新古典主义时期

e. the constitutional monarchy(君主立宪制度) came into being as a compromise between the bourgeoisie and the aristocrats --- the monarch was deprived of ruling power, Parliament had more say The Tory(保守托利党) and the Whig（自由辉格党）
Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.
Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets.
Historical background
Biblioteka Baidu


1. It‟s a turbulent period: a. Great political and social events were the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660. b. the Great Plague （大瘟疫,指1665年流行于伦敦的鼠疫） of 1665 which took 70000 lives in London alone. c. the Great London Fire which destroyed a large part of the city, leaving two-thirds of the population homeless.



3. literature character: the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism(新古典主义). According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers.(Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc.) They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus a polite，urbane ( [ə:'bein] adj. 彬 彬 有 礼 的 ， 温 文 尔 雅 的 ； 都 市 化 的 ), witty, and intellectual art developed. 艺术理想应当是顺序，罗技，克制的情绪和精确度。寻求 在文学表达上的均衡，统一，和谐和优雅，并使得人类作 为社会动物获得愉悦，指导和矫正。

2. Abroad: The eighteenth century saw the fast development of England as a nation, a vast expansion of British colonies in North America, India, the West Indies, and a continuous increase of colonial wealth and trade provided England with a market for which the small-scale hand production methods of the home industry were hardly adequate. Towards the middle of the eighteenth century, England had become the first powerful capitalist country in the world. The British bourgeois or middle class also grew rapidly. It was the major force of the Revolution and was mainly composed of city people.

2) Neoclassicism: In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Virgil 维吉尔, and so on) and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained （忍耐 的）emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion 均衡, unity统一, harmony和谐 and grace优雅 in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, primarily （最初） as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane文雅, witty（机智）, and intellectual art developed.在文学领域，启蒙运动带来了古典文学作品的 复兴的兴趣。倾向是众所周知的新古典主义。根据新古典主义者，所有 的文学形式是以古希腊和罗马作家为范本（荷马，维吉尔等等）和那些 同一时代的法国作家。他们相信艺术理想应当是顺序，罗技，忍耐的情 绪和精确度。信仰将它们导向想寻找在文学表达上的均衡，统一，和谐 和优雅，在使人类愉悦，指导和矫正的努力中，最初是作为社会动物。 因此，一个礼貌，文雅，智慧和机智被发展。
Neoclassical Period (1688-1798)
Historical background Major writers Literature terms
The Neoclassical Period

---- the period in English literature between the return of Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth in 1978.



Poetry should be lyrical, epical (英勇的；叙事诗的；有 重大历史意义的), didactic, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles.
1. Definitions of literary terms


The neoclassical period is the one in English literature between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion（主张） of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge（柯 勒律治）in 1798.新古典文学时期是英国文学史上斯图亚特王朝在1660年登上英国王 位之后和华兹华斯和柯勒律治出版了《抒情歌谣集》后的浪漫主义主张。 1. 1) The Enlightenment Movement：The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason（启蒙运动）. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance （促进）of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality（合理性）, equality （平等） and science. They called for a reference（证明人） to order, reason and rules and advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden约翰．德莱敦, Alexande pope亚历山大.蒲 柏, Joseph Addison约瑟· 夫艾迪生and Sir Richard Steele理查德· 斯梯尔(this two are pioneers of familiar essays), Jonathan Swift乔纳森· 斯威夫特, Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛 福, Richard Brinsley Sheridan谢雷登, Henry Fielding亨利˙费尔丁and Samuel Johnson塞缪尔· 约翰逊.18世纪的英格兰是众所周知的启蒙时期或者启蒙运动。启蒙运 动是进步的智慧运动，在法国爆发，蔓延至那个时期的整个时期。这个运动是15和16 世纪文艺复兴运动的促进。它的作用是用哲学和艺术思想来启蒙整个世界。启蒙者庆 祝理智或者合理性，平等和科学。他们为顺序，理智和规则，宣传广泛的教育召集证 明人。在英国这些伟大的启蒙者间，是约翰．德莱敦，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟· 夫艾迪生， 理查德· 斯梯尔，乔纳森· 斯威夫特，丹尼尔.笛福，谢雷登，亨利˙费尔丁，塞缪尔· 约翰 逊


d. the Glorious Revolution in which King James II was replaced by his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William, duke of Orange, in 1689. There was constant strife between the monarch and the parliament, between the two big parties—the Tories and Whigs—over the control of the parliament and government, between opposing religious sects such as the Roman Catholicism, the Anglican Church （英国国教等于 Church of England） and the Dissenters(异议者|不奉国教者|不同 意者), between the ruling class and the laboring poor, etc. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence (disagreement )of values.