高考英语必读非谓语动词不定式

非谓语动词（三）——不定式

（一）动词不定式：

动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”。

1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。

语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式

主动to build to have built to be building to have been building 被动to be build to have been build

2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：

1）It is good to help each other.

2）To help each other is good.

3）I don’t think it right to do it that way.

4）You are old enough to take care of yourself now.

5）My job is to drive them to the power station every day.

6）She wishes to be a musician.；

7）I am determined to give up smoking.；

8）Can you give us some advice on what to do next?

9）Tell the children not to play on the street.

10）Every morning he gets up very early to read English.

11）We hurried to the classroom only to find none there .

注意：

1. A 下列词语常不定式作宾语：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。

B. 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:

tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain…

1)He taught us how to use the tool.

2)No one could tell me where to get the book.

2. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, watch, look at ,hear, listen to ,have, make, let, feel ,

observe ,notice, 等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street. 变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。

3. 作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him? 作定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.

4. 不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。We hurried to the station only to find the train had left .

5、复合结构不定式：由for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ to do sth.

如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.

6、疑问词+ 动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.

7、动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成，如：It’s wrong of you not to attend the meeting.

8.不定式的完成时的特殊用法。

①表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。

The novel was said to have been published.

I regret to have been with you for so many years.

seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。

此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。

I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等）

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）

8. 不定式的省略

①同一结构并列由and或or连接。

I want to finish my homework and go home.

I’m really puzzled what to think or say.

特例：To be or not to be,this is a question.

He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比)

②不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。

What he did was lose the game.

③句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。Don’t do anything silly, such as marry him.

④主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。

⑤Why not、had better、would rather、can’t but等词后省to。如：

He could not but walk home.

9.不定式的替代。

多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。常见的有：I’d like / love / be happy to. 但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：---Susan is not what she used to be.

— You came late last night. You ought to have finished your homework.

—I know I ought to have.

【基本概念】

不定式是动词的非谓语形式之一，具有名词、形容词、副词的性质，在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。

使用不定式时，大多数情况下要带有不定式的符号“to”，少数情况不用“to”。

1.不定式做主语。

不定式做主语时，通常使用形式主语。而将做主语的不定式放在句子的后面。

I think it would be a good idea to have comments from secretaries and typists who are already using it. (P.25, Senior Book3)

How long will it take you to complete the trip? (P.9, Senior Book2B)

2.不定式做宾语。

I have decided to take a lot of cabbage in vinegar. (P.7, Senior Book3)

Agriculture first started about 10,000years ago, when people began to grow crops in the river valleys of the Nile in Egypt, in the Middle East and in India. （P.20, Senior Book3）不定式做宾语时也有使用形式宾语的问题，但必须同时具备两个条件：①有宾语补足语。

②宾语是动词不定式短语或宾语从句。

The dusty air makes it difficult to get a clear picture of space. (P.10, Senior Book2B)

以上句子中，it为形式宾语；difficult为宾语补足语；不定式短语to get a clear picture of space是真宾语。

3.不定式做表语

It has been proved that the way to produce the most food is to let farmers grow crops either to feed their family or to sell. (P. 22, Senior Book3)

A better method is to take waste far out to sea in ships where the wind and waves break it down. (P.32. Senior Book3)

4.不定式做定语

…but it is thought that 500 million people in the world do not have enough to eat, which is about one in ten. (P.20, Senior Book3)

Farmers have the right to sell their crops to the EU. (P.22, Senior Book3)

5.不定式做状语

Third, a lot of irrigated land has become too salty to grow plants. (P. 20, Senior Book3)

本句中的to grow plants是has become too salty的结果状语。

Various things can be done to increase the food supply in the world. )P.20, Senior Boo9k3) to increase the food supply in the world是目的状语。

不定式表示目的极为常见。有时为了强调目的,可以用in order to或so as to ；有时将不定式短语置于句首也是表示目的常见用法。

Cook went up and down the river in order to chart all the dangerous rock. (P.8, Senior Book3) The lion looked at her as she swung the pork in her hand so as to attract the lion’s attention. (P.69, Senior Book2A)

To become a top gymnast, it is important to start when very young. (P.50, Senior Book3)

To do that, it must find a place where it can keep fairly warm; and it must be a place where its enemy cannot find it. (P.68, Senior Book3)

only to do 是不定式做结果状语的典型用法，这种“结果”往往是预想不到的。

Yesterday I went to see him only to find he had been away on business.

He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.

6.不定式做宾语补足语

不定式做宾语补足语时有两种情况：绝大多数做宾语补足语的不定式用带to的动词不定式；动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe, have, make, let后做宾语补足语的不定式主动语态时必须用不带to的不定式；改为被动语态又必须用to 。

What stores do you want me to order? (P.7, Senior Book3)

But Cook ordered the crews to throw over the side of the ship guns, iron balls, pots and chains and even stores to raise the boat in the water. (P.10, Senior Book3)

And I advise you not to eat fruit that isn’t ripe in future. (P.1, Senior Book1B)

I read about you in the newspaper and decided to come and hear you play. (P.68, Senior Book2B)

下面的例子是1991年的高考试题，试题的意图便是考查不带to的不定式变为被动语态时的用法。

John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.

A. to wash

B. washing

C. wash

D. to be washing

答案为A。

【相关知识及其运用】

1.不定式的进行式

当谓语所表示的动作或状态发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时要用不定式的进行式。

They are said to be building another bridge across the Changjiang River.

He pretended to be doing his homework carefully when his mother came in.

2.不定式的完成式

同其他非谓语形式一样，不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作先于谓语动作。

I’m sorry to have done that, I didn’t mean to be so rude. (P.43, Senior Book3)

Between 1850and 1910 the bison population is thought to have fallen from 60 million to just

a few hundred. (P.75, Senior Book3)

3.不定式的被动式

当不定式的逻辑主语同不定式具有逻辑动宾关系时，不定式要用被动式。

But some people don’t want good farmland to be built on. (P.25, Senior Book2B)

good farmland是句子的宾语，to be built on是宾语补足语，宾语和宾语补足语之间总是具有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系。因此，good farmland是不定式to be built on 的逻辑主语，同时它们又具有逻辑动宾关系，不定式必须同被动式。

He has asked to be introduced to the pianist. (P.68, Senior Book2B)

不定式短语to be introduced to the pianist的逻辑主语是句子的主语he，同时he同introduce又有逻辑上的动宾关系，因此用被动式。

不定式的被动式是个比较复杂的问题。尤其是当不定式同形容词配合使用时很容易造成理解上的困难。下列句子中的不定式通常不用被动式。

①The question is difficult to answer.

②The shirt is too small to wear.

③I find English easy to learn .

①、②两句中的不定式短语都可以加入逻辑主语，如for me一类，③句中不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。

4.不定式与疑问词连用

不定式与疑问词连用，其作用相当于一个名词性从句，可充当句子的主语、宾语和表语。

I’m not sure whether to go to the one about accidents. (P.1, Senior Book3)

How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today. (P.32, Senior Book3)

The problem is how to feed a growing world population of over 6 billion. (P.20, Senior Book3)

As soon as the reporters know what to write about, they get down to work. (P.20, Senior Book2A)

5.不定式做定语时的有关问题

不定式做定语时可以分为两类：

①不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的逻辑主语。

China is the first countries in the world to study the science of farming. (P.38, Senior Book 1B)

不定式短语修饰the first countries，同时the first countries又是to study the sciences of farming的逻辑主语。

②不定式同他所修饰的名词具有逻辑动宾关系，如果不能确立动宾关系或不定式为不及物动词，必须使用介词。

Years of hard work, very little food, only a small room to live in and never a moment’s rest. (P.13, Senior Book1B)

She had little money to live on. (P.3, Senior Book3)

I really don’t know what topic to write about. (to write about what topic)

Would you please give me a pen to write with? (to write with a pen)

不定式做定语时，被动的概念应给予格外重视。通常的情况是不定式动作的执行者就在句子中。以上述三个句子为例，to live on的执行者是she；to write about 的执行者是I；to write with的执行者则是me。因此，以上三句中的不定式都用主动式。

在句子中没有不定式动作执行者的情况下，不定式所修饰的名词即为不定式的逻辑主语。如果不定式同它的逻辑主语为动宾关系，则用不定式的被动式。

The action to be taken is correct.

下列试题的意图便是考查这个问题。

--Have you got anything ______ there?

--No, I will go there myself. Thank you just the same.

A. to be taken

B. been taken

C. taken

D. to take

句子的主语you不是take 的逻辑主语。根据句子的意思，take的逻辑主语应该是说话者自己，因此必须用被动式的被动式。答案为A。

在there be句型中，不定式做定语极为常见，但使用不定式的一般式和被动式意义不同。不定式的一般式表示“会有人去做……”，通常可根据上下文在不定式前加一个逻辑主语。

There are plenty of interesting places（for you）to visit. (P.33, Senior Book1B)

There was nowhere (for anybody) to hide. (P.58, Senior Book3)

Here is a game to play. (P.33, Senior Book3)

如果使用不定式的被动式，则表示说话人着重强调不定式所修饰的名词，不考虑不定式所代表的动作由谁做，且整个句子往往含有情态意义。

There is nothing to be gained by pretending.

= Nothing can be gained by pretending.

There is a lot of work to be done.

= A lot of work has to be done.

6.不定式的逻辑主语问题

不定式的逻辑主语表示不定式动作的执行者，通常由介词for加名词、名词性词组或宾格代词构成，置于不定式符号to之前。

Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union. (P.50, Senior Book1A)

It was easy for them to carry a guitar on their travel. (P.42, Senior Book1A)

在“It is +形容词”结构的句子中，不定式的逻辑主语可能用介词for ,也可能用介词of。当这个形容词同不定式的逻辑主语构成逻辑上的主表关系时，介词用of，否则就用for。

①Is is very kind of you to give me so much help.

= You are very kind to give me so much help.（不定式的逻辑主语you可以同形容词kind 构成逻辑上的主表关系，介词用of）

②It is important for us to learn English well.

不定式的逻辑主语us不能同important构成逻辑上的主表关系，因此用for。