3 孤独症临床路径
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临床路径
(孤独谱系障碍Autism Spectrum Disorder)
注:ABC量表(Autism Behavior Checklist):为家长评定量表,共57个项目4级评分,53分疑诊,67分确诊。CARS量表(Childhood Autism Rating Scale):为医生评定量表,共15个项目4级评分,总分≤30分:正常;30~36.5分:轻-中度;≥37分:重度。
附孤独障碍(autistic disorder)的诊断标准A.符合以下六条或六条以上,其中至少符合(1)二条和(2)以及(3)各一条:
(1)社会交往功能有质的紊乱,至少有以下2条表现:
a.运用非语言交流行为的显著损害,如目光对视,面部表情,躯体语言,和日常社会交往姿势显著异常。
b.不能发展与发育水平相当的伙伴关系。
c.不能自发与他人分享欢乐,兴趣,或成就(如不能展示,带来,或指出感兴趣的物体)。
d.缺乏社会或情绪上的互惠交流。
(2)沟通能力存在质的损害,至少有以下1条表现:
a.语言表达缺乏或发育落后(不伴随试图通过其它交流模式如姿势或模仿行为)
b.虽然有语言,但在主动与他人交谈或维持与他人的交谈能力方面有明显的损害。
c.刻板和重复言语或和语言内容奇怪难以理解
d.缺乏与发育水平相适应的模拟游戏或社会模仿游戏。
(3)有限的重复和刻板的活动、兴趣和行为,至少有以下1条表现:
a.沉湎于一种或多种狭隘和刻板的兴趣中,在兴趣的强度或注意集中程度上是异常的。
b. 固执地执行某些特别的无意义的常规行为或仪式行为。
c. 刻板重复的怪僻行为,例如扑弹或扭动手或手指或复杂的全身动作。
d. 持久地沉湎于物体的部件。
B.在以下3个方面中,至少有以下1个方面的发育迟滞或功能异常,而且起病于3岁以前:a.社会交往
b.使用社会交往语言
c.想像性或象征性游戏
C.无法用Rett障碍或儿童瓦解性精神病解释。
Parental concerns relevant to autism
(i) Communication concerns
•Does not respond to name
•Cannot tell me what he wants
•Language is delayed
•Doesn't follow directions
•Appears deaf at times
•Seems to hear sometimes but not others
•Doesn't point or wave bye-bye
•Used to say a few words but now he doesn't
(ii) Socialisation concerns
•Doesn't smile socially
•Seems to prefer to play alone
•Gets things for himself
•Is very independent
•Does things `early'
•Has poor eye contact
•Is in a world of his own
•Ignores us
•Is not interested in other children
(iii) Behavioural concerns
•Tantrums
•Is hyperactive/uncooperative or oppositional
•Doesn't know how to play with toys
•Gets stuck on things over and over
•Toe walks
•Has unusual attachments to toys (e.g., always is holding a certain object) •Lines things up
•Is oversensitive to certain sounds or textures
•Has odd movement patterns
(iv) Absolute indications for immediate further evaluation
•No babbling by 12 months
•No gesturing (pointing, waving bye-bye etc.) by 12 months
•No single words by 16 months
•No 2-word spontaneous (and not just echolalic) phrases by 24 months •ANY loss of ANY language or social skills at ANY age