常用逻辑关系词 (1)
1．因果关系过渡词语：（因果）
…and so…; another important factor/reason…; as a consequence; as a result; as; because; because of; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that; for the same reason; for;
hence; adv.因此，所以；今后，从此
for this reason; in consequence; in that…; in view of; owing to; since; so;…so that…; the reason seems obvious; there are about…; therefore; thus; obviously; evidently
2．并列关系过渡词语：（并列）
and; also; as well as; both…and…; either…or…; neither…nor…; not only…but also…; in the same way; too
3．序列关系过渡词语：
first…, second…, third…, and so forth; A…, B…, C…, and so forth; next; then; following this; at the same time; now; at this point; after; afterwards; subsequently; finally; previously; before this; simultaneously; concurrently; thus; therefore; hence; next; and then; soon
4．递进关系过渡词语：（递进）
[
accordingly; as a popular saying goes…; as far as…is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to…; in other words; in the first place…, in the second place…; in this way; meanwhile; moreover; not only…, but also…; not…but…; lastly; for one thing…, for another…
5．时间关系过渡词语：
afterwards; as soon as; at last; before; eventually; every; first; first of all; first and foremost; for a start; meanwhile; in the meantime; while; now; next; not…until; later; formerly; previously; prior to; since then; since; subsequently; till; to begin with; to start with; when; then
6．转折关系过渡词语：（对立）
yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; although this may be true; even so; even though; however; sometimes; once in a while; independent of; reckless of; regardless of
7．条件关系过渡词语：
as long as; even if; even though; if it necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once; provided that; unless
8．重复关系过渡词语：
in brief; as I have said; as I have noted; as has been noted; as is mentioned above 9．比较关系过渡词语：
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apart from; by the same token; compared with; in comparison with; in the same vein; like; likewise; rather than; similarly; similarly important; equally; when compared with; wh en in fact…
10．举例关系过渡词语：
a good example would be; for example; for instance; in this case; in another case; on this occasion; in this situation; take the case of; to demonstrate; to illustrate; according to; as an illustration; as for; as regards; as to; in particular; including; namely; notably; such as; like; take…as an example; you may say…
11．对比关系过渡词语：
after all; as opposed to; balanced against; up against; vis a vis; where; conversely; on the one hand…on the other hand…; contrary to; conversely; unlike; different from this; however; in contrast; nevertheless; on the contrary; oppose to; whereas; while
12．强调关系过渡词语：
definitely; extremely; obviously; absolutely; positively; naturally; surprisingly; always; forever; perennially; eternally; emphatically; never; unquestionably; without a doubt; certainly; surely; undeniably; without reservation; believe it or not; especially; particularly; in particular; specifically; in fact; as a matter of fact; actually; in deed; moreover; not to mention…; what is more impo rtant; notably; that is
13．总结关系过渡词语：
accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; in one word; in brief; in short; in other words; in summary; on the whole; in conclusion; overall; the conclusion can be safely drawn that…; therefore; to concl ude; to sum up; summing up; as I have shown; as I have said; all in all
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考研写作常见单词替代
公务书信尾段内容
１）表示感谢：
A My thanks to you for your generous assistance are beyond words.
B Words fail me when I desire to express my sincere gratitude to you for your kind consideration my requirement/application/complaint.
C I take the opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for your generous assistance you rendered me
2) 期待回信：
;
A i am looking forward to your reply.
B I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.
C your prompt attention to my ……. Would be highly appreciated.
私人书信写法
第一段客套话+写作目的
It is great to hear from you again.
Nothing could have given me greater pleasure than to get news of you.
You have no idea how happy I was to receive your letter.
As to/with reference to /with regard to/as regards … ,引出写作目的
)
第三段问候语+期待回信
I look forward to hearing from you at your earlist concenience.
Please bring my best wished to your family.
I wish you good health and lots of happiness.
I wish every success for your career/study in the future.
私人书信写法
第一段客套话+写作目的
It is great to hear from you again.
Nothing could have given me greater pleasure than to get news of you.
You have no idea how happy I was to receive your letter.
[
As to/with reference to /with regard to/as regards … ,引出写作目的第三段问候语+期待回信
I look forward to hearing from you at your earlist concenience.
Please bring my best wished to your family.
I wish you good health and lots of happiness.
I wish every success for your career/study in the future.
1. important=crucial,critical significant essential vital
2. common=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be
everywhere)
4. difficult=formidable
5. understand=discern
.
6. all the time--continually, continuously, constantly, perpetually
7. as a result—consequently、
8. before--prior to
9. begin—commence
10. better—superior
11. big--major, significant, substantial
12. have--be equipped with, possess
13. if--in the event of, in case(of)
14. in the end--eventually, finally, ultimately
15. know--be aware of, be conversant with, familiar with
{
16. less and less--decreasing(ly)
17. more and more –increasingly
18. money--funding, funds, resources
19. more and more—increasingly
20. need--demand, require
21. now--at present, at this juncture, at this moment, currently
22. often--frequent(ly)
23. quick(ly)--rapid(ly),prompt(ly)
24. right--appropriate, correct, proper reasonable
25. sharp--abrupt, drastic dramatic
;
26. show--demonstrate, manifest reveal
27. small--minor/insignificant (problems, differences etc),marginal(不重要的，微小的)
28. too many--an excessive number of, a disproportionate number of
29. too much--excessive(ly)
30. about : regarding concerning involving relating to, with respect to, with reference to
31. Famous: well-known famed, noted, renowned, enjoy a nation-wide/worldwide reputation/fame be widely acknowledged/known
32. poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken
,characters, folks替换(people ,persons)
2: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent,
outstanding, superior替换good
3:dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换
army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation ,as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.
!
4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many.
注：用many, if not most一定要小心，many后一定要有词。
Eg. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理用most, if not all,替换most.
5: a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some
6: harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that,
it is universally acknowledged that)替think(因为是书面语，所以要加that)
7:affair ,business ,matter替换thing
8: shared代common
huge fruits替换get many benefits )
10:for my part ,from my own perspective替换in my opinion
}
11:Increasing(ly),growing替换more and more(注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.
has gained growing popularity. Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.
if anything,或little or nothing替换hardly
13..beneficial, rewarding替换helpful,
,client,consumer,purchaser,替换customer
,extremely, intensely替换very
necessary, hardly inevitable ...替换unnecessary, avoidable
appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in
one's attention替换attract one's attention.
,demension,sphere代aspect
indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代indicate, suggest ,fear
rise to, lead to, result in, trigger替换cause.
22. There are several reasons behind sth替换..reasons for sth
替换want.
attention into替换pay attention to
in mind that替换remember
26. enjoy, possess替换have(注意process是过程的意思)
27. interaction替换communication
on sth替换be against , disagree with sth
name only a few, as an example替换for example, for instance
过去完成时的标志词
（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 （2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。 （3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 （4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 （5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 （6）状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 （7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。 （8）过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。 过去完成时-语法判定 1. 由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作 有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：（ 1 ）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去
历年考研英语中常见的十五种“逻辑关系词(或称衔接词)”
历年考研英语中常见的十五种“逻辑关系词(或称衔接词)”
历年考研英语中常见的十五种“逻辑关系词（或称衔接词）” Preface：“逻辑关系词”对于一篇好的文章来说是非常重要的！！！它就像一座桥，连接段与段、句与句，起到一种微妙的“衔接上下文”作用，即承上启下、起承转合、过渡性作用。有效充分地利用逻辑关系词可以让你的文章“语义连贯、完整、顺畅”，不至于太突兀！下面就是我耗费心血、精心整理而成的历年考研英语中常见的十五种逻辑关系词，掌握了这些有助于你做阅读理解，有助于在阅读中更好、更快地把握文章的的写作思路和整体结构框架，理清文章的逻辑顺序与段与段之间的语义、逻辑关系，从而迅速找出正确答案。有利于做排序题，更有利于你的写作！！！（写作时尽量用那些字数多的短语，这样可以增加作文字数）。需要注意的一点是，有的逻辑关系词不只表示一种逻辑关系，有些逻辑关系之间是贯通的，例如otherwise表示转折、对比、结果3种逻辑关系；让步之中含有转折的含义；对比之中含有转折、强调之意；并列之中含有递进的含义，例如as well as，as well，also，too既表示并列又表示递进；总结之中含有强调的含义，例如substantially，generally，mainly既表示总结又表示强调;递进之中有补充解释说明之意，例如namely，in other words。考研朋友们在做题中应当加以体会和领悟。期望本文能对考研的朋友有所裨益。同时本人热烈欢迎各位朋友踊跃对本文加以批评和相互交流，在此，我对朋友们的帮助表示无尽的感激之情！！！ 第一，表示因果（世界上最重要的一种关系就是因果关系） 1.表示原因 because （of）=be responsible for = as = since =for = therein = root =origin（al）=causality = due∕owing∕thanks ∕according to = be attributed∕contributed to （原因是）= now∕in that =seeing∕ considering∕given （that）= on account of =on this account = on ground of∕that（强调主观理由）= out of = for the sake of = in （the）light of = in view of （the fact that）= by∕in virtue of = by reason of = as a result∕consequence of = in consequence of =arise from = put sth down to sth（把……归因于……） 【注】put down ① 把……归因于+ to sth ② 把……看作∕视 为 put sth down as sth ③使（当众）出丑，让某人丢人现 眼④ 写下，记下⑤ 将……提请（议会或委员会）审议 to put down a motion∕amendment提交一项动议或修正案⑥ 登记，注册，列入名单 + for sth 例句：Put me down for three tickets for Saturday。 2.表示结果 ①So = hence =therefore = therefor = thereby = thereof = thereout = therewithal = thereupon = thus = consequent(ly)= result （ing） =effect =consequence = in consequence = as a result∕consequence = result in = accordingly = give rise to = lead to = arouse = agitate =awaken = fire up = provoke = spark = spur = stimulate = stir （激 起，引起，引发，激发）= trigger = activate = prompt = set in motion
表示逻辑关系以及起承转合的标志词语和线索提示语归纳
表示逻辑关系以及起承转合的标志词语和线索提示语归纳 做“填空式阅读”要注意文章中句子和句子之间、段落和段落之间的逻辑关系和起承转合的标志词语和线索提示语。 表示逻辑关系以及起承转合的标志词语和线索提示语分类归纳时空关系 afterwards; as soon as; at last; before; but not the least; eventually; every; finally seeing...; first; first of all; for a start; meanwhile; next; not... until; on the left/right; previously; prior to; second; since then; since; subsequently; till; time; to begin with; to end with; to start with; when 因果关系 ...and so...; another important factor/reason of...; as a consequence; as a result; as a result of this; as; because of this; because; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that...; for this reason; for; hence; in consequence; in that...; in view of; owing to; since; so;...so that...; the reason seems to be obvious: there are about...; therefore; thus 转折关系 and yet; but; unless; despite that; even so; even though; however; in spite of that; independent of; reckless of; regardless of; though; yet... 并列关系 also; and; as well as; both...and... ; either..., or...; neither... nor...; not only... but also; too 递进关系 accordingly; along this line of consideration; as a popular saying goes...; as far as... is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to do it...; in other words; in the first place..., in the second place...; in this way; meanwhile; moreover; not only..., but also...; not...but...; on the one hand..., on the other hand...;
高中过去完成时详解和练习5(答案)
八．过去完成时 定义 过去完成时(past perfect)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或状态。 它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。 基本结构 主语+had+过去分词vpp.(done) ①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词. ②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词. ③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词? 肯定回答：Yes,主语+had. 否定回答：No,主语+had not . ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词）？ 基本用法 （1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 例如：By nine o’clock la st night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。 （2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, si nce构成的时间状语连用。 例如：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 （3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 例如：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。 （4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 例如：I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。 She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。 （5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 例如：He said that he had known her well.
2018考研英语长难句：掌握7类逻辑关系词_毙考题
2018考研英语长难句：掌握7类逻辑关系词 英语除了单词语法，最让人头疼的莫过于长难句，而把握长难句句子结构，逻辑关系词不可小视。句子结构在英语知识运用中主要体现在句子间的逻辑关系上，考研er需要熟知各种常见的逻辑关系词。这些逻辑关系主要体现在一些连词、副词以及某些介词词组上。一、具体可以分为以下几类： 表示转折/让步关系：but, however, nevertheless, whereas, although, despite, in spite of, still 表示比较或对比关系：similarly, in the same way, likewise, whereas, in contrast to, rather than 表示因果关系：because, since, now that, on account of, due to, on the ground of, accordingly, consequently, therefore, thus, hence 表示并列关系：and, or 表示举例与例证关系：for example, for instance, specially, such as, as follows 表示强调关系：in fact, in particular, particularly, above all, undoubtedly, certainly 表示顺承关系：in addition, furthermore, besides, likewise 此外，逻辑关系不仅可以成为直接的考查对象，而且还可以利用这些逻辑关系寻找其他题目的解题线索。 二、相关考查举例： 例1：2006年英语知识运用真题的第7题 __7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is… 7. [A] Now that [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that 答案为[B] Although 分析：根据选项可以得知本题是一道逻辑关系题，解此题需要判断空格所在句中主从句的逻辑关系。空格所在句的从句句意为数字有可能不同，主句句意为分析家们对另一问题取得了一致意见，从句是分析家们意见不一，主句是分析家们意见一致，由此可判断主从句之间是对立的逻辑关系，符合这一语义的只有让步关系的选项[B] Although。 例2：2005年英语知识运用真题的第6题 In fact, __5__, we are extremely sensitive to smells, __6__we do not generally realize it. 6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if 答案为[A] even if 分析：根据选项可以得知本题是一道逻辑关系题，解此题需要判断空格所在句中主从句的逻辑关系。经分析，两部分之间是让步关系，连接词应该是虽然或者即使。该句句意为我们对气味还是极端敏感的，即使我们没有察觉到。四个选项中只有[A]
公务员行测逻辑填空词汇汇总
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to / for / …… 9．总结项标志词 all in all / in brief / to conclude / at last / in summary / in short / …… 10．强调项标志词 副词：especially / particularly / almost / always / usually / …… 动词：show / remember / note / notice / say / pronounce / ……
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英语逻辑关系词
英语逻辑关系词 The latest revision on November 22, 2020
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