考研英语100条阅读长难句-长难句解析

第一篇高频语法与难句归纳

第一章非谓语动词结构

一、非谓语动词的概念

不能作谓语的动词形式就是非谓语动词,主要有以下三大类:分词、不定式和动名词。非谓语动词可以充当多种成分,如:主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。下面我们将从句法功能入手来分析这三大类非谓语动词。

二、非谓语动词的三大类型

1.分词

分词有两类,即现在分词和过去分词。从意义上来说,现在分词主要表示主动或进行状态;过去分词则体现被动或完成状态。分词在句中可作多种成分:

①分词作定语。例如:

Trucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof.(在该句中,gas后紧跟一个过去分词结构作其后置定语,表示一种被动状态,说明gas是被如何运输的。)

The girl standing there was crying.(在该句中,standing there作The girl的后置定语,且使用现在分词形式表主动。)

②分词作状语。例如:

He glanced over at her,noting that though she was tiny,she seemed very well put together.(在该句中,逗号后紧跟一个noting引导的分词结构,作glanced over at her的伴随状语,表示同时进行的动作。) He fired,killing one of the passers⁃by.(在该句中,killing...引导一个现在分词结构,作fired的结果状语。) Being tired with the work,he sat down to rest.(在该句中,分词结构Being tired with the work作原因状语,提前说明后续动作的原因。)

2.不定式

不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,具有动词的特征,同时也有名词、形容词和副词的特征,具体属于哪个特征应视所处语境而定。

①不定式作目的状语。例如:

He sent his daughter to America to learn English.(在该句中,不定式to learn English作状语,说明去美国的目的。)

②不定式作宾语补足语。例如:

We believe him to be guilty.(在该句中,不定式to be guilty作him的宾语补足语。)

③不定式作后置定语。例如:

The topic to be discussed at the meeting is still unknown.(在该句中,不定式to be discussed作topic的后置定语。)

④不定式作主语。例如:

To know oneself is difficult.(在该句中,不定式To know oneself作句子的主语。)

⑤不定式作表语。例如:

My work is to clean the room every day.(该句为“主语+系动词+表语”结构,不定式to clean the room 作表语。)

3.动名词

动名词在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加鄄ing,但其表达的动作意义不如现在分词强,因为动名词已经将动作名词化了,从某种意义上说,动名词就相当于名词、代词了。

①动名词作主语。例如:

It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview;having the answers ready will be of great help.(在该句中,动名词结构having the answers ready充当后一分句的主语。)

②动名词作表语。例如:

Her job was washing clothes.(该句为主系表句型,washing clothes是动名词结构,用作表语。)

I avoid telling Jane the truth because I knew she would be angry.(动名词结构telling Jane the truth在句中充当avoid的宾语,说明avoid的内容。)

④动名词作定语。例如:

A sleeping car(表示“卧铺车”,sleeping表示car的功能;sleeping是动名词作定语。)

试区分:

A sleeping dog(表示“睡觉的狗”,sleeping是dog的动作;sleeping是现在分词作定语。)

分词

1.Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash⁃only practices,further contributing to the decline of primary care.(09.12Passage2)

结构分析主干:...physicians...are either driven out of business or to(cash⁃only)practices...

①either...or...并列连接两个介词词组out of business和to cash⁃only practices,接在driven之后。②句子主语

physicians有前置定语primary care和who引导的定语从句修饰。句末的现在分词短语contributing...作状语,表示伴随are driven...而来的结果。

译文不愿降低服务质量的初级护理医生要么被迫停业,要么提供只收现金的服务,这进一步加剧了初级护理服务的下滑。

2.Ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well,or a creature that outlived the dinosaurs will meet its end at the hands of humans,leaving our descendants to wonder how a creature so ugly could have won so much affection.(09.6Passage1)

结构分析主干:...we must get a handle(on...)or a creature...will meet its end...

①本句是由or连接的并列句,or表示“否则,要不然”。②前一分句中,get a handle on表示“开始理解或了

解”;后一分句中,主语a creature后有一个that引导的定语从句修饰,outlive“比……更长寿”,现在分词短语leaving作状语,表示谓语“meet its end(玩完)”所造成的后果。leave...to...中的不定式to wonder作our descendants的补语,wonder后接了一个how引导的宾语从句。

译文最终我们也一定要解决这个问题,否则这些比恐龙幸存时间还长的生物就将在人类的手上灭绝,到时我们的后代可能会好奇,为什么如此丑陋的生物居然能够获得那么多的关爱。

3.With the dollar slumping to a26⁃year low against the pound,already⁃expensive London has become quite unaffordable.(08.6Passage1)

结构分析主干:...London has become(quite)unaffordable.

这是个简单句,句首的“with+宾语(the dollar)+宾补(slumping to...)”作状语,表示原因。“美元兑英镑跌到了26年来的最低点。”

译文随着美元兑换英镑跌至26年来的最低,原本已经很昂贵的伦敦变得让人去不起了。一杯星巴克咖啡(跟在美国一样,到了英国也免不了要喝的),价钱已达8美元。

4.We see our kids’college background as a prize demonstrating how well we’ve raised them.(08.6Passage2)结构分析主干:We see...background as a prize...

谓语部分用了see...as...的句型,表示“把……看做……”,as引导的介词短语作宾语补足语。现在分词短语demonstrating作后置定语修饰a prize,how引导的从句作demonstrating的宾语。

译文我们把子女的大学教育背景当成是证明我们如何成功养育子女的奖品。

5.As someone paid to serve food to people,I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they’d never say or do to their most casual acquaintances.(07.12Passage1)

结构分析主干:...I had customers say and do...

①句首的as是介词,其宾语someone后有一个过去分词短语paid to...修饰,一起表示“作为一个别人付款请

我给他们上菜的人”,其实就是“作为一个服务员”,在句中作状语。②谓语部分用了have...do...的句型,表示“请/让某人做某事”,省略to的不定式say and do在句中作宾语customers的补语;I suspect they’d...是省略关系词的定语从句,修饰things。该定语从句本身是个“I suspect+宾语从句”的结构。

—我想,哪怕是对最随便译文作为一个拿别人的钱、侍侯别人吃饭的人,有些顾客对我说过一些话、做过一些事——的熟人,他们也都不会说出这样的话、做出这样的事的。

6.One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away,then beckoned me back with his finger a minute later,complaining he was ready to order and asking where I’d been.(0

7.12Passage1)