礼貌2--面子理论

Positive Face Threatening Acts:
speaker or hearer does not care about their interactor’s feelings, wants, or does not want what the other wants
Positive face is threatened when the
positive face： is "the desire (in some respects) to be approved of." 正面面子（积极面子）指希望得到别人的赞 同、喜爱以及认同。
Face- Threatening Acts (FTA)
According to Brown and Levinson, some illocutionary acts speakers perform are intrinsically face-threatening acts (FATs) because they run contrary to either their own face wants or others of their hearers.
2. An act that expresses some positive future act of the speaker toward the hearer. In doing so, pressure has been put on the hearer to accept or reject the act and possibly incur a debt. Examples: offers, and promises.
face is “means the public self-image that every member wants to claim for himself or herself, or the emotional and social sense of self that everyone has and expects everyone else to recognize." In their view, face is divided into two categories: positive face and negative face.
Damage to the Speaker’s positive face: An act that shows that in some sense the speaker is wrong and unable to control himself.
Damage to the Hearer’s negative face:
1. An act that affirms or denies a future act of the hearer creates pressure on the hearer to either perform or not perform the act. Examples: orders, requests, suggestions, advice, remindings, threats, or warnings.
The Types of Face-threatening Acts
According to Brown and Levinson ,a distinction can be made between (i) FTAs which threaten the hearers’ positive face and negative face; (ii) FTAs which threaten the hearers’ face and the speaker’s face.
Goffman proposes the “face” theory and defines “face” as “the positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the line others assume he has taken during a particular contact. Face is an image of self delineated in terms of approved social attributes.” ---- 1967
2. those that show S doesn’t care about H’s positive face Example: expressions of irreverence, mention of taboo topics, bringing of bad news about H, or good news about S (boasting)
Kinds of Face
Rituals – Greetings & Closings Corrective Process – Repair & Apology Avoidance Process– Prevant Threats to Face Poise – Control Embarrassment
Politeness in Conversation 2
-- politeness is one of the various rational behaviors
of a Model Person to satisfy one’s face wants
Goffman– the notion of face
Damage to the Hearer’s positive face: 1. An act that expresses the speaker’s negative assessment of the hearer’s positive face . Examples: expressions of disapproval , disagreements, or challenges.
negative face: or the rights to territories, freedom of action and freedom from imposition; essentially the want that your actions be not impeded by others. (negative face is "the desire to be unimpeded in one's actions." ) 负面面子（消极面子）指由自主的权利，行动的自 由，或者自我行为不受别人的干涉与阻碍。
3. those in which S shows non-cooperation in an activity, Example: interrupting H’s talk disrespect, mention of topics which are inappropriate in general or in the context.
Establishing Face
Face is located in flow of events
-- feelings about face reinforced by encounters -- if better face is established – feel good -- if expectations are not fulfiled – feel bad or hurt -- Neutral experience– expected, not memorable
Damage to the Speaker’s negative face: An act that shows that the speaker is succumbing to（屈服于） the power of the hearer
Example: (s-h) Expressing thanks Accepting a thank you or apology Excuses Acceptance of offers A response to the hearer’s violation of social etiquette（违反社交礼节） The speaker commits himself to something he or she does not want tdamental idea: people living in a society do their best to save their face and not to lose it. It must be noted that face is a very fragile element that can be easily damaged by others. Therefore, when people communicate with each other, all participants are in charge of maintaining not only their own face, but also other people's face.
Brown and Levinson
Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena (1978) Politeness: Some Universals of Language Usage (1987) face FTA FST
Brown and Levinson
4. those in which S uses address terms and other status -marked identifications in initial encounters in an offensive or embarrassing way, intentionally or accidentally.