非谓语动词(3)

非谓语动词

非谓语动词历来是高考考查的重点。纵观历年高考试卷中相关非谓语动词的考题，能够发现高考对非谓语动词的考查主要是从以下几个方面来实行的：

1． 作状语时，doing, having done, being done , having been done 和done 的区别 （1） doing 表示非谓语动作与谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生，且表示一个主动的

动作。例如：

The students left the hall, laughing and talking ．

Hearing the news, we jumped with joy. (几乎同时发生)

（2） having done 表示非谓语动作在谓语动作之前发生，且表示一个主动的动作，一

般不作定语。例如：

Having finished his homework, he went to bed ． （3） being done 表示一个正在实行的被动动作。常作定语，宾语，宾补等，但很少

作状语。

（4） having been done 表示非谓语动作在谓语动作之前发生，且表示一个被动的动

作。例如：

Having been told that some guests were coming, they got the room ready ． （5） done 一般表示非谓语动作在谓语动作之前发生或同时发生, 且表示一个主动的

动作。例如：

Given more time, I'll do it better. （之前）

Supported by a young man, the old lady stood up. （同时）

2．作定语时，done, being done 和to be done 的区别 先看例句：

This is a problem discussed. 这是一个已经讨论了的问题。（已经完成的被动动作）

This is a problem being discussed. 这是一个正在讨论的问题。（正在实行的被动动作） This is a problem to be discussed. 这是一个将要讨论的问题。（将要实行的被动动作） 3．作感官动词的宾补doing, (to) do 和done 的区别

Did you hear anyone singing in the next room ? 你听到有人在隔壁唱歌吗？(主动、正在实行)

Did you ever hear anyone sing the song in English? 你曾听过有人用英语唱过这首歌吗？(主动、已经完成或动作的全过程)

Did you hear the song sung in English? 你听过这首歌用英语唱过吗？(被动、已经完成) 4．作宾语时，doing 与to do 的区别

（1)只能用－ing 形式作宾语的动词常用的有：

dislike / delay / deny, mind / miss (错过), enjoy / escape (逃避) / excuse, practise / pardon / permit, suggest / stop / stand(忍受), consider , keep, advise / admit / acknowledge(承认) / allow / appreciate (欣赏、感激) / avoid (避免)，risk(冒险) / resist(抵制) / recommend(建议); finish / forbid, imagine 。为了巧记这些动词，取他们的首字母拼成dmepsckarfi(谐音为“弟妹不吃咖啡”)

（2)只能用to do 作宾语的动词有：

afford, agree, aim, choose, dare, decide, decline(拒绝), refuse, desire, determine, fail, offer, expect, hope, wish, manage, plan, pretend, promise, seek, tend, threaten 等。

（3）既能用－ing 形式又能用to do 作宾语的动词分两种情况：

1）象like, love, prefer, hate; begin, start; continue; intend, attempt(试图),bear(忍受)等词用－ing 形式和to do 作宾语时意义相同。例如：

He started learning/to learn English at the age of three ． 2）意义不同的动词有：

①remember / forget ⎩⎨⎧(not)doing / having done(记得/忘记（没）做过某事)

(not)to do(记住/忘了（不）去做某事)

②regret ⎩⎨⎧(not)doing / having done(后悔（没）做过某事)

(not)to do(遗憾（不）去做某事)

③try ⎩⎨⎧doing(做某事试试看)to do(努力/设法/试图做某事)

④mean ⎩⎨⎧doing(意味着做某事)

to do(打算/想做某事)

⑤go on ⎩⎨⎧doing(继续做同一件事)

to do(接着做另外一件事)

⑥want / need /require ⎩⎨⎧to do (想/有必要/要求做某事)

doing / to be done (需要被做)

5．－ing 形式作伴随状语与不定式作目的状语的区别

作伴随状语的－ing 形式与谓语动词的动作同时发生且前面常常带一逗号；而作目的状语的不定式的动作要比谓语动词的动作后发生前面不能用逗号。例如：

She wrote to the editor, hoping that the editor would be able to help her ． She reached the top of the hill and stopped there to rest on a big rock ． 6．-ing 形式和不定式作结果状语的区别

-ing 形式作结果状语表示一定逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之中，其作用相当于一个非限制性的定语从句；而不定式作结果状语通常表示非逻辑的结果，即结果在意料之外。例如：

A number of new machines were installed in the factory, thus resulting in an increase in production.=…, which thus resulted in an increase I production.

He hurriedly finished his breakfast and went running to the station, only to find the train had left half an hour before.

7．非谓语动词的否定式

-ing 形式否定式由“not/never +-ing ”构成，不定式的否定式由“not/never to do ”构成。例如： I must apologize for not letting you know ahead of time. Not having done the work well, we decided to try again.

The patient was warned not to eat oily food after the operation. 8. 非谓语动词的复合结构 (1) 不定式的复合结构：

由“for/of sb to do ” 构成，在句中一般作主语和宾语。例如： It is necessary for us to start at once ． It was cruel of him to beat the poor child ． (2) 动名词的复合结构：(以Tom 为例)

由“Tom ’s doing ”或“his doing ”构成，在句中一般作主语和宾语。 Tom ’s being ill made his mother worried ． Your coming here will help us a lot ．

作宾语时，也能够用“Tom doing ” 或“him doing ”形式 He insisted on his son ’s /son going on to college ． Would you mind my/me opening the window ？ (3) 含不定式或分词的独立主格结构：

由介词“with+ 宾语+to do/doing /done ”构成在句中一般作定语和状语。 He sat under the tree with his eyes looking upward and his fingers crossed ． With so many eyes fixed upon her, the girl was too nervous to say anything ．

With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time ． 注意：介词有时能够省略。例如：

We ’ll surely get the first prize with you to join us tomorrow ．

The driver seeing a tree lying across the road ahead, the bus was stopped ． It being a fine day, they went out for a walk ．