(完整版)电机学英文文献翻译
机电一体化中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)By integration of machinery developmentThe modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation, in mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to enter into “the integration of machinery” by “the machinery electrification” for the characteristic development phase.First, the integration of machinery outlineIntegration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing functio n and the control function introduces the electronic technology, u nifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call.Integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing functio n and the control function introduces the electronic technology, u nifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call.The integration of machinery development also has become one to h ave until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content, but its basic characteristic may summarize is: The inte gration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthes is community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technolo gy, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, compute r technology, information technology, sensing observation and contro l technology, electric power electronic technology, connection techn ology, information conversion technology as well as software progra mming technology, according to the system function goal and the o ptimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout v arious functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reli able, in the low energy consumption significance realize the speci fic function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology, from this produces function system , then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the inte gration of machinery product.Therefore, “the integration of machinery”covering “the technolog y”and “the product”two aspects, only are, the integration of machinery technology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not m echanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as othe r new technical simple combination, pieces together, this is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery elec trification which the electricity forms in the concept basic diffe rence, the mechanical engineering technology has the merely technic al to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditi onal machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enl argement physical strength, after but developed the integration of machinery, micro electron installment eliminated may substitute fo r certain mechanical parts original Outside function, but also can entrust with many new functions, like the automatic detection, t he automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the aut omatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protect ion automatically and so on, not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sens e organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrificati on distinguishes in the function essence.Second, the integration of machinery development conditionIntegration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roug hly, 20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage, in this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the prelimi nary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performan ce, specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar trans fers civilly, to the postwar economical restoration positive functi on, has developed and the development at that time generally spea king also is at the spontaneous condition, because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certainly Le vel. Mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively.The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage, this time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development, large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development, this time characteristic is:①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stage which makes great strides forward to the intelle ctualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorou gh development time, on the one hand, optics, the communication a nd so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the tech nology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the new branch; On the ot her hand to the integration of machinery system modelling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machi nery discipline system and the trend of development has all condu cted the thorough research, simultaneously, because domains and soon artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology a nd optical fiber technology obtain the huge progress, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology,these research, will urge the integration of machinery further t o establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system.Third, the integration of machinery trend of developmentIntegration of machinery is the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on th e multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology developme nt and the progress, therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows:3.1IntellectualizedIntellectualization is a 21st century integration of machinery tech nological development important development direction, the artificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bed intellectualization is the important application, here said “the intellectualization”is to the machine behavior descr iption, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artifi cial intelligence, the operations research, the computer science, t he fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate t he human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on j udgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obt ains the higher control goal in order to, indeed, enable the int egration of machinery product to have With the human identical in telligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential, but, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have .preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential.3.2 ModularModulations are one item important and the arduous project, becaus e the integration of machinery product type and the manufacturer are many, but the development and the development have standard m echanical connection, electrical connection, power connection, the e nvironment connection integration of machinery product unit are an item extremely complex also are the extremely important matters, like the development collection deceleration, the intelligent velo city modulation, the electrical machinery in a body power unit, h ave function and so on vision, imagery processing, recognition and range finder control units, as well as each kind can complete the model operation the mechanism, like this, may use the standar d unit to develop the new product rapidly, simultaneously also ma y expand the scale of production, this need formulation Each standard, in order to various parts, the unit match and the connecti on, as a result of the conflicts of interest, very will be diff icult to formulate international or the domestic this aspect stand ard in the near future, but might through set up some big enter prises to8 form gradually, obviously, the advantage which from the el ectrical product standardization, the seriation will bring may af firm, regardless of will be to produces the standard integration of machinery unit the enterprise to produce the integration of ma chinery product the enterprise, the formalization will give the in tegration of machinery enterprise to bring the happy future3.3 Network1990s, the computer technology and so on the prominent achievement was the networking, networking starting with the rapid developmen t for the science and technology, the industrial production, polit ical, the military, the education magnanimous act person daily l ife has all brought the huge transformation, each kind of network the global economy, the production linked up into a single stre tch, enterprise's competition will also globalize, once the integra tion of machinery new product developed, so long as its function were original, the quality was reliable, very quick could the b est-selling whole world, as a result of the network popularization , was on the rise based on network each kind of long-distance c ontrol and the surveillance technology, but long-distance control t erminal device itself will be the integration of machinery product , the field busWas the domestic electric appliances network has9 become the situation with the local area network technolog y, connected using the family network each kind of domestic elect ric appliances take the computer as the central computer integrati on electrical appliances system, caused the people at home to sha re the inconvenience and the joy which each kind of high-tech br ought, therefore, the integration of machinery product faced the n etwork direction to develop without doubt.3.4 MicrominiaturizedMicrominiaturization emerge in the end of 1980s, refers is the in tegration of machinery to the miniature machine and the microscopi c domain development tendency, overseas name it micro electron mec hanical system (MEMS), makes a general reference the geometry size not to surpass 1cm3 the integration of machinery product, and t o micron, the nanometer level development, the micro integration o f machinery product volume small, consumes energy few, the movemen t is nimble, in aspects and so on biological medical service, mi litary, information has the incomparable superiority, the micro int egration of machinery development bottleneck lies in the micro mechanical technology, the micro integration of machinery product proc essing uses the fine processing technology, namely ultra precise t echnology, it including photoetching technology and etching technolo gy two kinds.3.5 GreenIndustries lived developed for the people have brought the huge c hange, on the one hand, the material was rich, the life was com fortable; On the other hand, the resources reduce, the ecological environment receives the serious pollution, therefore, the people appealed the protection environment resources, the return nature, the green product concept arises at the historic moment under t his kind of call, the green is the time tendency, the green pro duct in its design, the manufacture, the use and in the destruct ion life process, conforms to the specific environmental protection and the human health request, harmless or the harm are extremel y few to the ecological environment, the resources use factor is extremely high, the design green integration of machinery product , has the broad development future, the integration of machinery product green mainly is refers, when use does not pollute the ec ological environment, after the abandonment can recycle the use. 3.6 systematizationsOne of systematized performance characteristics is the system archi tecture further uses open style and the patternizing main line st ructure. the system may the nimble configuration, carries on tailo rs and the combination willfully, simultaneously seeks realizes the multi-subsystem coordination control and the synthesis management, second performance is the correspondence function big enhancement, generally besides RS232, but also will have RS485, the DCS pers onification, the future integration of machinery even more pays gr eat attention to the product and human's relations, the integratio n of machinery personification will have two meanings, one will b e, the integration of machinery product finally user will be a h uman, how will entrust with the integration of machinery product person's intelligence, the emotion, the human nature appears more and more importantly, specially the opposite partyWith the robot, its high-level boundary is the man-machine integration, another imi tates the biological mechanism, develops each kind of mechanical a nd electrical body flower product, in fact, many integration of m achinery products all are developed animal's inspiration.Fourth, the model integration of machinery productIntegration of machinery product subsystem (complete machine) and t he foundation Yuan, the part two big kinds, the typical integrati on of machinery system includes: The numerical control engine bed, the robot, the automobile computerization product,12 the intellectualized instrument measuring appliance, the elec tronic publishing printing system, the CAD/CAM system and so on, the typical integration of machinery Yuan, the part includes: Elec tric power electronic device and equipment, programmable controller, fuzzy controller, miniature electrical machinery, sensor, special-p urpose integrated circuit, servo and so on, these model integratio n of machinery product technical present situation, trend of devel opment, market prospect analysis omitting.Fifth, our country develops the situation and the duty integration of machinery work which “The integration of machinery” faces mainly includes two levels: One, with the microelectronic technology transformation tradition industry, its goal is the energy conservation, the nodal wood, enhances the work efficiency, improves the product quality, enhances the traditional industry technology advancement one step; Two, development automation, digitization, intellectualized mechanical and electrical products, promotion product renewal.(1) our country “the integration of machinery†the work fac es situation1. Our country is big with the microelectronic technology transfor mation tradition industry work load and is broad, has difficulty2. Our country with the integration of machinery technology accele ration product renewal, enhances the market share the call to be high, has the pressure.3.Our country is low with the integration of machinery product su bstitution technology content and the added value, consumes energy, the water consumption, consumes the material to be high, the po llution, harasses the people product the responsibility to be heav y, has the significance, in our country industrial system, the en ergy consumption, the water consumption wealthy and powerful family , also accounts for the quite great proportion to the environment al pollution serious enterprise, in recent years our country's ind ustry structure, product mix although several passes through the adjustment, but because many kinds of reasons, the result contin uously insufficiently is obvious, inside this no doubt has the hi gher authority to lead the department the policy comes out of ma ny doors question, “therefore has the enterprise “to hate to le ave one's native land”clings to tenaciously industry”the quest ion, but undeniable also has cannot optimize the ideal industry, optimal pleasing product The question, on the good answer already suspended at these enterprise's front, this was the development integration of machinery, developed with the production related int egration of14 machinery product, the integration of machinery product fu nction strong, the performance good, the quality high, the cost was low, also had the flexibility, might according to when the ma rket requirement and the user reflection the product mix and the production process made the essential adjustment, the reform, but did not need to change the equipment, this was the solution me chanical and electrical products multi-varieties, the few volume pr oduction important outlet, simultaneously, might pour into the fres h blood for the traditional mechanical industry, brought the new vigor, extricated the machinery production from the arduous physica l labor, realization Enlightened production.Moreover, looked from the market demand angle, because our country develops, the development integration of machinery product history is not long, the disparity is big, many product varieties, quan tity, the scale, the quality all cannot meet the need, the impor t volume all quite is big every year, therefore must develop urg ently.(2) Our country “the integration of machinery†work duty Our country may summarize in the integration of machinery aspect duty is two speeches: A speech widely thoroughly uses the integra tion of machinery technological transformations tradition industry; Another speech is develops the integration of15 machinery product on a grand scale, the promotion mechani cal and electrical products renewal, the total goal is the promot ion mechanical and electrical body industry formation, makes the c ontribution for our country industrial structure and the product m ix adjustment.In brief, the integration of machinery technology not only is pro motes the traditional mechanical and electrical industry fresh bloo d and the source power, also is opens our country mechanical and electrical profession product mix, the industrial structure adjust s the front door the key.Sixth, our country develops “the integration of machinery†c ountermeasure(1) Enhancement overall plan arrangement, coordinated development pl anAt present, our country is engaged in the unit which “the integ ration of machinery”the research develops and produces to be ve ry many, each one all has a set of own development strategy, va rious units' plan as a result of respective standpoint, the objec tive point limit, only is considered unavoidably the local interes t, various16 department responsible for the work's related plan and pl an, also some unification consideration insufficiency, the overall plan arrangement insufficient question, simultaneously lacks the com prehensive survey overall situation to have the authority development plan and the strategic plan, therefore, suggested various depar tment responsible for the work charges the unit concerned in to conduct the thorough investigation and study, in the scientific an alysis foundation, formulates manages the overall situation “the i ntegration of machinery”the research, the development, the produc tive plan and the plan Avoids developing duplicates, produces hasa collision!(2) Strengthened profession management, display “associationâ€functionAt present, our country “integration of machinery”hot, but acco rding to the present profession division method and the management system, “the policy comes out of many doors”is difficult duo , therefore, our country has the necessity to be clear about one “the integration of machinery”the profession to manage the or ganization, according to the present country political reform and the economic restructuring spirit, as well as the integration of machinery profession characteristic, we suggested, strengthens Beijin g Integration of machinery Association as soon as possible the co nstruction, entrusts with its profession management function, “the association”must further expand the leadership organization - -council representative the stratification plane and the coverage, must strengthen the office, secretariat's construction; Must throu gh its astute capable administrative body, the economic entity, the organization17 “the profession”the development plan, strategic plan dr awing up; The instruction profession stationing layout adjustment, carries on develops the breach choice, pays special attention to the priority project the experiment site and the related project loses one's temper, the tender work ......Seventh, the conclusionIn summary, the integration of machinery appearance is not isolate d, it is many science and technology development crystallization, is the social productive forces develops the certain stage inevita bly request Certainly, also has with the integration of machinery related technology very many, and along with the science and te chnology development, the tendency which each kind of technology w ill fuse mutually more and more is obvious, the integration of m achinery technology broad prospects for development more and more will be also bright.论机电一体化的发展现代科学技术的不断发展，极大地推动了不同学科的交叉与渗透，导致了工程领域的技术革命与改造,在机械工程领域，由于微电子技术和计算机技术的迅速发展及其向机械工业的渗透所形成的机电一体化，使机械工业的技术结构、产品机构、功能与构成、生产方式及管理体系发生了巨大变化，使工业生产由“机械电气化”迈入了“机电一体化”为特征的发展阶段。
直流电动机中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文文献：DC Motor CalculationsOverviewNow that we have a good understanding of dc generators, we can begin our study of dc motors. Direct-current motors transform electrical energy into mechanical energy. They drive devices such as hoists, fans, pumps, calendars, punch-presses, and cars. These devices may have a definite torque-speed characteristic (such as a pump or fan) or a highly variable one (such as a hoist or automobile). The torque-speed characteristic of the motor must be adapted to the type of the load it has to drive, and this requirement has given rise to three basic types of motors: 1.Shunt motors 2. Series motors 3. Compound motors Direct-current motors are seldom used in ordinary industrial applications because all electric utility systems furnish alternating current. However, for special applications such as in steel mills, mines, and electric trains, it is sometimes advantageous to transform the alternating current into direct current in order to use dc motors. The reason is that the torque-speed characteristics of dc motors can be varied over a wide range while retaining high efficiency. Today, this general statement can be challenged because the availability of sophisticated electronic drives has made it possible to use alternating current motors for variable speed applications. Nevertheless, there are millions of dc motors still in service and thousands more are being produced every year.Counter-electromotive force (cemf)Direct-current motors are built the same way as generators are; consequently, a dc machine can operate either as a motor or as a generator. To illustrate, consider a dc generator in which the armature, initially at rest, is connected to a dc source E s by means of a switch (Fig. 5.1). The armature has a resistance R, and the magnetic field is created by a set of permanent magnets.As soon as the switch is closed, a large current flows in the armature because its resistance is very low. The individual armature conductors are immediately subjected to a force because they are immersed in the magnetic field created by the permanent magnets. These forces add upto produce a powerful torque, causing the armature to rotate.Figure 5.1 Starting a dc motor across the line.On the other hand, as soon as the armature begins to turn, a second phenomenon takes place: the generator effect. We know that a voltage E o is induced in the armature conductors as soon as they cut a magnetic field (Fig. 5.2). This is always true, no matter what causes the rotation. The value and polarity of the induced voltage are the same as those obtained when the machine operates as a generator. The induced voltage E o is therefore proportional to the speed of rotation n of the motor and to the flux F per pole, as previously given by Eq. 5.1:E o = Zn F/60 (5.1)As in the case of a generator, Z is a constant that depends upon the number of turns on the armature and the type of winding. For lap windings Z is equal to the number of armature conductors.In the case of a motor, the induced voltage E o is called counter-electromotive force (cemf) because its polarity always acts against the source voltage E s. It acts against the voltage in the sense that the net voltage acting in the series circuit of Fig. 5.2 is equal to (E s - Eo) volts and not (E s + E o) volts.Figure 5.2 Counter-electromotive force (cemf) in a dc motor.Acceleration of the motorThe net voltage acting in the armature circuit in Fig. 5.2 is (E s- E o) volts. The resulting armature current /is limited only by the armature resistance R, and soI = (E s- E o)IR (5.2)When the motor is at rest, the induced voltage E o= 0, and so the starting current isI = E s/RThe starting current may be 20 to 30 times greater than the nominal full-load current of the motor. In practice, this would cause the fuses to blow or the circuit-breakers to trip. However, if they are absent, the large forces acting on the armature conductors produce a powerful starting torque and a consequent rapid acceleration of the armature.As the speed increases, the counter-emf E o increases, with the result that the value of (E s—E o)diminishes. It follows from Eq. 5.1 that the armature current / drops progressively as the speed increases.Although the armature current decreases, the motor continues to accelerate until it reaches a definite, maximum speed. At no-load this speed produces a counter-emf E o slightly less than the source voltage E s. In effect, if E o were equal to E s the net voltage (E s—E o) would become zero and so, too, would the current /. The driving forces would cease to act on the armature conductors, and the mechanical drag imposed by the fan and the bearings would immediately cause the motor to slow down. As the speed decreases the net voltage (E s—E o) increases and so does the current /. The speed will cease to fall as soon as the torque developed by the armature current is equal to the load torque. Thus, when a motor runs at no-load, the counter-emf must be slightly less than E s so as to enable a small current to flow, sufficient to produce the required torque.Mechanical power and torqueThe power and torque of a dc motor are two of its most important properties. We now derive two simple equations that enable us to calculate them.1. According to Eq. 5.1 the cemf induced in a lap-wound armature is given byE o = Zn F/60Referring to Fig. 5.2, the electrical power P a supplied to the armature is equal to the supply voltage E s multiplied by the armature current I:P a = E s I (5.3)However, E s is equal to the sum of E o plus the IR drop in the armature:E s = E o + IR (5.4)It follows thatP a= E s I= (E o + IR)I=E o I + I2R (5.5)The I2R term represents heat dissipated in the armature, but the very important term E o I is the electrical power that is converted into mechanical power. The mechanical power of the motor is therefore exactly equal to the product of the cemf multiplied by the armature currentP = E o I (5.6)whereP = mechanical power developed by the motor [W]E o= induced voltage in the armature (cemf) [V]I = total current supplied to the armature [A]2. Turning our attention to torque T, we know that the mechanical power P is given by the expressionP = nT/9.55 (5.7)where n is the speed of rotation.Combining Eqs. 5.7,5.1, and 5.6, we obtainnT/9.55 = E o I= ZnFI/60and soT =Z F I/6.28The torque developed by a lap-wound motor is therefore given by the expressionT =Z F I/6.28 (5.8)whereT = torque [N×m]Z = number of conductors on the armatureF = effective flux per pole [Wb]*/ = armature current [A]6.28 = constant, to take care of units[exact value = 2p]Eq. 5.8shows that we can raise the torque of a motor either by raising the armature current or by raising the flux created by the poles.Speed of rotationWhen a dc motor drives a load between no-load and full-load, the IR drop due to armature resistance is always small compared to the supply voltage E s. This means that the counter-emf E s is very nearly equal to E s.On the other hand, we have already seen that Eo may be expressed by the equationE o = Zn F/60Replacing E o by E s we obtainE s = Zn F/60That is,wheren = speed of rotation [r/min]E s = armature voltage [V]Z = total number of armature conductorsThis important equation shows that the speed of the motor is directly proportional to the armature supply voltage and inversely proportional to the flux per pole. We will now study how this equation is applied.Armature speed controlAccording to Eq. 5.8, if the flux per pole F is kept constant (permanent magnet field or field with fixed excitation), the speed depends only upon the armature voltage E s. By raising or lowering E s the motor speed will rise and fall in proportion.In practice, we can vary E s by connecting the motor armature M to a separately excited variable-voltage dc generator G . The field excitation of the motor is kept constant, but the generator excitation I x can be varied from zero to maximum and even reversed. The generator output voltage E s can therefore be varied from zero to maximum, with either positive or negative polarity. Consequently, the motor speed can be varied from zero to maximum in either direction. Note that the generator is driven by an ac motor connected to a 3-phase line. This method of speed control, known as the Ward-Leonard system, is found in steel mills, high-rise elevators, mines, and paper mills.In modem installations the generator is often replaced by a high-power electronic converter that changes the ac power of the electrical utility to dc, by electronic means.What happens to the dc power received by generator G? When G receives electric power, it operates as a motor, driving its own ac motor as an asynchronous generator!* As a result, ac power is fed back into the line that normally feeds the ac motor. The fact that power can be recovered this way makes the Ward-Leonard system very efficient, and constitutes another of its advantages.Rheostat Speed ControlAnother way to control the speed of a dc motor is to place a rheostat in series with the armature . The current in the rheostat produces a voltage drop which subtracts from the fixed source voltage E s, yielding a smaller supply voltage across the armature. This method enables us to reduce the speed below its nominal speed. It is only recommended for small motors because a lot of power and heat is wasted in the rheostat, and the overall efficiency is low. Furthermore, thespeed regulation is poor, even for a fixed setting of the rheostat. In effect, the IR drop across the rheostat increases as the armature current increases. This produces a substantial drop in speed with increasing mechanical load.中文译文：直流电动机的计算概述现在，我们对直流发电机有一个很好的了解，我们可以开始对直流电动机的研究了。
机电专业英语翻译(中英文一行一行对照翻译)
专业英语(论文)英译汉课题名称机电专业英语学生姓名学号10411044系、年级专业10级机电一班指导教师2013年12月12日Design of StructuralMechanisms结构机制设计Melinda MayA dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophyin the Department of Engineering Science at the University of OxfordSt Hugh’s College牛津大学圣休斯学院工程科学系哲学博士学位论文Trinity Term 20032003年夏季学期Design of Structural Mechanisms结构机制设计Abstract摘要A dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophyin the Department of Engineering Science at the University of OxfordSt Hugh’s College牛津大学圣休斯学院工程科学系哲学博士学位论文Trinity Term 20032003年夏季学期In this dissertation, we explore the possibilities of systematically constructing largestructural mechanisms using existing spatial overconstrained linkages with onlyrevolute joints as basic elements.在这篇论文中，我们探讨利用只以旋转接头为基本元素的现存受空间限制过约束机构来系统地构建大型结构机制的可能性。
The first part of the dissertation is devoted to structural mechanisms (networks) basedon the Bennett linkage, a well-known spatial 4R linkage.该论文的第一部分专注于以贝内特机构为基础的结构机制（网络），一个众所周知的空间4R机构。
(完整版)电机学英文文献翻译
Widespread use in production machines without changing the synchronous speed of motor speed control method Wound Rotor Series Resistance Speed, chopper speed control, cascade control, and application of electromagnetic slip clutch, fluid couplings, clutches and other film speed. Change the synchronous speed of change on the number of stator pole multi-speed motor to change the stator voltage and frequency to frequency conversion with no change to the motor speed and so on.
Energy from the speed point of view when, with high speed method and inefficient methods of two kinds of speed: high speed when the slip refers to the same, so no slip losses, such as multi-speed motors, Slip frequency control and loss can speed recovery methods (such as cascade control, etc.). A deteriorating loss of speed control methods are inefficient speed, such as series resistance of the rotor speed method, the energy loss in the rotor circuit on; Electromagnetic Clutch The speed method, the energy loss in the clutch coils; fluid coupling speed, energy loss in the fluid coupling of the oil. General deterioration in loss increased with the expansion speed range, if not speed range, the energy loss is minimal.
同步电动机外文翻译文献
同步电动机外文翻译文献同步电动机外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Synchronous motorAbstract：In recent decades, with the power electronics, microelectronics technology and the development of modern controltheory, medium and small power motors in the industrial and agricultural production and people's daily lives are very broad application. Particularly in the township enterprises and household electrical appliances, need a large number of medium and small-power motors. Because of this motor development and wide application, its use, maintenance and repair work has become increasingly important，Here are just on the knowledge of synchronous motor1. Principle of operationIn order to understand the principle of operation of a synchronous motor, let us examine what happens if we connect the armature winding (laid out in the stator) of a 3-phase synchronous machine to a suitable balanced 3-phase source and the field winding to a D.C source of appropriate voltage. The current flowing through the field coils will set up stationary magnetic poles of alternate North and South.(for convenience let us assume as alient pole rotor, as shown in Fig. 50). On the other hand, the 3-phase currents flowing in the armature winding produce a rotating magnetic field rotating at synchronous speed. In other words there will be moving North and South poles established in the stator due to the 3-phase currents i.e at any location in the stator there will be a North pole at some instant of time and it will become a South pole after a time period corresponding to half a cycle. (after a time = 1/2f , where f = frequency of the supply). Let us assume that the stationarySouth pole in the rotor is aligned with the North pole in the stator moving in clockwise direction at a particular instant of time, as shown in Fig50. These two poles get attracted and Figure 50: Force of attraction between stator poles and rotor poles - resulting in production of torque in clockwise direction try to maintain this alignment ( as per L enz’s law) and hence the rotor pole tries to follow the stator pole as the conditions are suitable for the production of torque in the clockwise direction. However the rotor can not move instantaneously due to its mechanical inertia, and so it needs sometime to move. In the mean time, the stator pole would quickly (a time duration corresponding to half a cycle) change its polarity and becomes a South pole。
(完整版)电气专业中英文对照翻译毕业设计论文
优秀论文审核通过未经允许切勿外传Chapter 3 Digital Electronics3.1 IntroductionA circuit that employs a numerical signal in its operation is classified as a digital circuitputers,pocket calculators, digital instruments, and numerical control (NC) equipment are common applications of digital circuits. Practically unlimited quantities of digital information can be processed in short periods of time electronically. With operational speed of prime importance in electronics today,digital circuits are used more frequently.In this chapter, digital circuit applications are discussed.There are many types of digital circuits that electronics, including logic circuits, flip-flop circuits, counting circuits, and many others. The first sections of this unit discuss the number systems that are basic to digital circuit understanding. The remainder of the chapter introduces some of the types of digital circuits and explains Boolean algebra as it is applied to logic circuits.3.2 Digital Number SystemsThe most common number system used today is the decimal system,in which 10 digits are used for counting. The number of digits in the systemis called its base (or radix).The decimal system，therefore，the counting process. The largest digit that can be used in a specific place or location is determined by the base of the system. In the decimal system the first position to the left of the decimal point is called the units place. Any digit from 0 to 9 can be used in this place.When number values greater than 9 are used,they must be expressed with two or more places.The next position to the left of the units place in a decimal system is the tens place.The number 99 is the largest digital value that can be expressed by two places in the decimal system.Each place added to the left extends the number system by a power of 10.Any number can be expressed as a sum of weighted place values.The decimal number 2583,for example, is expressed as (2×1000)+(5×100)+(8×10)+(3×1).The decimal number system is commonly used in our daily lives. Electronically, the binary system.Electronically,the value of 0 can be associated with a low-voltage value or no voltage. The number 1 can then be associated with a voltage value larger than 0. Binary systems that use these voltage values are said to , this chapter.The two operational states of a binary system,1 and 0,are natural circuit conditions. When a circuit is turned off or the off, or 0,state. An electrical circuit that the on，or 1,state. By using transistor or ICs，it is electronically possible to change states in less than a microsecond. Electronic devices make it possible to manipulate millions of 0s and is in a second and thus to process information quickly.The basic principles of numbering used in decimal numbers apply ingeneral to binary numbers.The base of the binary system is 2,meaning that only the digits 0 and 1 are used to express place value. The first place to the left of the binary point,or starting point，represents the units，or is,location. Places to the left of the binary point are the powers of 2.Some of the place values in base 2 are 2º=1,2¹=2,2²=4,2³=8,2⁴=16,25=32,and 26=64.When bases other than 10 are used,the numbers should example.The number 100₂(read“one,zero,zero, base 2”)is equivalent to 4 in base 10,or 410.Starting with the first digit to the left of the binary point,this number this method of conversion a binary number to an equivalent decimal number，write down the binary number first. Starting at the binary point，indicate the decimal equivalent for each binary place location where a 1 is indicated. For each 0 in the binary number leave a blank space or indicate a 0 ' Add the place values and then record the decimal equivalent.The conversion of a decimal number to a binary equivalent is achieved by repetitive steps of division by the number 2.When the quotient is even with no remainder,a 0 is recorded.When the quotient process continues until the quotient is 0.The binary equivalent consists of the remainder values in the order last to first.3.2.2 Binary-coded Decimal (BCD) Number SystemWhen large numbers are indicated by binary numbers，they are difficult to use. For this reason，the Binary-Coded Decimal(BCD) method of counting was devised. In this system four binary digits are used to represent each decimal digit.To illustrate this procedure，the number 105，is converted to a BCD number.In binary numbers，To apply the BCD conversion process，the base 10 number is first divided into digits according to place values.The number 10510 gives the digits 1-0-5.Converting each displayed by this process with only 12 binary numbers. The between each group of digits is important when displaying BCD numbers.The largest digit to be displayed by any group of BCD numbers is 9.Six digits of a number-coding group are not used at all in this system.Because of this, the octal (base 8) and the binary form but usually display them in BCD,octal,or a base 8 system is 7. The place values starting at the left of the octal point are the powers of eight: 80=1,81=8,82=64,83=512,84=4096,and so on.The process of converting an octal number to a decimal number is the same as that used in the binary-to-decimal conversion process. In this method, equivalent decimal is 25810.Converting an octal number to an equivalent binary number is similar to the BCD conversion process. The octal number is first divided into digits according to place value. Each octal digit is then converted into an equivalent binary number using only three digits.Converting a decimal number to an octal number is a process of repetitive division by the number 8.After the quotient determined，the remainder is brought down as the place value.When the quotient is even with no remainder，a 0 is transferred to the place position.The number for converting 409810 to base 8 is 100028.Converting a binary number to an octal number is an importantconversion process of digital circuits. Binary numbers are first processed at a very output circuit then accepts this signal and converts it to an octal signal displayed on a readout device.must first be divided into groups of three，starting at the octal point.Each binary group is then converted into an equivalent octal number.These numbers are then combined，while remaining in their same respective places，to represent the equivalent octal number.3.2.4 Hexadecimal Number SystemThe digital systems to process large number values.The base of this system is 16，which means that the largest number used in a place is 15.Digits used by this system are the numbers 0-9 and the letters A-F. The letters A-P are used to denote the digits 10-15，respectively. The place values to the left of the .The process of changing a proper digital order.The place values，or powers of the base，are then positioned under the respective digits in step 2.In step 3，the value of each digit is recorded. The values in steps 2 and 3 are then multiplied together and added. The sum gives the decimal equivalent value of a . Initially，the converted to a binary number using four digits per group. The binary group is combined to form the equivalent binary number.The conversion of a decimal number to a ，as with other number systems. In this procedure the division is by 16 and remainders can be as large as 15.Converting a binary number to a groups of four digits，starting at the converted to a digital circuit-design applications binary signals arefar superior to those of the octal，decimal，or be processed very easily through electronic circuitry，since they can be represented by two stable states of operation. These states can be easily defined as on or off, 1 or 0，up or down，voltage or no voltage，right or left，or any other two-condition states. There must be no in-between state.The symbols used to define the operational state of a binary system are very important.In positive binary logic，the state of voltage，on，true，or a letter designation (such as A ) is used to denote the operational state 1 .No voltage，off，false，and the letter A are commonly used to denote the 0 condition. A circuit can be set to either state and will remain in that state until it is caused to change conditions.Any electronic device that can be set in one of two operational states or conditions by an outside signal is said to be bistable. Relays，lamps，switches，transistors, diodes and ICs may be used for this purpose. A bistable device .By using many of these devices，it is possible to build an electronic circuit that will make decisions based upon the applied input signals. The output of this circuit is a decision based upon the operational conditions of the input. Since the application of bistable devices in digital circuits makes logical decisions，they are commonly called binary logic circuits.If we were to draw a circuit diagram for such a system，including all the resistors，diodes，transistors and interconnections，we would face an overwhelming task, and an unnecessary one.Anyone who read the circuit diagram would in their mind group the components into standard circuits and think in terms of the" system" functions of the individual gates. Forthis reason，we design and draw digital circuit with standard logic symbols. Three basic circuits of this type are used to make simple logic decisions.These are the AND circuit, OR circuit, and the NOT circuit.Electronic circuits designed to perform logic functions are called gates.This term refers to the capability of a circuit to pass or block specific digital signals.The logic-gate symbols are shown in Fig.3-1.The small circle at the output of NOT gate indicates the inversion of the signal. Mathematically，this action is described as A=.Thus without the small circle，the rectangle would represent an amplifier (or buffer) with a gain of unity.An AND gate the 1 state simultaneously，then there will be a 1 at the output.The AND gate in Fig. 3-1 produces only a 1 out-put when A and B are both 1. Mathematically，this action is described as A·B=C. This expression shows the multiplication operation. An OR gate Fig.3-1 produces a when either or both inputs are l.Mathematically，this action is described as A+B=C. This expression shows OR addition. This gate is used to make logic decisions of whether or not a 1 appears at either input.An IF-THEN type of sentence is often used to describe the basic operation of a logic state.For example，if the inputs applied to an AND gate are all 1，then the output will be 1 .If a 1 is applied to any input of an OR gate，then the output will be 1 .If an input is applied to a NOT gate，then the output will be the opposite or inverse.The logic gate symbols in Fig. 3-1 show only the input and output connections. The actual gates，when wired into a digital circuit, would pin 14 and 7.3.4 Combination Logic GatesWhen a NOT gate is combined with an AND gate or an OR gate，it iscalled a combination logic gate. A NOT-AND gate is called a NAND gate，which is an inverted AND gate. Mathematically the operation of a NAND gate is A·B=. A combination NOT-OR ，or NOR，gate produces a negation of the OR function.Mathematically the operation of a NOR gate is A+B=.A 1 appears at the output only when A is 0 and B is 0.The logic symbols are shown in Fig. 3-3.The bar over C denotes the inversion，or negative function，of the gate.The logic gates discussed .In actual digital electronic applications，solid-state components are ordinarily used to accomplish gate functions.Boolean algebra is a special form of algebra that was designed to show the relationships of logic operations.Thin form of algebra is ideally suited for analysis and design of binary logic systems.Through the use of Boolean algebra，it is possible to write mathematical expressions that describe specific logic functions.Boolean expressions are more meaningful than complex word statements or or elaborate truth tables.The laws that apply to Boolean algebra are used to simplify complex expressions. Through this type of operation it may be possible to reduce the number of logic gates needed to achieve a specific function before the circuits are designed.In Boolean algebra the variables of an equation are assigned by letters of the alphabet.Each variable then exists in states of 1 or 0 according to its condition.The 1，or true state，is normally represented by a single letter such as A，B or C.The opposite state or condition is then described as 0，or false，and is represented by or A’.This is described as NOT A，A negated，or A complemented.Boolean algebra is somewhat different from conventional algebra withrespect to mathematical operations.The Boolean operations are expressed as follows:Multiplication:A AND B，AB，,A·BOR addition:A OR B .A+BNegation，or complementing:NOT A，，A’Assume that a digital logic circuit only C is on by itself or when A，B and C are all on expression describes the desired output. Eight (23) different combinations of A，B，and C exist in this expression because there are three，inputs. Only two of those combinations should cause a signal that will actuate the output. When a variable is not on (0)，it is expressed as a negated letter. The original statement is expressed as follows: With A，B，and C on or with A off, B off, and C on ，an output (X）will occur:ABC+C=XA truth table illustrates if this expression is achieved or not.Table 3-1 shows a truth table for this equation. First，ABC is determined by multiplying the three inputs together.A 1 appears only when the A，B，and C inputs are all 1.Next the negated inputs A andB are determined.Then the products of inputs C，A，and B are listed.The next column shows the addition of ABC and C.The output of this equation shows that output 1 is produced only when C is 1 or when ABC is 1.A logic circuit to accomplish this Boolean expression is shown in Fig. 3-4.Initially the equation is analyzed to determine its primary operational function.Step1 shows the original equation.The primary function is addition，since it influences all parts of the equation in some way.Step 2 shows the primary function changed to a logic gate diagram.Step 3 showsthe branch parts of the equation expressed by logic diagram，with AND gates used to combine terms.Step 4 completes the process by connecting all inputs together.The circles at inputs，of the lower AND gate are used to achieve the negative function of these branch parts.The general rules for changing a Boolean equation into a logic circuit diagram are very similar to those outlined.Initially the original equation must be analyzed for its primary mathematical function.This is then changed into a gate diagram that is inputted by branch parts of the equation.Each branch operation is then analyzed and expressed in gate form.The process continues until all branches are completely expressed in diagram formmon inputs are then connected together.3.5 Timing and Storage ElementsDigital electronics involves a number of items that are not classified as gates.Circuits or devices of this type the operation of a system.Included in this system are such things as timing devices，storage elements，counters，decoders，memory，and registers.Truth tables symbols，operational characteristics，and applications of these items will be presented an IC chip. The internal construction of the chip cannot be effectively altered. Operation is controlled by the application of an external signal to the input. As a rule，very little work can be done to control operation other than altering the input signal.The logic circuits in Fig. 3-4 are combinational circuit because the output responds immediately to the inputs and there is no memory. When memory is a part of a logic circuit，the system is called sequential circuit because its output depends on the input plus its an input signal isapplied.A bistable multivibrator，in the strict sense，is a flip-flop. When it is turned on，it assumes a particular operational state. It does not change states until the input is altered.A flip-flop opposite polarity.Two inputs are usually needed to alter the state of a flip-flop. A variety of names are used for the inputs.These vary a great deal between different flip-flops.1. R-S flip-flopsFig.3-5 shows logic circuit construction of an R-S flip-flop. It is constructed from two NAND gates. The output of each NAND provides one of the inputs for the other NAND. R stands for the reset input and S represents the set input.The truth table and logic symbol are shown in Fig. 3-6.Notice that the truth table is somewhat more complex than that of a gate. It shows, for example，the applied input, previous output，and resulting output.To understand the operation of an R-S flip-flop，we must first look at the previous outputs.This is the status of the output before a change is applied to the input. The first four items of the previous outputs are Q=1 and =0. The second four states this case of the input to NANDS is 0 and that is 0，which implies that both inputs to NANDR are 1.By symmetry，the logic circuit will also stable with Q0 and 1.If now R momentarily becomes 0，the output of NANDR，，will rise to resulting in NANDS be realized by a 0 at S.The outputs Q and are unpredictable when the inputs R and S are 0 states.This case is not allowed.Seldom would individual gates be used to construct a flip-flop，rather than one of the special types for the flip-flop packages on a single chipwould be used by a designer.A variety of different flip-flops are used in digital electronic systems today. In general，each flip-flop type R-S-T flip-flop for example .is a triggered R-S flip-flop. It will not change states when the R and S inputs assume a value until a trigger pulse is applied. This would permit a large number of flip-flops to change states all at the same time. Fig. 3-7 shows the logic circuit construction. The truth table and logic symbol are shown in Fig. 3-8. The R and S input are thus active when the signal at the gate input (T) is 1 .Normally，such timing，or synchronizing，signals are distributed throughout a digital system by clock pulses，as shown in Fig. 3-9.The symmetrical clock signal provides two times each period.The circuit can be designed to trigger at the leading or trailing edge of the clock. The logic symbols for edge trigger flip-flops are shown in Fig.3-10.2. J-K flip-flopsAnother very important flip-flop unpredictable output state. The J and K inputs addition to this，J-K flip-flops may employ preset and preclear functions. This is used to establish sequential timing operations. Fig.3-11 shows the logic symbol and truth table of a J-K flip-flop.3. 5. 2 CountersA flip-flop be used in switching operations，and it can count pulses.A series of interconnected flip-flops is generally called a register.Each register can store one binary digit or bit of data. Several flip-flops connected form a counter. Counting is a fundamental digital electronic function.For an electronic circuit to count，a number of things must beachieved. Basically，the circuit must be supplied with some form of data or information that is suitable for processing. Typically，electrical pulses that turn on and off are applied to the input of a counter. These pulses must initiate a state change in the circuit when they are received. The circuit must also be able to recognize where it is in counting sequence at any particular time. This requires some form of memory. The counter must also be able to respond to the next number in the sequence. In digital electronic systems flip-flops are primarily used to achieve counting. This type of device is capable of changing states when a pulse is applied，output pulse.There are several types of counters used in digital circuitry today.Probably the most common of these is the binary counter.This particular counter is designed to process two-state or binary information. J-K flip-flops are commonly used in binary counters.Refer now to the single J-K flip-flop of Fig. 3-11 .In its toggle state，this flip-flop is capable of achieving counting. First，assume that the flip-flop is in its reset state. This would cause Q to be 0 and Q to be 1 .Normally，we are concerned only with Q output in counting operations. The flip-flop is now connected for operation in the toggle mode. J and K must both be made the 1 state. When a pulse is applied to the T，or clock，input，Q changes to 1.This means that with one pulse applied，a 1 is generated in the output. The flip-flop the next pulse arrives，Q resets，or changes to 0. Essentially，this means that two input pulses produce only one output pulse. This is a divide-by-two function.For binary numbers，counting is achieved by a number of divide-by-two flip-flops.To count more than one pulse，additional flip-flops must be employed. For each flip-flop added to the counter，its capacity is increased by the power of 2. With one flip-flop the maximum count was 20，or 1 .For two flip-flops it would count two places，such as 20 and 21.This would reach a count of 3 or a binary number of 11.The count would be 00，01，10，and 11. The counter would then clear and return to 00. In effect, this counts four state changes. Three flip-flops would count three places，or 20，21，and 22.This would permit a total count of eight state changes.The binary values are 000，001，010，011，100，101，110 and 111.The maximum count is seven，or 111 .Four flip-flops would count four places，or 20，21，22，and 23.The total count would make 16 state changes. The maximum count would be 15，or the binary number 1111.Each additional flip-flop would cause this to increase one binary place.河南理工大学电气工程及其自动化专业中英双语对照翻译。
【精品毕设】机电专业论文英文文献及其中文译文
毕业论文外文文献翻译译文题目:INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY外文资料翻译资料来源：文章名：INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY 《Digital Image Processing》书刊名：作者：Y. Torres J. J. Pavón I. Nieto and J. A.Rodríguez章节：2.4 INTEGRATION OF MACHINERYINTEGRATION OF MACHINERY （From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACT Machinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable resultthis article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outlineand the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration ofmachinery technology present situation has analyzed the integration of machinerytechnology trend of development. Key word：integration of machinery ，technology，present situation ，productt，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development 0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development impelleddifferent discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage has caused the projectdomain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineeringdomain because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapiddevelopment and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinerycaused the mechanical industry the technical structure the product organizationthe function and the constitution the production method and the management systemhas had the huge change caused the industrial production to enter into quottheintegration of machineryquot by quotthe machinery electrificationquot for the characteristicdevelopment phase. 1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in theorganization new owner function the power function in the information processingfunction and the control function introduces the electronic technology unifies thesystem the mechanism and the computerization design and the software whichconstitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has becomeone to have until now own system new discipline not only develops along with thescience and technology but also entrusts with the new content .But its basiccharacteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from thesystem viewpoint synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanicaltechnology microelectronic technology automatic control technology computertechnology information technology sensing observation and control technologyelectric power electronic technology connection technology information conversiontechnology as well as software programming technology according to the systemfunction goal and the optimized organization goal reasonable disposition and thelayout various functions unit in multi-purpose high grade redundant reliable inthe low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value andcauses the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From thisproduces functional system then becomes an integration of machinery systematic orthe integration of machinery product. Therefore quotintegration of machineryquot coveringquottechnologyquot and quotproductquot two aspects .Only is the integration of machinerytechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind ofcomprehensivetechnology but is not mechanical technical the microelectronictechnology as well as other new technical simple combination pieces together .Thisis the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrificationwhich the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanicalengineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machineryelectrification still was the traditional machinery its main function still wasreplaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integrationof machinery micro electron installment besides may substitute for certainmechanical parts the original function but also can entrust with many new functionslike the automatic detection the automatic reduction information demonstrate therecord the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protectionautomatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product ishumans hand and body extending humans sense organ and the brains look has theintellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machineryelectrification distinguishes in the function essence. 2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinerydevelopment may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60s before for the firststage this stage is called the initial stage .In this time the people determinationnot on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement toconsummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World Warperiod the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technologyunion these mechanical and electrical union military technology postwar transferscivilly to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and thedevelopment at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yetachieved certain level mechanical technical and electronic technology union alsonot impossible widespread and thorough development already developed the productwas also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 7080 ages for the second stagemay be called the vigorous development stage .This time the computer technologythe control technology the communication development has laid the technology basefor the integration of machinery development . Large-scale ultra large scaleintegrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development has provided thefull material base for the integration of machinery development .This timecharacteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japanprobably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in theworldwide scale ②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtainedthe enormous development ③The various countries start to the integration ofmachinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support.1990s later periods started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction the integrationof machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time optics thecommunication and so on entered the integration of machinery processes thetechnology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the footappeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machineryand so on the new branch On the other hand to the integration ofmachinery systemmodeling design the analysis and the integrated method the integration ofmachinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted thethorough research .At the same time because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology neural networktechnology and optical fiber technology obtain opened the development vast worldfor the integration of machinery technology .These research will urge theintegration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and formsthe integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts fromthe beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilhad been established the integration of machinery leading group and lists as quot863plansquot this technology .When formulated quot95quot the plan and in 2010 developed thesummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possiblybrought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities colleges and institutes the development facility and somelarge and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technicaldevelopment and the application does not yield certain result but and so on theadvanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity. 3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery arethe collection machinery the electron optics the control the computer theinformation and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses its developmentand the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and theprogress .Therefore the integration of machinery main development direction is asfollows: 3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration ofmachinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machineryconstructors research takes the robot and the numerical control engine bedintellectualization is the important application .Here said quottheintellectualizationquot is to the machine behavior description is in the control theoryfoundation the absorption artificial intelligence the operations research thecomputer science the fuzzy mathematics the psychology the physiology and the chaosdynamics and so on the new thought the new method simulate the human intelligenceenable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference logical thinkingindependent decision-making obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeedenable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identicalintelligence is not impossible also is nonessential .But the high performancethe high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to havepreliminary intelligent or humans partial intelligences then is completelypossible and essential. In the modern manufacture process the information has become the controlmanufacture industry the determining factor moreover is the most active actuationfactor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become themodern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacturesystem information organization and structure multi-level makes the information thegain the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character informationmeasuremulti-dimensional as well as information organizations multi-level .In themanufacture information structural model manufacture information uniform restraintdissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledgelibrary management all also wait for further break through. Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence methodpromoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespreadapplication .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computationintelligent agent in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technologyreceives the more and more universal attention hopefully completes the combinationoptimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solutionprecision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .Themanufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch the intelligentdesign the intelligent processing the robot study the intelligent control theintelligent craft plan the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough may form the product innovation the basicresearch system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science differentscience overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation the economicaldevelopment and societys progress has had the new request and the expectation tothe science and technology thus will form the front science .The front science alsohas solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front sciencehas the obvious time domain the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The projectfront science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristicis it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actualappeared. Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system for satisfies the manufacturesystem agility the fast response and fast reorganization ability must profit fromthe information science the life sciences and the social sciences and so on themulti-disciplinary research results the exploration manufacture system newarchitecture the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effectiveoperational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structureand the good movement condition is makes the system modeling the simulation andthe optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture tomakes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand responseability to have the vital significance moreover to made the enterprise first floorproduction equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set ahigher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced themanufacture system satisfies the manufacture system new request. The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated systemfrom the biological phenomenon is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut tocracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to livingwhat manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organizationfrom match more from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulatemode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process. The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under continuously by ones ownperfect raise on organizing structure and circulating modeand thus to adapt theprocess ofwith ability for the environment .For from descend but the last productproceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born producesystem of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tendautomatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science andlife science ofquotthe far good luck is miscellaneous to hand overquot it will produceto the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。
同步电动机外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Always magnetic belt synchro motor direct torque control system IntroductionSynchronous motors are widely used in industrial production due to their high power factor, high operating efficiency, good stability, and constant speed. Familiar with the starting failure of the synchronous motor and troubleshooting in time has important significance for the motor itself and the production system. In order to troubleshoot faults and handle faults in a timely and accurate manner, detailed analysis of common faults in synchronous motors must be performed.1 - Common Faults1.1 The synchronous motor cannot start after being energizedThere are generally several reasons why a synchronous motor cannot run after it is started:(1) The power supply voltage is too low. Since the starting torque of the synchronous motor is proportional to the square of the voltage, if the voltage of the power supply is too low, the starting torque of the synchronous motor will drop drastically and be lower than the load torque, thus failing to start. Therefore, the power supply voltage must be increased to increase the motor's power. Starting torque.(2) Failure of the motor itself Check the motor stator windings for short-circuit, open circuit, open-welding and poor connection. These faults will make the motor unable to establish the rated magnetic field strength, so that the motor can not start; check the motor Whether the bearing is damaged or not, if there is looseness of the end cap, if the bearing is damaged, the end cap loosens, the bearing sinks, and the stator core rubs, causing the motor to fail to start. If the rotor malfunctions, the low-pressure rocking table can be used to find the fault situation point by point. Take corresponding treatment methods; In the case of loose bearings and end caps, each time before driving, it is necessary to turn the car to see if the rotation of the motor rotor is flexible. If the bearing or the bearing bush is damaged, it must be replaced in time.(3) Failure of the control device. Such failures are mostly caused by improper adjustment or no output of the DC output voltage of the excitation winding, resulting in excessive stator current of the motor, resulting in over-current operation of the motor or loss of operation of the motor. At this point should check the excitation device output voltage and current waveform and whether it is normal, whether the fuse is blown, poor contact; circuit board plug is inserted firmly or aligned; check the loop resistance, the magnet thyristor is burned or broken down.(4) Mechanical failure. If the mechanical device being dragged gets stuck, causing the motor to fail to start, the rotor of the motor should beturned to see if the rotation is flexible and if the mechanical load is faulty.1.2 Synchronous motors cannot be brought into synchronization.Synchronous motor commonly used asynchronous starting method, in the motor rotor speed reached 95% synchronous speed when the excitation, so that it can be pulled into the synchronous synchronous motor can not pull into the following reasons:(1) The excitation winding is short-circuited. Due to the excitation winding, there is a short-circuit fault, so it is not possible to generate a rated magnetic field strength, resulting in that the motor can only operate stably below the synchronous speed and cannot be brought into synchronization. Look for a short circuit in the field winding. A low voltage (approximately 30 V) can be applied to the rotor lead-out. A manual hacksaw blade is placed on the pole face and the poles are checked one by one. If the hacksaw vibrates violently on the pole face, the pole is not Short-circuit, if the saw blade is vibrating or not vibrating, this pole is short-circuited and removed. After this magnetic pole, check the point of failure, which is the degree of short circuit, take partial repair or rewind.(2) The power supply voltage is too low. If the power supply voltage is too low, the strong excitation link of the excitation device cannot be operated, so that the motor cannot pull in synchronization. The specific method is to appropriately increase the power supply voltage.(3) Excitation device failure. If the excitation is too early (that is, when the excitation is applied, the rotor speed of the motor is too low), the motor cannot be brought into synchronization. At this time, it is necessary to check if there is a failure in the excitation section. If the excitation device is faulty and the output current is lower than the rated value, the electromagnetic torque of the motor is too small to pull in synchronization. At this time, the excitation and phase-shifting steps of the excitation device should be carefully checked, and the oscilloscope should be used to check the excitation. The waveform of phase-shifting phase should also check whether the degaussing thyristor is found to be normal or not, and deal with it in time. If it cannot be processed in time, the spare circuit board should be replaced in order to recover quickly.1.3 brushes and pressure springs, slip ring failure.Short brush and insufficient spring pressure cause poor contact between brush and slip ring, resulting in sparks or arcs. On the other hand, an arc or spark may cause short circuit, and on the other hand, the arc may be burnt shorter. Caused by open circuit, excitation device only excitation voltage and no excitation current; compression spring aging failure, making brush and slip ring contact is bad, thus affecting the start of the motor; collector ring surface with grease, streaks or groove marks This will cause poor contact between the brushes and the slip ring, causing sparks. The sparks will further burn the slip ring and cause ashort circuit to the ground, which will affect the starting of the motor. For the surface of the collector ring, grease can be scrubbed with acetone; for thin traces, sanding the ring repeatedly with sandpaper, the ring surface roughness R1.6um, such as groove marks obviously need to lathe processing, turning, cutting The quantity should be 1mm each time. When the turning speed is controlled at 1 -1.5m / s, the roughness reaches R1.5-1.8um, and the difference does not exceed 0.05mm. Finally it is polished 2-3 times with sandpaper.1.4 Damper winding failure.The damper winding of the synchronous motor rotor is used for starting the synchronous motor, and the out-of-step oscillation caused by the load change during operation is eliminated at the same time. In the process of starting the synchronous motor, the damper winding cuts the rotating magnetic field of the stator and induces a large starting current. Such a large current will inevitably cause the thermal expansion of the damper strip. Under normal circumstances, since the starting time is short, the damper winding will cool soon after being started. However, if the motor is stalled, the phase is missing, and the starting time is too long, failure to stop it in time will cause the stripping of the damper strip to be broken. The damper winding is a weak link in the synchronous motor components. Common faults in the damper winding Have:. Damping strip welding, fracture, discharge between the damping ring fire, severedeformation of the damping ring will affect the start of the synchronous motor. The damper strips are stripped, the silver-copper welding rods are used, and the gas welding is used. After the motor pulls the heart, the rotor is heated to 200 degrees Celsius in the oven. After removal, the rotor is placed vertically, and the welding temperature of 750 degrees Celsius is used to damp the strips and damping. All gaps between the rings are fully welded and then the welding slag is removed. For the broken damping strips, after removing the original damping strips, materials of the same material are selected. After the damping strips are installed, the welding method is used. Damping ring fire, mainly caused by poor contact between the damping ring or contact area is not enough. The deformation of the damping ring is mainly due to the fact that the damping strip is not fixed in the groove. In the welding, the damping strip is inserted into the damping ring hole. The additional stress after welding is caused by the insufficient strength of the damping ring. The treatment method is to loosen all the damping rings. Connecting bolts, for the deformation of the damping ring, heated by gas welding with a special fixture leveling, replacement of the new damping ring for serious deformation.2 example analysisExample 1 A synchronous motor uses an asynchronous starting method, but it is difficult to pull in the excitation current aftersynchronization.For the above situation, after shutdown, first check the power supply voltage is normal, and then use a multimeter and an oscilloscope to carefully check the excitation device, excitation voltage, current is normal, and finally is suspected of excitation winding short circuit. According to the method given in the previous paragraph, a low voltage (about 30V) can be applied to the rotor lead-out wire, a manual hacksaw blade is placed on the pole face, and the magnetic poles are inspected one by one, and it is found that the saw blade is slightly vibrated or not, indicating that the magnetic pole is short-circuited. After removing the magnetic pole, check with a rocker to confirm that the pole winding is short-circuited. After further inspection, it was found that the outer layers of the two layers were damaged by insulation. The coils were placed in an oven and heated to 150 degrees Celsius to soften the insulation between the turns. Gently pick up copper at the short-circuit and use 0.03 mm epoxy glass cloth. Pad into the board, then brush a layer of 1032 paint, placed in the oven by baking dry, and finally brush a layer of 183 insulating paint, install the magnetic pole. After the motor is assembled and started, it is synchronised smoothly.Example 2 When a synchronous motor was started at a certain factory, it was mechanically stuck and the start-up time was too long. It did not stop in time. When it was restarted, the damping ring wasdischarged. Some damping strips and damping rings are off for the above situation. Open the motor end box and check the reason why the damping ring is welded to small welding. The motor is divided into six-pole solid poles. Frequent starting due to heavy loads, damping strips have been used in the past and fractured. , Damping ring serious deformation failure, take repair welding, replace the broken damper, replace the damping ring and other measures. If the same treatment is used this time, the fault cannot be fully resolved. Considering that the damper ring has a monolithic structure, the large current flows through the heat and swells severely. However, when the solid magnetic pole is restarted, only the surface of the magnetic shoe heats up, the expansion is small, and the degree of expansion between the damper ring and the damper ring is different. Between the relative displacement and thermal stress, resulting in a serious deformation of the damping ring, such as off the welding failure. In order to overcome this defect, the damping ring is modified in this time. The damping ring is cut into 6-section fan-shaped rings. Drill holes at both ends of each ring to form a segmented damping ring. This eliminates the entire ring. The resulting internal stress and thermal stress.3 ConclusionWhen the synchronous motor fails, it is necessary to carefully analyze the possible causes and gradually eliminate it. If necessary, check the relevant materials, learn from experience, and propose improvementmeasures. Analysis of motor faults requires not only solid theoretical knowledge and extensive maintenance experience, but also specific failures, careful consideration, and courage to innovate to ensure that the fault-eliminated motor can operate stably for a long period of time.中文译文永磁同步电动机直接转矩控制系统引言同步电动机由于具有功率因数高，运行效率高，稳定性好，转速恒定等优点，被广泛应用于工业生产中。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
The three-phase induction motor speed control methodThree-phase asynchronous motor speed formula: N = 60f / p (1-s) Can be seen from the above formula, change the power supply frequency f, motor pole number p and the slip s may be too much to change the speed of purpose. From the speed of the essence of view, is simply a different way to change speed synchronous AC motor does not change the sync transfer speed or two.Widespread use in production machines without changing the synchronous speed of motor speed control method Wound Rotor Series Resistance Speed, chopper speed control, cascade control, and application of electromagnetic slip clutch, fluid couplings, clutches and other film speed. Change the synchronous speed of change on the number of stator pole multi-speed motor to change the stator voltage and frequency to frequency conversion with no change to the motor speed and so on.Energy from the speed point of view when, with high speed method and inefficient methods of two kinds of speed: high speed when the slip refers to the same, so no slip losses, such as multi-speed motors, Slip frequency control and loss can speed recovery methods (such as cascade control, etc.). A deteriorating loss of speed control methods are inefficient speed, such as series resistance of the rotor speed method, the energy loss in the rotor circuit on; Electromagnetic Clutch The speed method, the energy loss in the clutch coils; fluid coupling speed, energy loss in the fluid coupling of the oil. General deterioration in loss increased with the expansion speed range, if not speed range, the energy loss is minimal.1, variable speed control method of pole pairsThis speed is then used to change the stator winding way to change the red cage motor stator pole pairs to achieve speed control purposes, the followingfeaturesWith hard mechanical properties, good stability;No slip loss, high efficiency; Wiring simple, easy to control, low price;A level speed, differential large, can not get smooth speed control;With pressure and speed adjustment, with the use of electromagnetic slip clutch,smooth and efficient access to high speed characteristics.This method is suitable for the production does not require variable speed machinery, such as metal cutting machine Bed , Lift , Lifting equipment, Fans Water Pump And so on.2, Frequency Control Method Frequency control is to change the motor stator Power supply Frequency, thus changing the speed of its synchronous speed method. Frequency control system main equipment is to provide variable frequency power supply Inverter , Inverter can be divided into AC - DC - AC inverter and AC - AC converter two categories, most of the current domestic use of AC - DC - AC inverter. Its characteristicsHighefficiency, speed the process without additional loss;Wide range of applications, can be used for cage induction motor;Speed range, features a hard, high accuracy;Technical complexity, high cost, difficult maintenance and overhaul.This method is suitable for the high accuracy, good speed performance occasions.3, cascade control method Cascade control is wound into the rotor circuit in the series of additional potential can be adjusted to change the motor's slip, to achieve speed control purposes. Most of the deterioration in power to be in series with the added potential absorbed, re-use generate additional devices to absorb the deterioration in power to return power to use or conversion of energy. Slip-power absorption under way, cascade control can be divided into Motor Cascade control, mechanical and thyristor cascade control cascade control, and multi-use cascade control thyristor, characterized byCan speed the process of deterioration in loss of feedback to the network or productionmachinery, more efficient;Installed capacity and speed range in direct proportion to investment, applicable speed range 70% -90% rated speed of production machinery;peed device failure can switch to full speed, to avoid the cut-off;Thyristor cascade speed low power factor, harmonics greater impact.This method is suitable for fans, pumps and rolling mills, mine hoist, extrusion machines.4, wound rotor motor speed control method of Series ResistanceWound Rotor Motor additional resistance in series, so that the motor slip up, motor running at low speed. The greater the resistance in series, the motor speed is lower. This method is simple, easy to control, but deteriorate the power consumption in the form of heat in the resistor. Is a class speed, soft mechanical properties.5, the stator pressure and speed adjustment methodStator voltage when changing the motor, you can get a different set of mechanical properties of curves, which were different speeds. Since the motor torque and voltage proportional to the square, the largest decline in a lot of torque, speed range of its small cage motors in general and difficult to apply. In order to expand the speed range, pressure and speed adjustment should be larger rotor resistance value cage motors, such as dedicated voltage regulator with speed torque motor, or series wound motor frequency sensitive resistors. In order to expand the range of stable operation, when the speed of 2:1 or more occasions in the feedback control should be adopted to achieve the purpose of automatic adjustment of speed.Pressure and speed adjustment is a key device to provide power supply voltage, the current way of a tandem common saturation voltage regulator Reactor , Auto Transformer And several other Thyristor Surge. Thyristor Surge is the best way. Adjusting Speed featuresPressure and speed adjustment circuit is simple, easy to realize automatic control;Poor power surge process to heat transfer in the rotor resistance in the form of consumption, low efficiency.Pressure and speed adjustment generally applies to 100KW below production machinery.6.electromagnetic speed regulating motor speed control method of electromagneticspeed regulating electric motor squirrel cage motor, electric slip clutch and DC excitation power supply (Controller) consists of three parts. DC excitation power small, usually consisting of single phase half-wave or full wave rectifiers thyristors composition, change thyristor conduction angle, you can change the magnetizing current size.Electromagnetic slip clutch armature, poles and excitation windings composed of three parts. Armature and the latter has no mechanical contact, are free to rotate. Armature motor coaxial connection active part, driven by motors; docking with the load axis magnetic pole coupling from the moving parts. When the armature poles are at rest, such as excitation windings for DC, along the circumferential surface will form a number of air gap on the n, s, of alternating polarity poles, the magnetic flux through the armature. Dang electric armature with drag motor rotating Shi, due to electric armature and pole between relative movement, and makes electric armature induction produced Eddy, this Eddy and magnetic pass mutual role produced go moments, led has pole of rotor by same direction rotating, but its speed constant below electric armature of speed N1, this is a go difference adjustable speed way, changes go difference clutch device of DC Lai magnetic current, will can change clutch device of output go moments and speed. Characteristics of electromagnetic speed regulating motor speed:appliances, structure and control circuit is simple, reliable operation, easymaintenance; speed and smooth, stepless speed regulationthe power network harmonic effects;lost speed, low efficiency.This method applies to medium and small power, requires low speed when the smooth, short run production machinery.7. the hydraulic coupler speed regulating hydraulic Coupler is a device for hydraulic drive, is made up of the pump and turbine, they collectively work wheels, placed in a sealed case. Shell filled with a certain amount of working fluid, when pump is impulse driven by rotation, in which liquid propelled by blades which rotate, and under the action of centrifugal force along the outer wheels when entering the turbine pump, to thrust to the turbine blades on the same turn, make it drive production machinery running. Power transfer capacity of the hydraulic coupler and shell filled with fluid volume sizes are consistent. In the course of work, changing the filling rate can change the coupler of turbine speed, stepless speed regulation, characterized by:power scope, can meet the needs of from a couple of different power 10-kilowattto shuqianqian;simple structure, reliable performance, easy to operation and maintenance, andlow cost;small size, capacity;easy to adjust, easy to fulfill automatic control.This method applies to the speed of the fan and water pump.三相异步电动机的几种调速方式三相异步电动机转速公式为：n=60f/p(1-s)从上式可见，改变供电频率f、电动机的极对数p及转差率s均可太到改变转速的目的。