. [单选题] * A．at(正确答案)B．inC．toD．for21、76．AC Milan has confirmed that the England star David Beckham （）the team soon. [单选题] *A. has rejoinedB. was going to rejoinC. rejoinedD. is to rejoin(正确答案)22、-----How can I apply for an online course?------Just fill out this form and we _____ what we can do for you. [单选题] *A. seeB. are seeingC. have seenD. will see(正确答案)23、There _______ no water or milk in the fridge. [单选题] *A. is(正确答案)B. areC. hasD. have24、I _______ Zhang Hua in the bookstore last Sunday. [单选题] *A. meetB. meetingC. meetedD. met(正确答案)25、_____ is not known yet. [单选题] *A. Although he is serious about itB. No matter how we will do the taskC. Whether we will go outing or not(正确答案)D. Unless they come to see us26、14．Builders have pulled down many old houses, and they will build a lot of new ________. [单选题] *A．ones (正确答案)B．oneC．the onesD．the one27、We _____ three major snowstorms so far this winter. [单选题] *A.hadB. haveC. have had(正确答案)D.had had28、Before leaving the village, he visited the old house _____ he spent his childhood. [单选题] *A in which(正确答案)B. whichC. to whichD at which29、_______, making some DIY things is fashionable. [单选题] *A. Stand outB. In ones opinionC. In my opinion(正确答案)D. Out of fashion30、Now he is _______ his homework. [单选题] *A. busyB. busy with(正确答案)C. busy with doingD. busy does。
新编跨文化交际英语教程参考答案Unit3
新编跨文化交际英语教程参考答案Unit3Unit 3Cultural DiversityReading IDifferent Lands, Different Friendships Comprehension questions1. Why is it comparatively easy to make friends in the United States?Because few Americans stay put for a lifetime. With each move, forming new friendship becomes a necessity and part of their new life.2. Do people from different countries usually have different expectations about whatconstitutes friendship and how it comes into being?Yes. The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is their different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.3. How is friendship in America different from friendship in West Europe?In West Europe, friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relationships, is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment, while in America the word “friend”can be applied to a wide range of relationship and a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.4. In what country does friendship have much to do with one's family? And in whatcountry does it not?In Germany, friendship has much to do with one‘s family asfriends are usually brought into the family, while in France it doesn't as, for instance, two men may have been friends for a long time without knowing each other‘s personal life.5. What is friendship like when it is compartmentalized? For instance, a man may play chess with a friend for thirty years without knowing his political opinions, or he may talk politics with him for as long a time without knowing about his personal life. Different friends fill different niches in each person's life.6. What are friendships usually based on in England?English friendships are based on shared activity. Activities at different stages of life may be of very different kinds. In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people fall into steps and find that they participate in the activity with the same easy anticipation of what each will do day by day or in some critical situation.7. Do you think friendship shares some common elements in different cultures? If youdo, what are they?Yes. There is the recognition that friendship, in contrast with kinship, invokes freedom of choice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take.8. What do you think is the typical Chinese concept of friendship? Is it similar to ordifferent from any of the Western friendships?It seems that the typical Chinese concept of friendship lays great emphasis on personal loyalty and also has much to do with family. It may be similar to Germany friendship to some extentand quite different from other Western friendships. Reading II Comparing and Contrasting CulturesComprehension questions1. How is the mainstream American culture different from the Japanese culture?Americans believe that human nature is basically good and man is the master of nature. They are future-oriented and “being”-oriented. Their social orientation is toward the importance of the individual and the equality of all people. However, the Japanese believe that human nature is a mixture of good and evil. Man is in harmony with nature. They are both past-oriented and future-oriented. And they are both “growing-”and “doing-”oriented. They give emphasis to authorities and the group.2. Can you find examples to support the author's view of traditional cultures indifferent value orientations?For example, the traditional Indian culture believes that man is subjugated by nature and it is being-oriented (which can be exemplified by its caste system). Also, traditional Chinese culture is past-oriented, for emphasis has long been given to learning from the old and past.3. Why do Americans tend to equate “change” with “improvement”and regard rapidchange as normal?Concerning orientation toward time, Americans are dominated by a belief in progress. They are future-oriented. They believe that “time is money”and have an optimistic faith in the future and what the future will bring. So they tend to equate“change”with “improvement”and consider a rapid rate of change as normal. 4. What does “Electric Englishman” mean when it is used todescribe the American?As for activity, Americans are so action-oriented that they tend to be hyperactive. That's why that they have been described as “Electric Englishmen”, who always keep themselves busy.5. How would you explain the fact that contradictory values may exist in the sameculture?As time changes faster and faster and there is more contact between cultures, it is more likely to find contradictory values existing in the same culture. This is especially the case in a society that is being transformed from a traditional one into a modern one. For example, in the Japanese culture, some people may still be very past-oriented and some are rather future-oriented, and even the same people may be sometimes past-oriented in certain situations and sometime future-oriented in other situations.6. What can we get from models of this kind about cultural differences?Models of this kind are quite useful in giving rough pictures of striking contrasts and differences of different cultures. However, such a model only compares cultures on some basic orientations. It does not tell us everything about every conceivable culture. We have to recognize that models of this kind are over-simplifications and can only give approximations of reality.7. Do cultural values change as time changes?Yes, the values may be in the process of marked change due to rapid modernization and globalization. However, they have away of persisting in spite of change. The evolution of values is a slow process, since they are rooted in survival needs and passed on from generation to generation.8. How is communication influenced by differing cultural values?Putting people from one culture into another culture with radically different value orientations could cause stress, disorientation, and breakdowns in communication.Case Study Case 9Hierarchy is significant in the Japanese culture. This structure is reflected everywhere in Japanese life, at home, school, community, organizations, and traditional institutions such as martial arts or flower arrangements.In this case, the young chairman must have had his own ideas about how to manage the company; however, when encountered with his grandfather's dissenting opinions, he dared not to take a stand against him. This may manifest the rigid hierarchical structure in the Japanese society. In the Japanese society, how hierarchy is formed depends mainly on seniority, social roles, and gender. As a respectable senior member of the family and the former leader of the company, the grandfather obviously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman. In other words, the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese culture, challenging or disagreeing with elders' opinions would be deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned. People in lower positions are expected to be loyal and obedient to authority. That‘s why the young chairman didn't say anything but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather.But Phil seemed to know little about the Japanese culture inthis aspect. In many Western cultures, particularly American culture, seniority seldom matters very much in such situations, and young people are usually encouraged to challenge authority and voice their own opinions. Unfortunately, his outspoken protest could easily offend the grandfather and he might be regarded as a rudeand ill-bred person by other Japanese.Case 10In Japan, a company is often very much like a big family, in which the manger(s) will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own individual interests for the interests of the company, from which, in the long run, the employees will benefit greatly. But for the French, a company is just a loosely- knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover, the way the French make decisions in the family might also be different from the typical Japanese one, which may not often involve females and the power to decide usually lies with the dominating male. As there are such cultural differences between the Japanese and the French, Mr. Legrand's decision made Mr. Tanaka feel dumbfounded.Case 11Incidents such as these can point to possible cultural differences in so-called “polite”behavior, and at the same time highlight the tendency for people to react emotionally to unexpected behavior.People in most cultures would probably agree that an apology is needed when an offence or violation of social normshas taken place. However, there may be differing opinions as to when we should apologize (what situations call for an apology) and how we should apologize. To many Westerners, Japanese apologize more frequently and an apology in Japanese does not necessarily mean that the person is acknowledging a fault. To many Japanese, Westerners may seem to be rude just because they do not apologize as often as the Japanese would do. In this case, forinstance, the attitude of the Australian student's parents is shocking to the Japanese but will be acceptable in an English-speaking society, for the student is already an adult and can be responsible for her own deeds.Case 12In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectations were not fulfilled. First, having two people sharing host responsibilities could be somewhat confusing to the hierarchically minded Chinese. Second, because age is often viewed as an indication of seniority, Canadiantheir of youth the considered have might Chinese thehosts as slight to their own status. Third, in China, it is traditional for the host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal, which is the reciprocated by the guests; by not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese following the banquet was probably an indication that they were not pleased with the way they were treated. The Canadians' lack of understanding of the Chinese culture and the Chinese ways of communication clearly cost them in their business dealings with the visiting delegation.。
【参考借鉴】跨文化交际英语教程答案.doc
【参考借鉴】跨⽂化交际英语教程答案.docUnit 1Communication Across CulturesWarm UpQuestions1. WhR is it difficult to eRplain to a blind person what colors are?2. Do Rou sometimes find it hard to make Rourself properlR understood bR others? If Rou do, whRdo Rou think it is hard?It is verR difficult for people to understand one another if theR do not share the same eRperiences. Of course, we all share the eRperience of being human, but there are manR eRperiences which we do not share and which are different for all of us. It is these different eRperiences that make up what is called ―culture‖ in the social sciences－the habits of everRdaR life, the cues to which people respond, the automatic reactions theR have to whatever theR see and hear. These often differ, and the differences maR introduce misunderstandings where we seek understanding. Reading IIntercultural Communication：An IntroductionComprehension questions1. Is it still often the case that “ever R one?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporar R world?This is still powerful in todaR‘s social and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in todaR‘s societ R to hear people saR that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused bR minorities and immigrants.2. What?s the difference between todaR?s intercultural contact and that of anR time in the past?TodaR‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in an R time in historR.3. What have made intercultural contact a verR common phenomenon in our life todaR?6New technologR, in the form of transportation and communication sRstems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication sRstems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economR has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do R ou understand the sentence “culture is ever Rthing and everR where”?Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directlR influence our perception and communication?The three major socio-cultural elements that directlR influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (familR and state).6. What does one?s famil R teach him or her while he or she grows up in it?The familR teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. WhR is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture?Because language is not onlR a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generallR agreed-upon, learned sRmbol sRstem that is used to represent the eRperiences within a cultural communitR. 8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to?People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial eRpressions, eRe contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturallR diverse societR eRist?A free, culturallR diverse societR can eRist onlR if diversitR is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the societR.Discovering Problems: Slim Is Beautiful?Questions for discussionWhich do Rou think is the mark of beautR, thin or fat? WhR is it often said that beautR is in the eRe of beholder?One sociologist once said that with the greater influence of American culture across the world, the standard of a beautR is becoming more and more HollRwood-like, characterized bR a chiseled chin and a tall, slim figure. One can see such beautiful images in almost anR American movie. We Chinese also share the notion that the standard idea of beautR includes being tall, thin, and light skinned. It seems that with the process of globalization, eastern and western beauties look more and more alike.7But we have to remember that the definition of beautR differs from culture to culture. For eRample, Hispanic standards of female beautR are to have big hips, a moderate tan, and a short height. As is described in the article, in southeastern Nigeria, Coca-Cola-bottle voluptuousness is celebrated and ample backsides and bosoms are considered ideals of female beautR. What‘s more, the ideal standard of beaut R varies from time to time. For instance, during times of famine, the ideal standard of beautR for women is a much larger bodR size. Larger size and more bodR fat maR refl ect one‘s status; for it suggests that the person is well fed and health R. Thinness then would reflect malnutrition. However, during times of plentR, plumpness is not a reflection of status. People maR easilR associate fatness with hRpertension, heart disease or other potential diseases. Likewise, during eras in which lower-class labors had to toil predominantlR outside for hours a daR, tanned skin was an indication of lower status, and therefore the ideal standard of female beautR was verR pale skin; women during those times actuallR used a lot of white powdered cosmetics to eRaggerate the paleness of their skin. Now, however, tan is a reflection of having more leisure time spent on seashores instead of working in an office all the time, and therefore it maR suggest higher status, so women strive for darker skin tones.It is true that beautR is in the eRe of the beholder because people of different cultures and in different situations maR have different ideas about what is beautiful and what is not.Group WorkFirst share with Rour group member whatever eRperiences Rou have had in communication events that can be considered as intercultural. Then work together to decide whether each of the following cases of communication is possiblR intercultural or not and, if it is, to what eRtent it is intercultural. TrR to place all the cases along a continuum of interculturalness, from the most intercultural to the least intercultural.All the cases maR seem to be intercultural but theR differ in the eRtent to which theR are intercultural. However it maR be verR difficult for us to place all these cases along a continuum of interculturalness from the most intercultural to the least intercultural, for manR other factors have to be taken into consideration if we have to decide which is more intercultural than another. For instance, whether communication between a male manager and a female secretarR is intercultural or not and, if it is, how intercultural it maR be, maR depend on the cultural and social backgrounds of the two persons. If theR are from drasticallR different cultures, communication between them is surelR intercultural and maR be verR intercultural. If theR are from the same culture, communication between them maR be little intercultural.The following is tentativelR suggested for measuring the interculturalness of the cases of communication, and the cases are presented from the most intercultural to the least intercultural: Communication between a Chinese universitR student and an American professor;Communication between a Canadian girl and a South African boR;Communication between a first-generation Chinese American and third generation one;Communication between a businessperson from Hong Kong and an artist from Rian;Communication between a teenager from Beijing and a teenager from Tibet;8Communication between a father who is a farmer all his life and his son who works as an engineer;Communication between a software technician and a fisherman;Communication between a male manager and a female secretarR (supposing theR are of the similar cultural and social backgrounds) .DebateThe class is to be divided into two groups and debate on the two different views mentioned in the following on intercultural communication. State Rour point of view clearlR and support Rour argument with convincing and substantive evidence. Pro: People are people; more interactions would lead to greater understanding of each other. （CommonalitR precedes）Con: People are shaped bR different environments theR find themselves in, therefore, the difference overrides. (Differences precedes)Possible Arguments for Pro:1. Human beings tend to draw close to one another bR their common nature. We all share thecommon basic needs.2. Rapid eRpansion of worldwide transportation and communication networks have made it fareasier than ever before for people throughout the world to contact with one another.3. The process of globalization maR reduce the regional differences between people all over theworld. We are all members of the ―global village‖.4. Economic interdependence in todaR‘s world requires people of different countries to interact onan unprecedented scale, and more interaction will result in more similaritR among people.5. More and more people from various cultures have to work and live together and theR will adaptto each other to such an eRtent that cultural differences between them maR no longer matter. Possible Arguments for Con: 1. People throughout the world maR be similar in manR aspects, but differences in habits andcustoms keep them apart.2. Though the basic human needs are universallR the same, people all over the world satisfR theirbasic common human needs in different waRs.3. As our societR is becoming more and more diversified, differences between people tend to growlarger in some aspects.4. It is differences between people that underlie the necessitR of communication, and it does notfollow that communication which maR increase the possibilitR of understanding between people will alwaRs reduce differences.5. People nowadaRs are more likelR to trR to maintain their unique cultural identities when theRfind themselves living closelR with people of other cultures.9From the two seeminglR opposite viewpoints, we can learn something that we should keep in mind when we are involved in intercultural communication. First, all human beings share some common heritages that link us to one another. To some eRtent, people throughout the world are prettR much alike in manR aspects, and that has formed the verR basis on which it is possible for people of various cultures to communicate. However, what we have to realize is that there are also vast differences between people from various cultural groups. To reallR understand a person whose cultural background is different from Rours can be verR difficult, for both Rou and that person maR be subconsciouslR influenced bR each one‘s own cultural upbringing. In a sense, what we should do in intercultural communication is to treat people of other cultures both as the same with and as different from us.Reading IIThe Challenge of GlobalizationComprehension questions1. WhR does the author saR that our understanding of the world has changed?ManR things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world verR rapidlR. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an eRistence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.2. What a “global village” is like?As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remote cultures increasinglR come into contact on a dailR basis. In a ―global village‖, members of once isolated groups of people have to communicate with members of other cultural groups. Those people maR live thousands of miles awaR or right neRt door to each other.3. What is considered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalization?TechnologR, particularlR telecommunications and computers are considered to be the major driving force.4. What does the author mean bR saR ing that “the …global? ma R be more l ocal than the …local?”?The increasing global mobilitR of people and the impact of new electronic media on human communications make the world seem smaller. We maR communicate more with people of other countries than with our neighbors, and we maR be more informed of the international events than of the local events. In this sense, ―the ?global‘ ma R be more local than the ? local‘‖.5. WhR is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the world?Effective communication maR be the most important competitive advantage that firms have to10meet diverse customer needs on a global basis. Succeeding in the global market todaR requires the abilitR to communicate sensitivelR with people from other cultures, a sensitivitR that is based on an understanding of cross-cultural differences.6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the world are confronted with?Countries throughout the world are confronted with serious problems such as volatile international economR, shrinking resources, mounting environmental contamination, and epidemics that know no boundaries.7. What implications can we draw from the case of Michael FaR?This case shows that in a world of international interdependence, the abilitR to understand and communicate effectivelR with people from other cultures takes on eRtreme urgencR. If we are unaware of the significant role culture plaRs in communication, we maR place the blame for communication failure on people of other cultures.8. What attitudes are favored bR the author towards globalization?Globalization, for better or for worse, has changed the world greatlR. Whether we like it or not, globalization is all but unstoppable. It is alreadR here to staR. It is both a fact and an opportunitR. The challenges are not insurmountable. Solutions eRist, and are waiting to be identified and implemented. From a globalistic point of view, there is hope and faith in humanitR.WritingRead the following and then trR to write a short essaR on what one has to learn to get prepared for working and living in a new cultural environment.There seems to be so much that one can do to get oneself well prepared for working and livingin a new cultural environment. Apart from what is mentioned in the passage, the following maR be what a person in Anna‘s situation should also tr R to do:1. Learning the language that is used in the new cultural environment.2. Learning about the historR and present social situation of the area or the countrR.3. Learning about the dominant religious belief and some important social customs.4. Learning about the cultural uses of nonverbal means including time and space forcommunication.5. Learning to look at things and people in new perspectives that are different from what oneis accustomed to.6. Developing a more tolerant attitude toward anR unfamiliar phenomena.7. Becoming aware that problems and misunderstandings are inevitable in interculturalcommunication.8. Learning about how foreigners are usuallR perceived and treated bR the local people.11IdentifRing Difference: How We Address Each OtherQuestions for discussionHow do Rou address a friend from an English-speaking countrR? And how should we do it if he or she knows our culture verR well or if we speak Chinese to each other?UsuallR we can address a friend from an English-speaking countrR bR his/her first name without mentioning his/her surname or title out of respect for his/her culture. Because people fromEnglish-speaking countries attach great importance to casualness in addressing each other in order to form a relativelR intimate and equal relationship. But if he or she knows our culture verR well or if we speak Chinese to each other, we can address him/her in the Chinese waR. Just as the old saRing goes, ―When in Rome, do as the Romans do‖, it‘s better for our friend to learn more about and become better acquainted with the Chinese culture. In this waR, when addressing him/her, we can add ―Riao‖ (Roun g) or ―lao‖ (aged) before his/her famil R name according to his/her age so as to create an amicable atmosphere. We can also address him/her bR using his/her title in a humorous waR, or bR inventing some nickname for him or her in either English or Chinese, depending on the degree of intimacR.SurveRConduct a surveR among some Chinese students to find how much theR know about the possible cultural differences between Chinese and English-speaking people in the speech behaviors listed below.12Rthat he wanted to be properlR respected in China.Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，⼈们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和⾏为举⽌上存在的差异，⽽长久⽆法互相理解、⽆法和睦相处。
跨文化交际英语教程课后答案.doc
跨文化交际英语教程课后答案【篇一：新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案unit 6 】ture and nonverbal communicationreading ian overview of nonverbal communication comprehensionquestions1. can you speak each of the following sentences in differentways to mean differently?1) she is my best friend.2) you?ve done really good job. 3) come here,please.4) that?s all right.speaking the same sentence with the stress on differentwords may mean different things. for instance, if the stressfalls on “she”in the first sentnece, it means it is she, not youor somebody else, that is my best friend. but if the stress fallson “my”, it implies that she is my, not your or somebody?sbest friend.2. speakers of british english use loudness only when theyare angry, speakers of indian english use it to get the floor, achance to speak. so when an indian speaker is trying to get thefloor, what would the british speaker think of the indian andwhat would the british behave in response?the british speaker may think that the indian gets angry withhim or behaves rudely towards him, so he may complain aboutthe indian?s rudeness or even return his rudeness as aresponse.3. what differences in body language use have you noticedbetween your chinese teachers and foreign teachers?there are really some differences between chinese teachersand foreign teachers in their use of body language. forinstance, chinese teachers in general do not use gestures asmuch as foreign teachers do, and their facial expressions oftenseem to be less varied than those of many foreign teachers.4. do you know any gestures we often use that might bemisunderstood by people from other cultures?for example, the way we chinese motion to others to come over might be misunderstood by people from some western countries to mean bye-bye.5. how do we chinese people use eye contact in communication?during a conversation between two chinese, it seems that the speaker and the hearer would usually look at each other (not necessarily in the eye) from time to time. how much eye- contact there is may depend on the relationship between the speaker and hearer and the situation they find themselves in.6. how will you eye them when you are communicating with people from the united states or people from japan?while talking with americans, we should look directly into the eyes of the person with whom we are talking. however; while talking with japanese, we are not expected to look at them in the eye but at a position around the adam?s apple.7. do you often smile at others? why or why not?it depends. for instance, it seems that we chinese, as well as people of other eastern asian countries, do not usually smile at strangers as much as americans.8. what function(s) may laughter serve in our culture? does it sometimes cause intercultural misunderstanding?laughter in our culture may serve various functions. sometimes, it is used to express amusement or ridicule, and sometimes it is simply used to make one feel less embarrassed.9. do you often touch others while talking with them? whom do you touch more than others?we chinese generally do not often touch others while talking with them unless they are our intimate friends or younger children.10. in small groups or in pairs, demonstrate all the possible ways you can think of to greet another person. is touching always part of a greeting?no. touching is not always part of a greeting in our culture as in some other cultures.11. will you apologize if you accidentally touch other people in public places? why or why not?many people will apologize if they accidentally touch other people in public places since in our culture people who arestrangers to each other should not touch. however, whetherpeople will apologize or not depends on the situations. if aperson accidentally touches a stranger in a very crowdedplace, he or she may not apologize for it.reading iigender and nonverbal communication comprehensionquestions1. what may often happen to those who do not conform totheir culture?s accepted gender “script ”?there are often severe social penalties for those who act inviolation of their culture?s accepted gender ―script.2. does touch have any connotation in different situations?can you give some specific examples?touch, like physical closeness, may be considered anexpression of affection, support, or sexual attraction. forinstance, in some cultures, it may be all right for womenfriends and relatives to walk arm-in-arm, dance together, andhug one another, but if men do so, they may be frowned upon,for it would be considered as having the connotation of being homosexual.3. what will possibly happen to a woman who is appreciablytaller than the man?taller women may attempt to diminish themselves, to slouchand round their shoulders so as to retreat or to occupy as littlespace as possible.4. are men and women required to have the same facial expressions? does smile mean the same things to both menand women?men and women are not usually required to have the samefacial expressions. smile may mean different things to menand women. for females smile functions as an expression of pleasure, pleasantness, or a desire for approval, while malesmay resist any nonverbal display of expression to others inorder to appear more masculine, because being faciallyexpressive is often seen as a marker of ―femininity.5. why are the african-american women less deferential thanwhite women and less inclined to smile?african-american women are found to be less deferential thanwhite women and, therefore, less inclined to smile, simplybecause it is expected of them to be so in their culture.6. in what ways may direct eye contact between individualsbe interpreted?looking directly into another person?s eyes can connote an aggressive threat, a sexual invitation, or a desire for honestand open communication.7. what was found in a study of nonverbal communicationamong hispanic couples? in a study of nonverbalcommunication among hispanic couples, it was found thatmany puerto rican wives never looked directly at theirhusbands.8. how does clothing manifest and promote culturaldefinitions of masculinity and femininity?through clothing and make-up, the body is more or lessmarked, constituted as an appropriate, or, as the case may be, inappropriate body for its cultural requirements. males andfemales have to dress themselves appropriately according totheir cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity.case studycase 21sometimes our best intentions can lead to breakdowns ( 故障) in cross-cultural communication. for example, one of the verycommon manners of touching --- handshaking --- may result inconflict when performed with no consideration of cultural differences. among middle-class north american men, it iscustomary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. whenwanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in theunited states may, while shaking hands, grasp with his lefthand his friend?s right arm. however, to people of middleeastern countries, the left hand is profane ( 亵渎的) and touching someone with it is highly offensive. therefore, invernon?s eyes, kenneth was actually an extremely offensivemessage to him.case 22in puerto rican culture, as in some other latin american andeastern cultures, it is not right for a child to keep an eye-contact with an adult who is accusing him or her, while in theunited states, failing of meeting other person?s eye accusinghim or her would be taken as a sign of guiltiness. as theprincipal knew little about this cultural difference in using eye-contact, he decided that the girl must be guilty. generallyspeaking, avoiding eye-contact with the other(s) is oftenconsidered as an insult in some cultures, but may signifyrespect for authority and obedience in other cultures.case 23just like smile, laughing does not always serve the samefunction in different cultures.interestingly, for us chinese, laughing often has a specialfunction on some tense social occasions. people may laugh torelease the tension or embarrassment, to express theirconcern about you, their intention to put you at ease or to helpyou come out of the embarrassment. in this case, the peoplethere were actually wishing to laugh with the american ratherthan laugh at her. their laughing seemed to convey a numberof messages: don?t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it?snothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. unfortunately the american wasunaware of this. she thoughtthey were laughing at her, which made her feel more badly andangry, for in her culture laughing on such an occasion wouldbe interpreted as an insulting response, humiliating andnegative.case 24it is obvious that there exists some difference between thebritish and germans in their use of touch. the lack of touch thatseems to be natural in britain may be considered strange bygermans. what is required (in this case, shaking hands witheach other) in one country could be taken as unnecessary inanother.the appropriateness of contact between people varies fromcountry to country. figures from a study offer some interestinginsight into this matter. pairs of individuals sitting and chattingin college shops in different countries were observed for atleast one hour each. the number of times that either onetouched the other in that one hour was recorded, as follows: inlondon, 0; in florida, 2; in paris, 10; in puerto rico, 180. thesefigures indicate that touch is used very differently in differentcultures.【篇二：新编跨文化交际英语教程答案详解】很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。
(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案Unit2
Unit 2Culture and CommunicationReading IWhat Is CultureComprehension questions1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why?Some may prefer a short definition, such as the one given by E. Sapir or R. Benedict, for it is highly generalized and easy to remember. Some may prefer a longer one, such as Edward T. Hall’s definition of culture, because it provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of culture and points out the all-pervasive impact of culture on human life in different dimensions.2. What have you learned from those definitions about culture?Many things can be learned from those definitions, for each definition, though not without its limitations, tells us something very important about culture or certain aspect(s) of culture.3. Do you agree that our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can try tosatisfy the higher needs?Even though this is generally the case, there will still be some exceptions. Sometimes people might prefer to satisfy higher needs, for instance, esteem needs, before their lower needs, such as certain physiological needs or safety needs are satisfied.4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve thesame ends by taking different roads?For example, everyone has to eat in order to live and this is universally true. However, to satisfy this basic need, people of various cultures may do it in very different ways: what to eat and how to eat it vary from culture to culture.5. What behaviors of ours are born with and what are learned in the culturalenvironment?Instinctive behaviors are behaviors that we are born with and ways of doing things in daily life, such as ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, making friends, marrying, and dealing with death are learned in the cultural environment.6. What other cultural differences do you know in the way people do things in theireveryday life?We can also find cultural differences in ways of bringing up children, treating the elderly, greeting each other, saving and spending money, and many other things people do in everyday life.7. In what ways are the Chinese eating habits different from those of the English-speaking countries?We Chinese may enjoy something that is not usually considered as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we prefer to have things hot and lay much emphasis on tastes. We tend to share things with each other when we are eating with others.Reading IIElements of CommunicationComprehension questions1. What are the aspects of context mentioned above?One aspect of context is the physical setting, including location, time, light, temperature, distance between communicators, and any seating arrangements. A second aspect of context is historical. A third aspect of context is psychological. A fourth aspect of context is culture.2. In what ways would your posture, manner of speaking or attire change if you movefrom one physical setting to another, for example, from your home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc?One’s posture, manner of speaking or attire change from being casual to formal gradually from home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc, according to different formalness and seriousness of these situations.3. How do people acquire communication norms in their life?People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.4. What examples can you give to describe some Chinese norms in our everydaycommunication?For example, it seems to be a norm in China to address one’s boss by his or her title and never to express one’s disapproval directly to him or her.5. How can we play both the roles of sender and receiver in communication?As senders, we form messages and attempt to communicate them to others through verbal and nonverbal symbols. As receivers, we process the messages sent to us and react to them both verbally and nonverbally.6. Does the sender play a more important role than the receiver in communication? No, they are equally important for both of them are essential in the process of communication.7. In what ways do the differences between participants make communication more or less difficult?Three especially important variables affecting participants which are relationship, gender, and culture make communication more or less difficult.8. What is a symbol and what is a meaning?The pure ideas and feelings that exist in a person’s mind represent meanings. The words, sounds, and actions that communicate meaning are known as symbols because they stand for the meanings intended by the person using them.9. How can meanings be transferred from one person to another? What problems may arise in this process?A message from one person is encoded into symbols and then decoded into ideas and feelings to another person. In this process of transforming include nonverbal cues, which significantly affect the meaning created between the participants in a communication transaction.10. When are unintended or conflicted meanings likely to be created?Unintended meanings are created when the decoding person receives a meaning unrelated to what the encoder thought he or she was communicating. Conflicting meanings are created when the verbal symbols are contradicted by the nonverbal cues.11. Which channels do you usually prefer in communication? Why?Of the five channels, some may prefer sight. As the old saying goes, words are but wind, but seeing is believing.12. What examples can you find to show that one channel is more effective than othersfor transmitting certain messages?For example, when asking a lady for a date, a young man may wear an immaculate suit and spray some perfume to show that he highly values this date with her. In this case, sight and smell are definitely more effective than words for conveying that particular message.13. What are the things that can create noises in the process of communication?Sights, sounds, and other stimuli in the environment that draw people‘s attention away from intended meaning are known as external noise. Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process are known as internal noise. Unintended meanings aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding. This is known as semantic noise.14. What should we do to reduce the interference of noise in communication?When communicating with others, we should pay undivided attention to communication itself, avoiding being distracted by any external or internal noise. Besides, we should make sure that what we say is correctly understood by others and vice versa to prevent semantic noise from generating.15. Why is feedback a very important element of communication?Feedback is very important because it serves useful functions for both senders and receivers: it provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process.16. What will you usually do when you receive negative feedback in communication?Open.Case StudyCase 5In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he had not figured on North American rules whichfirmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason behind the rule, you do not insist in offering alcohol. So unconscious and so strong are their cultural rules that the Americans equally politely never made a second offer of beer to Heping who probably thought North Americans most uncouth.However, what we have to remember is that cultures are seldom a strict either-or in every instance for all people and there are always individual differences. Probably this young Chinese nurse was very different from Heping or, unlike Heping, she may have known something about the American cultural rules and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.Case 6When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, speaker’s meaning and hearer’s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ‘How long is she going to stay?’ she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz’s question to mean “Litz does not want me to stay for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. Ifshe feels she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Case 7Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn’t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case 8As the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girl. She did not like to see her boyfriend feel disappointed at the “shabby” Chinese Christmas. That’s why she cried when she found outher parents had invited the minister’s family over for the Christmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food. How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites?From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shameful just because one’s culture is different from others’. As Amy’s mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and your only shame is to have shame.。
（完整版）新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案Unit1
（完整版）新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案Unit1Unit 1Communication Across CulturesReading IIntercultural Communication：An IntroductionComprehension questions1. Is it still often the case that “everyone’s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world?This is still powerful in today’s social and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants.2. What’s the difference between today’s intercultural co ntact and that of any time in the past?Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history.3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today?New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”? Culture suppli es us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It isomnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication?The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state).6. What does one’s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it?The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture?Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community.8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to?People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist?A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society. Reading II The Challenge of GlobalizationComprehension questions1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed?Many things, such as political changes and technologicaladvances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.2. What a “global village” is like?As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remote cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. In a “global village”, members of once isolated groups of people have to communicate with members of other cultural groups. Those people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other.3. What is considered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalization? Technology, particularly telecommunications and computers are considered to be the major driving force.4. What does the au thor mean by saying that “the ‘global’ may be more local than the ‘local’”?The increasing global mobility of people and the impact of new electronic media on human communications make the world seem smaller. We may communicate more with people of other countries than with our neighbors, and we may be more informed of the international events than of the local events. In this sense, “the ‘global’ may be more local than the ‘local’”.5. Why is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the world? Effective communication may be the most important competitive advantage that firms have to meet diverse customer needs on a global basis. Succeeding in the globalmarket today requires the ability to communicate sensitively with people from other cultures, a sensitivity that is based on an understanding of cross-cultural differences.6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the world are confronted with?Countries throughout the world are confronted with serious problems such as volatile international economy, shrinking resources, mounting environmental contamination, and epidemics that know no boundaries.7. What implications can we draw from the case of Michael Fay?This case shows that in a world of international interdependence, the ability tounderstand and communicate effectively with people from other cultures takes on extreme urgency. If we are unaware of the significant role culture plays in communication, we may place the blame for communication failure on people of other cultures.8. What attitudes are favored by the author towards globalization? Globalization, for better or for worse, has changed the world greatly. Whether we like it or not, globalization is all but unstoppable. It is already here to stay. It is both a fact and an opportunity. The challenges are not insurmountable. Solutions exist, and are waiting to be identified and implemented. From a globalistic point of view, there is hope and faith in humanity.Case StudyCase 1In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding.We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, thehuman relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richard‘s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, “What beautiful frames your pictures are in.”In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony among persons in a group, and that the organization itself－be it a family or a vast corporation －is more valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality as a value and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case: Richard‘s mistake was in making great efforts to defend himself. Let the others assume that the errors were not intentional, but it is not right to defend yourself, even when your unstated intent is to assist the group by warning others of similar mistakes. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poor Richard to have merely apologized would have seemed to him to be subservient, unmanly.When it comes to England, we expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmen than between Americans and almost any other group. In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gesture: for Americans, ―”Help yourself”; for the Engl ish counterpart, ―”Be my guest”. American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained but they differsomewhat in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is one who ―makes himself at home, even to the point of answering the door or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude.Case 2A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be direct communication style and indirect communication style. InAmerican culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that‘s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough.Case 3The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginning, Mary didn’t realize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was adifferent way of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).Case 4It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personal and family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others.However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships are warm, but casual, and specialized. For example, you have a neighbor who drops by in the morning for coffee. You see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner --- not because you don‘t think she could handle a fork and a knife, but because you have seen her that morning.Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occasion. Now, if the first friend moves away and the second one moves nearby, you are likely to reverse this --- see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and the first one you will invite more formally to dinner.Americans are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend to make friends eas ily, and they don‘t feel it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances people from manyother cultures would be hurt very deeply.。
大学跨文化英语口语教程3答案PDF
大学跨文化英语口语教程3答案PDF1、Some students are able to find jobs after graduation while _____will return to school for an advanced degree. [单选题] *A. otherB. anotherC. others(正确答案)D. the other2、24．Kitty’s father ______ a policeman since 2 He loves helping people. [单选题] *A．isB．wasC．has been (正确答案)D．have been3、-Do you have tickets for Friday? -Sorry, we've got _____ left. [单选题] *A. eitherB. none(正确答案)C. no oneD. neither4、It _____ us a lot of time to do this job. [单选题] *A. spentB. madeC. took(正确答案)D. cost5、Sichuan used to have more people than ______ province in China. [单选题] *A. otherB. any other(正确答案)C. anotherD. any others6、The boy’s mother always _______ him a story before he goes to bed. [单选题] *A. saysB. speaksC. tells(正确答案)D. talks7、-----How can I apply for an online course?------Just fill out this form and we _____ what we can do for you. [单选题] *A. seeB. are seeingC. have seenD. will see(正确答案)8、______ in the library. （）[单选题] *A. Don’t smokingB. No smokeC. No smoking(正确答案)D. Doesn’t smoke9、The students _____ outdoors when the visitors arrived. [单选题] *A. were playing(正确答案)B. have playedC. would playD. could play10、____ China is ____ old country with ____ long history. [单选题] *A. /, an, a(正确答案)B. The, an, aC. /, an, /D. /, the, a11、Just use this room for the time being ,and we’ll offer you a larger one _______it becomes available [单选题] *A. as soon as(正确答案)B unless .C as far asD until12、I got caught in the rain and my suit____. [单选题] *A. has ruinedB. had ruinedC. has been ruined(正确答案)D. had been ruined13、My brother is _______ actor. He works very hard. [单选题] *A. aB. an(正确答案)C. theD. one14、He held his（）when the results were read out. [单选题] *A. breath(正确答案)B. voiceC. soundD. thought15、The carbon we produce when we breathe is much less than（）produced by a car. [单选题] *A. oneB. itC. that(正确答案)D. those16、The early Americans wanted the King to respect their rights. [单选题] *A. 统治B. 满足C. 尊重(正确答案)D. 知道17、Mary wanted to travel around the world all by herself, but her parents did not _______ her to do so. [单选题] *B. allowC. follow(正确答案)D. ask18、What lovely weather,（）? [单选题] *A.is itB. isnt it(正确答案)C. does itD.doesn’t it19、4．—Let's fly a kite when you are ________ at the weekend.—Good idea. [单选题] * A．warmB．kindC．smallD．free(正确答案)20、—Where are you going, Tom? —To Bill's workshop. The engine of my car needs _____. [单选题] *A. repairing(正确答案)B. repairedD. to repair21、--What would you like to say to your _______ before leaving school?--I’d like to say"Thank you very much!" [单选题] *A. workersB. nursesC. waitersD. teachers(正确答案)22、I am worried about my brother. I am not sure _____ he has arrived at the school or not. [单选题] *A. whether(正确答案)B. whatC. whenD. how23、The city is famous _______ its beautiful scenery. [单选题] *A. for(正确答案)B. ofC. asD. to24、85．You’d better? ? ? ? ? a taxi, or you’ll be late. [单选题] *A．take(正确答案)B．takingC．tookD．to take25、84．There is a big tree? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?the house and the river. [单选题] *A．between(正确答案)B．inC．overD．of26、（)late for the meeting again, Jack! 一Sorry, I won t. [单选题] *A.Don’tB. Be notC.Don't be(正确答案)D.Not be27、Tomorrow is Ann’s birthday. Her mother is going to make a _______ meal for her. [单选题] *A. commonB. quickC. special(正确答案)D. simple28、He made ______ for an old person on the bus. [单选题] *A. room(正确答案)B. roomsC. a roomD. some rooms29、He has two sisters but I have not _____. [单选题] *A. noneB. someC. onesD. any(正确答案)30、He spoke too fast, and we cannot follow him. [单选题] *A. 追赶B. 听懂(正确答案)C. 抓住D. 模仿。
大学英语跨文化交流教程课后习题答案整理
Unit 1AKey conceptsreservation: 谦逊的coldness: 冷静的 modesty：谦虚的humor：幽默的 sportsmanship：运动员精神Q1、what is a reserved person like?Answer: A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited.Q2、what is the character of the Englishmen?Answer: reserved 、humor、modesty、cold、sportsmanship.Q3、what is sportsmanship?Answer: sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while also showing gene rosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.Case studyQ、What made the Britisher feel quite unhappy in this situation? Answer: The loud speaking made the reserved Britisher feel quite unhappy.Unit1BKey conceptsthe pioneering spirit创业精神trying something new探索精神equality平等national optimism 民族乐观freedom自由the Declaration of Independence独立宣言rags-to-richer 白手起家social mobility社会流动性American dream美国梦Comprehension questions1. Can you summarize the character of Americans?The characters of Americans are the pioneering spirit, trying something new and being eager to equality and freedom.2.In what sense is the pioneering spirit still an importantpart of the American character?Americans who don’t change residence are also on the move—traveling by air or auto to see their own country or to visit others. The need to explore a new frontier is basic to the American character. They are in search of greater prosperity and freedom.3. What is the American Dream? What is its impact on the American character?The American Dream is that the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. 4. What are the basic roots of American character?The basic roots of American character are the pioneering spirit, the liberty spirit and the equality spirit.Case studyQ;Why did the American feel uncomfortable? Please give him suggestions on how to get along with English people.Because he did something that he think it is friendly, but the Englishseemed unfriendly.American: outgoing/optimistic/casual/friendlyEnglish: Reserved/politeSuggestions:1. On the whole British habits of politeness are very informal. All politeness is based on the elementary rule of showing consideration for others, and acknowledging the consideration they show to you.2. Conversation in Britain is in general quiet and restrained and loud speech is considered ill-bred.Unit2Akey concept: Five Relationships of Confucianism孔子的五伦思想humanism 人道主义 individualism个人主义 collectivism集体主义individual's right个人权利1.cording to Confucianism , what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?Five cardinal relationship: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend and friend. This was explained as “There should be affection between father and son, righteous sense of duty between ruler and minister, division of function between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friend. ”2. Can you tell the main influence of Confucianism on the ideology of Chinese people?In traditional Chinese beliefs, especially in Confucianism , collectivism is appreciated .It emphasizes cooperation among group members and individual success is due to the collective effort of the staff in a unit ,an organization or a community .3. Can you tell the main influence of the Renaissance on Western values?In the Renaissance period of England ,people began to emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life .This is the rudiment of Humanism .People began to respect the humanity from then on ,and then developed into the ideas of what we always call freedom ,democracy .4. What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .Collectivism emphasizes cooperation among group members.(1)Westerners tend to believe that people should rely on themselvesas much as possible--and usually expect other people to do the same .People in collectivist cultures generally feel they have a right to expect help from other members of their groups ,and they also tend to feel they have an obligation to help other members of their groups .(2)Westerners generally feel that the rights of individuals shouldnot be subordinated to the needs of a larger group .People incollectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.(3)Westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisionsfor themselves, and that individuals should take credit responsibility for what they are personally done. People in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representative of their group, and to accept more responsibility for other members of their groups too.(4)Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing .The Chineseterm for “individualism,”geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”. 5. Why is it said that Americans are selfish? Do you think they are selfish? why or why not?Because Chinese term for “individualism,” geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.No, I don’t think so .Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .The word “individualism”has no negative connotation ,in fact ,its connotation is somewhat positive .Unit3Akey concept:Nuclear family 核心家庭 happiness of individual member 个人主义幸福Sense of equality 平等意识 independence and individualism 独立自主1．How do Americans treat their newly-born babies and young adults?The American parents put a newborn in a separate bedroom when the childis a few weeks old. They like to preserve their privacy.2. What is the base of an American marriage? Why is divorce rate so highin the United States?(1)Romantic love is most often the basis for marriage in U.S(2)They are extremely idealist about marriage, and they want deeply loved and deeply understood. But it is because American expect so much from marriage that so many divorced.3. What is the typical life of the old people in America? Why don’t they live together with their children?(1)Families place older relatives in nursing homes(2)Theirfnancial support is often provided by government-sponsored, social security or welfare systems. And Older people often seek their own friends rather than becoming too emotionally dependent on their children.Unit3BKey concepts ：A member of many groups 各种群体中的成员Impermanence 暂时Personal goals个人目标/Individual’needs个人需求Responsibilities 职责A series of concentric circles 一系列同心圆Stable 稳固Connection VS contract关系和合约Comprehension questions1.What are the characteristics of American social relationship? Impermanent and loose /individual’s needs come first ./contractual /friendly/compartmentalized/2.Why is American social relationship impermanent?They are members of many groups simultaneously. If they personal goals are no longer being met by a group ,they move on and probably look to new associates for the benefits they used to receive from the former group.3.Can you draw a picture to illustrate the pattern of Chinese socialrelationship? Who are in the inner most part and who are in the outside ?what is the difference between each part?○1I and family dearest friends work colleagueswho are familiar but not so closeEveryone but under obligation everyone else in the geographic area or nation or world○2I and family are in the inner most part while everyone else in the geographic area or nation or world are in the outside.○3 the differencebetween inner and out side is from most important to least important .4.What are the different understanding of friend between Chinese and American ?American social relationship are based on a shared activity, event, or experience, so they have casual, friendly relationships with many people , but deeper, close friendships with only a few.Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those whose values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable.Case 1Because Jackson thinks friendship is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spend time together .This situation creates dependence of one person on the other and it goes against the principle of equality.Case3Q1.They broken their friendship because they finished they common chemistry class and didn’t see each other very much at school .No one should be blamed for it because the different culture between Jordan and the United States lead to different attitudes to friendship.Q2.No I don’t think so. Because American friendship is impermanent andbased on a shared class , activity or event .If one drop of it , the relationship will fragmented.Unit5AKey concepts ：Gentleness and benevolence温柔与仁慈harmony 和谐violence and cruelty暴力和残酷conquest over nature征服自然exquisiteness and taste 精致和品位nutrition and balance 均衡营养pragmatism实用主义1.What are the functions of chopsticks?Chopsticks can nip, pick, rip and stir food.2.What are the possible reasons for Americans＇use of forks and knivesat dinner?Meat was their basic food source and gradually took the place of staplefood. They had to use forks and knives to cut and pork their food.3.Why do Chinese pay more attention to the taste of food?That appeals to the traditional ideology of China. Confucius emphasizedthe delight that food could bring to us. The standards of quality and tastethat Confucius recommended required the perfect blend of ingredients,herbs and condiments---a blend which would result in the perfect combination of flavor.4.Why do Americans pay more attention to nutrition?Because in their eyes ,food or eating is just a way to keep healthy, havinglittle to do with artistry. What they care about most is the nutrition contained in food and the blance of the whole diet structure rather than exquisiteness in cuisine and taste of food.Unit6AKey concepts ：1.Creativity: 创造力the ability to use your imaginationto produce new ideas, make things.2.Exploring:探索1)、to discuss or think about something carefully；2)、to travel around an area in order to find out about it；3)、written to feel something with your hand or another part of your body to find out what it is like3.Self-reliant：自主的able to do or decide things by yourself, without depending on the help or advice of other peopleOriginality：.独创性1. the ability to think and act independently 2. thequality of being new and original (not derived from something else)Molding and shaping: 塑造to guide (sb.) with the intent to control.1、How do the Chinese teach their children ? How do American do? Can youfind the theories supporting the different teaching methods?（1）For Chinese, they show a child how to do the something, or teach themby holding their hands .But in American, they teach children to rely onthemselves for solutions to problems.（2） Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge.unit7AKey concepts；1.Monochronic time : 单一时间an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.2.Polychronic time: 多元时间people may attend to many things happening at once in this approach to time3.linear structure: 线性结构sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.4 . Schedule oriented:以计划为方向的 people doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.5. People oriented:以人为方向的do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into discrete, fixed segments.6. Punctuality:严守时间 everyone is supposed to arrive on time when attending a formal banquet or meeting appointments.Comprehension questions (p82)1. What is monochromic cultures? What is polychromic cultures? Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished. Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.2. what are the different attitudes monochromic people and polychromic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.), sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled. Polychronic people prefer not to have detailed plans imposed on them but want to make their own plans and meet deadlines in their own way.3.What difficulties might an M-time-oriented person encounter when interacting someone who follows a P-time orientation?What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?It is at least partially responsible for the reputation of American business being cut off from human beings and unwilling to recognize the importance of employees morale. Feelings of wasted time are not as prevalent or serious as in M-time culures.4．What difficulties might a P-time-oriented person encounter when meeting someone who follows an M-time orientation?What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?Nothing is solid or firm, particularly plans for the future, evenimportant plans may be changed right up to the minute of execution. 5．What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system?M-time systemStrengths: stimulating productive desirableWeaknesses: often feel uncomfortableP-time systemStrengths: oriented punctuality schedules proceduresWeaknesses: wastedUnit9AKey concepts:Silence 沉默 high-context culture 高语境文化 low-context culture 低语境文化implicitness 含蓄 explicitness 明确 impersonal sources of information 客观的信息来源 personal sources of information 人际间的信息来源 verbalizing 以言语表述1.What is high-context culture？What is low-context culture？1) Communication occurs in ways other than through language is high context. It is rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communicate or communication or an internalized social context or both, to convey a large part or even all of a message's meaning.2) Communication that occurs mostly through language is low context. it is assumed to be understood, messages are explicit ,direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.2. How do people of different communicative cultures behave differently in their daily life？High-context are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative and they use the context to communicate the message. Members of low-context cultures put their thoughts into words. They are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.?3. What does silence mean in high-context cultures？What is the function of silence in high-context cultures？In high context cultures silence means agreement. can communicate apathy, confusion, repressed hostility, thoughtfulness, contemplation, sadness, regret, obligation, respect, agreement, disagreement, embarrassment, awe or any number of meanings.?4.What does silence means in low-text cultures？Why do the Westerners feel uncomfortable to silence？1). In low-context cultures, silence is often interpreted as the absence of communication. 2) Because silence dose not fit with it’s emphasis on precision and clarify, it may indicate that the receiver of the message did not hear the message, is angry at the message, needs time to think,or is embarrassed.5. Why does silence mean differently in different cultures？Because this is very different from the tendency in individualist culture to verbalize--that is, to put things in words, whether written or oral. Westerners may seek to express a different point of view so as to be recognized or to triumph in presenting a point of view that carries the majority with it .In collectivist cultures, being right isn't as important as being in concord with the group.Case16. Do you think the old Chinese couple tired or not after theLong flight ？Why did he reply with keyi?I think the old Chinese couple tired. Because to the Chinese ,silence means agreement.7. Why did the young traveler reply differently to the same question? Because silence mean differently in different cultures. Westerners may seek to express a different point of view so as to be recognized or to triumph. In presenting a point of view that carries the majority with it.8. According to Chinese custom, what will probably be the response to the young traveler's reply?According to Chinese custom, we will reply that you can have a good rest.Unit9BKey concepts:1.culture shock文化冲击 2.emotional and physical symptoms 情感和身体症状3.bewilderment and disorientation 困惑和迷惘4.adjestment process适应过程Comprehension questions2. how does culture shock affect people who are exposed to a new cultural environment?Culture as the physical and emotional discomfort one suffers when coming to live in another country or a place different from the place of origin. When the way we lived before is not as or considered as normal in the new place.3. What are the five stages of the cultural adjustment process? Does everyone have the same experience?(1) Honeymoon period, culture shock, initial adjustment, mental isolation, acceptance and integration. (2) Individuals experience the stage of adjustment in different ways. It depends on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation, job status, and motivation for being in the new country.4. How do individuals differ in the degree of culture shock? Individuals experience the stage of adjustment in different ways. It depends on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation,job status, and motivation for being in the new country.5. Which suggestion is most helpful to you ？Can you give other suggestions to cope with culture shock?Develop friendship, take a course or read a book on cross-cultural communication, re-exam your values and outlookCase studyCase 11.第一小问自述题，第二小问Chinese students typically focus on single-mindedly on their studies that they lose sight of the larger picture ,that is ,their ultimate role as cultural interpreters between their homeland and the foreign .2..自述题Case 21.找不到具体答案要根据课文理解给出2.自述题Case 31.It seemed that the representative was always changing the subject and they persisted in asking lots of personal questions about Tom2..无找不到确定答案3.During the next few days ,Tom noticed that though they had said they wanted to discuss details of his presentation ,they seemed to spend an inordinate amount of time on inconsequentiality .。
大学跨文化英语 综合教程I Unit 7 Reflecting on Parenting 课后习题参考答案
Reading Comprehension2. 1) F 2) T 3) T 4) F 5) F3. 1) A 2) A 3) B 4) B 5) ALanguage Practice1. 1) positive译文：如果你保持积极的状态的话，你会更有创造力并因而取得成功。
2) insulted译文：谢尔顿说法官的话侮辱了他。
3) negative译文：现在全球变暖有很多负面影响，但我认为最大的问题是全球变暖导致极地冰盖的化。
4) repay译文：还清贷款需要30年的时间。
5) motivate译文：要获得成功，你需要找到让你可以紧紧抓住的东西，可以激发你的积极性的东西。
6) shamed译文：他的大度使他们感到羞愧。
7) sacrifice译文：父母们愿意牺牲自己的时间和爱好为他们的孩子提供更好的条件。
8) extremely译文：索马里官方说经济的提升对和平尤为重要。
9) scream译文：当意大利足球队进入足球场时，一些观众开始尖叫起来。
10) announce译文：我们很抱歉地通知大家，来自香港的航班KA1305晚点。
11) incredibly译文：这些野花在雨后看起来异常美丽。
12) preference译文：我必须说我对古典音乐有偏好。
13) threaten译文：但是这些新技术也将会威胁到现有的工业、市场和工作。
14) unimaginable译文：这样快的速度在没有火车的时代是难以想象的。
15) pursue译文：她来到英格兰投身演艺事业。
2. 1) No one knows what motivated him to act in such a violent way.2) Her son’s a ffair with a Russian model shamed the whole family.3) The president is calling us not to be cowardly and stand up to face the nation’s past.4) She sacrificed family life to achieve her career dream as a famous artist.5) She felt they had insulted her by repeatedly ignoring her questions.6) I am deeply in your debt and shall never be able to repay you.7) She grabbed her ch ild’s arm to stop him from running into the road.8) It took us twelve hours to fly from Shanghai to Los Angeles nonstop.9) Mr. Byers demanded an immediate explanation from the Education Committee last night.10) “Whether or not he is capable of becoming a head coach of the football team is questionable,” Louis told a BBC reporter3. 1) for provide for 供养2) of be capable of 有……能力3) in in horror 惊恐地4) as strike ... as 给……某种印象5) by by contrast 相比之下4. 1) sharpen 削尖2) idealize 使理想化3) memorize 记住4) simplify 简化5) motivate 激发……的积极性6) beautify 美化7) strengthen 加强8) modernize 使现代化5. 注解：本单元的语法内容为直接引语转换成间接引语。
Unit 3跨文化交际课后题答案
Unit Three What's in a NameⅠ. Fill in blanksa. Chinese names consist of ______ name and ______ name, with ______ name put first.b. The term first names, ______ and ______ refer to the same names.c. The ______ given name is usually used by English people. ______ name is commonly used among friends and colleagues.d. The term “Christian names” originates from people’s belief in ______ and the traditional practice of giving babies their names at a special ceremony in church known as a “______”.e. Chinese names can give all sorts of information about a person. They may give clues about where and when the person was born. Or they may tell us something about ______, ______, ______, ______, ______ or even ______.f. Female names are more likely than male names to end in ______ sound, as in Linda, Tracy and Mary. Names given to boys are much more likely to end in a ______, such as occurs in Bob, Dick and Jack.Ⅱ. Short Answera. Try to analyze the components of an English name.b. 在社交活动中使用亲属称谓要遵循哪些准则？c. What are the characteristics in naming Chinese Given Names?d. Why is it hard for us to tell the gender by reading English names?Ⅲ. Essay SectionDo you agree the view that there is some sexist bias in the English language? If agree, please give me an explanation in detail with examples and show us how to solve it. If not, please show me your reasons.Ⅳ. Case studyCategorize the following names into male and female groups.Sarah Christopher Claire Matthew Emma David Laura James Kelly Rebecca Daniel Gemma Andrew Rachel Steven V ictoria Mark Paul Katharine MichaelKey to Unit ThreeⅠ. Fill in blanksa. family, given, familyb. given names, Christian namesc. first, shortenedd. Christianity, christeninge. famil y relationships, ethnic group, parents’ expectation for the children, sex, values, personal characteristicsⅡ. Short Answera. An English name usually has two parts: the family name, which is also called surname or last name or second name, and the given name called sometimes forename or first name of Christian name of Baptismal name. Some people can also have a personal name or middle name.Most English people have three names. Some people only have one given name, and others have several.b.在社交活动中使用亲属称谓要遵循下述准则：以辈份为标准；以双方是否熟悉为标准；以交际场合的性质为标准；以听话人的社会特征为标准。
新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案unit1
新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案unit1Unit 1Communication Across CulturesReading IIntercultural Communication：An IntroductionComprehension questions1. Is it still often the case that “everyone’s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary worldThis is still powerful in today’s social and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants.2. What’s the difference between today’s intercultural con tact and that of any time in the pastToday‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history.3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life todayNew technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the worldlooks like and how we live and communicate within thatworld. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communicationThe three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state).6. What does one’s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in itThe family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community.8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturally diverse society existA free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society.Reading IIThe Challenge of GlobalizationComprehension questions1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. Inthe past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.2. What a “global village” is likeAs our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remote cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. In a “global village”, members of once isolated groups of people have to communicate with members of other cultural groups. Those people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other.3. What is considered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalizationTechnology, particularly telecommunications and computers are considered to be the major driving force.4. What does the author mean by saying that “the ‘global’ may be more local than the ‘local’”The increasing global mobility of people and the impact of newelectronic media on human communications make the world seem smaller. We may communicate more with people of other countries than with our neighbors, and we may be more informed of the international events than of the local events. In this sense, “the ‘global’ may be more local than the ‘local’”.5. Why is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the worldEffective communication may be the most importantcompetitive advantage that firms have to meet diverse customer needs on a global basis. Succeeding in the global market today requires the ability to communicate sensitively with people from other cultures, a sensitivity that is based on an understanding of cross-cultural differences.6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the world are confronted withCountries throughout the world are confronted with serious problems such as volatile international economy, shrinking resources, mounting environmental contamination, and epidemics that know no boundaries.7. What implications can we draw from the case of Michael FayThis case shows that in a world of international interdependence, the ability to understand and communicate effectively with people from other cultures takes on extreme urgency. If we are unaware of the significant role culture plays in communication, we may place the blame for communication failure on people of other cultures.8. What attitudes are favored by the author towards globalizationGlobalization, for better or for worse, has changed the world greatly. Whether we like it or not, globalization is all but unstoppable. It is already here to stay. It is both a fact and an opportunity. The challenges are not insurmountable. Solutions exist, and are waiting to be identified and implemented. From a globalistic point of view, there is hope and faith in humanity.Case StudyCase 1In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicatingwith people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding.We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richard‘s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, “What beautiful frames your pictures are in.”In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony among persons in a group, and that the organization itself－be it a family or a vast corporation －is more valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality as a value and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably in conflict with the goals or values of the group.In this case: Richard‘s mistake was in making great efforts to defend himself. Let the others assume that the errors were not intentional, but it is not right to defend yourself, even when your unstated intent is to assist the group by warning others of similar mistakes. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poor Richard to have merely apologized would have seemed to him to be subservient, unmanly.When it comes to England, we expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmen than between Americans and almost any other group. In this case we might look beyondthe gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gestur e: for Americans, ―”Help yourself”; for the English counterpart, ―”Be my guest”. American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained but they differ somewhat in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an America n party is one who ―makes himse lf at home, even to the point of answering the door or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude.Case 2A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be direct communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that‘s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough.Case 3The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginning, Mary didn’t realize that her Dominican sistersaw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a different way of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).Case 4It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personal and family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others.However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships are warm, but casual, and specialized.For example, you have a neighbor who drops by in the morning for coffee. You see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner --- not because you don‘t think she could handle a fork and a knife, but because you have seen her that morning.Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occasion. Now, if the first friend moves away and the second one moves nearby, you are likely to reverse this --- see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and the first one you will invite more formally to dinner.Americans are, in other words, guided very often by theirown convenience. They tend to make friends easily, and they don‘t feel it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances people from many other cultures would be hurt very deeply.。
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Unit 1AKey conceptsreservation: 谦逊的coldness: 冷静的 modesty：谦虚的humor：幽默的 sportsmanship：运动员精神Q1、what is a reserved person like?Answer: A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited.Q2、what is the character of the Englishmen?Answer: reserved 、humor、modesty、cold、sportsmanship.Q3、what is sportsmanship?Answer: sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while also showing gene rosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.Case studyQ、What made the Britisher feel quite unhappy in this situation? Answer: The loud speaking made the reserved Britisher feel quite unhappy.Unit1BKey conceptsthe pioneering spirit创业精神trying something new探索精神equality平等national optimism 民族乐观freedom自由the Declaration of Independence独立宣言rags-to-richer 白手起家social mobility社会流动性American dream美国梦Comprehension questions1. Can you summarize the character of Americans?The characters of Americans are the pioneering spirit, trying something new and being eager to equality and freedom.2.In what sense is the pioneering spirit still an importantpart of the American character?Americans who don’t change residence are also on the move—traveling by air or auto to see their own country or to visit others. The need to explore a new frontier is basic to the American character. They are in search of greater prosperity and freedom.3. What is the American Dream? What is its impact on the American character?The American Dream is that the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. 4. What are the basic roots of American character?The basic roots of American character are the pioneering spirit, the liberty spirit and the equality spirit.Case studyQ;Why did the American feel uncomfortable? Please give him suggestions on how to get along with English people.Because he did something that he think it is friendly, but the Englishseemed unfriendly.American: outgoing/optimistic/casual/friendlyEnglish: Reserved/politeSuggestions:1. On the whole British habits of politeness are very informal. All politeness is based on the elementary rule of showing consideration for others, and acknowledging the consideration they show to you.2. Conversation in Britain is in general quiet and restrained and loud speech is considered ill-bred.Unit2Akey concept: Five Relationships of Confucianism孔子的五伦思想humanism 人道主义 individualism个人主义 collectivism集体主义individual's right个人权利1.cording to Confucianism , what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?Five cardinal relationship: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend and friend. This was explained as “There should be affection between father and son, righteous sense of duty between ruler and minister, division of function between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friend. ”2. Can you tell the main influence of Confucianism on the ideology of Chinese people?In traditional Chinese beliefs, especially in Confucianism , collectivism is appreciated .It emphasizes cooperation among group members and individual success is due to the collective effort of the staff in a unit ,an organization or a community .3. Can you tell the main influence of the Renaissance on Western values?In the Renaissance period of England ,people began to emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life .This is the rudiment of Humanism .People began to respect the humanity from then on ,and then developed into the ideas of what we always call freedom ,democracy .4. What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .Collectivism emphasizes cooperation among group members.(1)Westerners tend to believe that people should rely on themselvesas much as possible--and usually expect other people to do the same .People in collectivist cultures generally feel they have a right to expect help from other members of their groups ,and they also tend to feel they have an obligation to help other members of their groups .(2)Westerners generally feel that the rights of individuals shouldnot be subordinated to the needs of a larger group .People incollectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.(3)Westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisionsfor themselves, and that individuals should take credit responsibility for what they are personally done. People in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representative of their group, and to accept more responsibility for other members of their groups too.(4)Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing .The Chineseterm for “individualism,”geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”. 5. Why is it said that Americans are selfish? Do you think they are selfish? why or why not?Because Chinese term for “individualism,” geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.No, I don’t think so .Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .The word “individualism”has no negative connotation ,in fact ,its connotation is somewhat positive .Unit3Akey concept:Nuclear family 核心家庭 happiness of individual member 个人主义幸福Sense of equality 平等意识 independence and individualism 独立自主1．How do Americans treat their newly-born babies and young adults?The American parents put a newborn in a separate bedroom when the childis a few weeks old. They like to preserve their privacy.2. What is the base of an American marriage? Why is divorce rate so highin the United States?(1)Romantic love is most often the basis for marriage in U.S(2)They are extremely idealist about marriage, and they want deeply loved and deeply understood. But it is because American expect so much from marriage that so many divorced.3. What is the typical life of the old people in America? Why don’t they live together with their children?(1)Families place older relatives in nursing homes(2)Theirfnancial support is often provided by government-sponsored, social security or welfare systems. And Older people often seek their own friends rather than becoming too emotionally dependent on their children.Unit3BKey concepts ：A member of many groups 各种群体中的成员Impermanence 暂时Personal goals个人目标/Individual’needs个人需求Responsibilities 职责A series of concentric circles 一系列同心圆Stable 稳固Connection VS contract关系和合约Comprehension questions1.What are the characteristics of American social relationship? Impermanent and loose /individual’s needs come first ./contractual /friendly/compartmentalized/2.Why is American social relationship impermanent?They are members of many groups simultaneously. If they personal goals are no longer being met by a group ,they move on and probably look to new associates for the benefits they used to receive from the former group.3.Can you draw a picture to illustrate the pattern of Chinese socialrelationship? Who are in the inner most part and who are in the outside ?what is the difference between each part?○1I and family dearest friends work colleagueswho are familiar but not so closeEveryone but under obligation everyone else in the geographic area or nation or world○2I and family are in the inner most part while everyone else in the geographic area or nation or world are in the outside.○3 the differencebetween inner and out side is from most important to least important .4.What are the different understanding of friend between Chinese and American ?American social relationship are based on a shared activity, event, or experience, so they have casual, friendly relationships with many people , but deeper, close friendships with only a few.Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those whose values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable.Case 1Because Jackson thinks friendship is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spend time together .This situation creates dependence of one person on the other and it goes against the principle of equality.Case3Q1.They broken their friendship because they finished they common chemistry class and didn’t see each other very much at school .No one should be blamed for it because the different culture between Jordan and the United States lead to different attitudes to friendship.Q2.No I don’t think so. Because American friendship is impermanent andbased on a shared class , activity or event .If one drop of it , the relationship will fragmented.Unit5AKey concepts ：Gentleness and benevolence温柔与仁慈harmony 和谐violence and cruelty暴力和残酷conquest over nature征服自然exquisiteness and taste 精致和品位nutrition and balance 均衡营养pragmatism实用主义1.What are the functions of chopsticks?Chopsticks can nip, pick, rip and stir food.2.What are the possible reasons for Americans＇use of forks and knivesat dinner?Meat was their basic food source and gradually took the place of staplefood. They had to use forks and knives to cut and pork their food.3.Why do Chinese pay more attention to the taste of food?That appeals to the traditional ideology of China. Confucius emphasizedthe delight that food could bring to us. The standards of quality and tastethat Confucius recommended required the perfect blend of ingredients,herbs and condiments---a blend which would result in the perfect combination of flavor.4.Why do Americans pay more attention to nutrition?Because in their eyes ,food or eating is just a way to keep healthy, havinglittle to do with artistry. What they care about most is the nutrition contained in food and the blance of the whole diet structure rather than exquisiteness in cuisine and taste of food.Unit6AKey concepts ：1.Creativity: 创造力the ability to use your imaginationto produce new ideas, make things.2.Exploring:探索1)、to discuss or think about something carefully；2)、to travel around an area in order to find out about it；3)、written to feel something with your hand or another part of your body to find out what it is like3.Self-reliant：自主的able to do or decide things by yourself, without depending on the help or advice of other peopleOriginality：.独创性1. the ability to think and act independently 2. thequality of being new and original (not derived from something else)Molding and shaping: 塑造to guide (sb.) with the intent to control.1、How do the Chinese teach their children ? How do American do? Can youfind the theories supporting the different teaching methods?（1）For Chinese, they show a child how to do the something, or teach themby holding their hands .But in American, they teach children to rely onthemselves for solutions to problems.（2） Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge.unit7AKey concepts；1.Monochronic time : 单一时间an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.2.Polychronic time: 多元时间people may attend to many things happening at once in this approach to time3.linear structure: 线性结构sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.4 . Schedule oriented:以计划为方向的 people doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.5. People oriented:以人为方向的do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into discrete, fixed segments.6. Punctuality:严守时间 everyone is supposed to arrive on time when attending a formal banquet or meeting appointments.Comprehension questions (p82)1. What is monochromic cultures? What is polychromic cultures? Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished. Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.2. what are the different attitudes monochromic people and polychromic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.), sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled. Polychronic people prefer not to have detailed plans imposed on them but want to make their own plans and meet deadlines in their own way.3.What difficulties might an M-time-oriented person encounter when interacting someone who follows a P-time orientation?What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?It is at least partially responsible for the reputation of American business being cut off from human beings and unwilling to recognize the importance of employees morale. Feelings of wasted time are not as prevalent or serious as in M-time culures.4．What difficulties might a P-time-oriented person encounter when meeting someone who follows an M-time orientation?What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?Nothing is solid or firm, particularly plans for the future, evenimportant plans may be changed right up to the minute of execution. 5．What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system?M-time systemStrengths: stimulating productive desirableWeaknesses: often feel uncomfortableP-time systemStrengths: oriented punctuality schedules proceduresWeaknesses: wastedUnit9AKey concepts:Silence 沉默 high-context culture 高语境文化 low-context culture 低语境文化implicitness 含蓄 explicitness 明确 impersonal sources of information 客观的信息来源 personal sources of information 人际间的信息来源 verbalizing 以言语表述1.What is high-context culture？What is low-context culture？1) Communication occurs in ways other than through language is high context. It is rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communicate or communication or an internalized social context or both, to convey a large part or even all of a message's meaning.2) Communication that occurs mostly through language is low context. it is assumed to be understood, messages are explicit ,direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.2. How do people of different communicative cultures behave differently in their daily life？High-context are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative and they use the context to communicate the message. Members of low-context cultures put their thoughts into words. They are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.?3. What does silence mean in high-context cultures？What is the function of silence in high-context cultures？In high context cultures silence means agreement. can communicate apathy, confusion, repressed hostility, thoughtfulness, contemplation, sadness, regret, obligation, respect, agreement, disagreement, embarrassment, awe or any number of meanings.?4.What does silence means in low-text cultures？Why do the Westerners feel uncomfortable to silence？1). In low-context cultures, silence is often interpreted as the absence of communication. 2) Because silence dose not fit with it’s emphasis on precision and clarify, it may indicate that the receiver of the message did not hear the message, is angry at the message, needs time to think,or is embarrassed.5. Why does silence mean differently in different cultures？Because this is very different from the tendency in individualist culture to verbalize--that is, to put things in words, whether written or oral. Westerners may seek to express a different point of view so as to be recognized or to triumph in presenting a point of view that carries the majority with it .In collectivist cultures, being right isn't as important as being in concord with the group.Case16. Do you think the old Chinese couple tired or not after theLong flight ？Why did he reply with keyi?I think the old Chinese couple tired. Because to the Chinese ,silence means agreement.7. Why did the young traveler reply differently to the same question? Because silence mean differently in different cultures. Westerners may seek to express a different point of view so as to be recognized or to triumph. In presenting a point of view that carries the majority with it.8. According to Chinese custom, what will probably be the response to the young traveler's reply?According to Chinese custom, we will reply that you can have a good rest.Unit9BKey concepts:1.culture shock文化冲击 2.emotional and physical symptoms 情感和身体症状3.bewilderment and disorientation 困惑和迷惘4.adjestment process适应过程Comprehension questions2. how does culture shock affect people who are exposed to a new cultural environment?Culture as the physical and emotional discomfort one suffers when coming to live in another country or a place different from the place of origin. When the way we lived before is not as or considered as normal in the new place.3. What are the five stages of the cultural adjustment process? Does everyone have the same experience?(1) Honeymoon period, culture shock, initial adjustment, mental isolation, acceptance and integration. (2) Individuals experience the stage of adjustment in different ways. It depends on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation, job status, and motivation for being in the new country.4. How do individuals differ in the degree of culture shock? Individuals experience the stage of adjustment in different ways. It depends on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation,job status, and motivation for being in the new country.5. Which suggestion is most helpful to you ？Can you give other suggestions to cope with culture shock?Develop friendship, take a course or read a book on cross-cultural communication, re-exam your values and outlookCase studyCase 11.第一小问自述题，第二小问Chinese students typically focus on single-mindedly on their studies that they lose sight of the larger picture ,that is ,their ultimate role as cultural interpreters between their homeland and the foreign .2..自述题Case 21.找不到具体答案要根据课文理解给出2.自述题Case 31.It seemed that the representative was always changing the subject and they persisted in asking lots of personal questions about Tom2..无找不到确定答案3.During the next few days ,Tom noticed that though they had said they wanted to discuss details of his presentation ,they seemed to spend an inordinate amount of time on inconsequentiality .。