第二语言习得PPT

I. Introduction

II. Individual differences in SLA

III. Input and inter-language

IV. Contrastive analysis and error analysis

V. Foreign language teaching approaches

I. Introduction

The term Applied Linguistics (AL) is an Anglo-American coinage.

AL in the past based itself mainly on the findings of theoretical linguistics especially in language teaching.

1.1 Definition of Applied Linguistics

Corder 1974---Crystal 1985---Richards 1985---Steven 1992

Corder 1974:AL is the utilization of the knowledge about the nature of language achieved by linguistic research for the improvement of the efficiency of some practical task in which language is a central component.

Crystal 1985: AL is a branch of linguistics where the primary concern is the application of linguistic theories, methods and findings to the elucidation of language problems which have arisen in other areas of experience.

Richards et al. 1985: AL covers two main points:

1.The study of second and foreign language learning and teaching.

2.The study of language and linguistics in relation to practical problems.

Steven 1992:AL is a multidisciplinary approach to the solution of language-related problems.

The problems it attempts to solve include speech pathology, machine translation, national language planning policy, various facets of communication research and many others.

HU Zhuang Lin 2004:Applied Linguistics (AL) serves as a mediating area which interprets the results of linguistic theories and makes them user friendly to the language teacher and learner.

1.2 EFL and ESL

(EFL) ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE : Learning English in a community that doesn’t speak English.

(ESL) ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE: Leaning English in a place where it is the spoken language.

According to UNESCO, second language is a language acquired/learned by a person in addition to his mother tongue.

1.3 Learning and Acquisition

Learning is a deliberate, conscious attempt to master a language, while acquisition is a less deliberate, subconscious process of mastering language.

As a L2 learner, you can hardly speak in the same way as a native speaker. Phonologically, morphologically, syntactically, semantically

and pragmatically, there bound to be some differences.

1.4 First and Second Language Acquisition

Think about a baby acquiring his first language.

Think about a person acquiring a second language.

What similarities and differences are there in the two processes? Second language learning :painstaking unsuccessful

First language acquisition: unconscious successful

Feature 1: Command

children normally achieve perfect L1 mastery

adult L2 learners are unlikely to achieve perfect L2 mastery Feature 2: Success

success guaranteed complete success rare

Feature 3: Intuitions

children develop clear intuitions about correctness

L2 learners are often unable to form clear grammaticality judgments (The house is easy to catch fire.)

Feature 4: Negative evidence

correction not found and not necessary

correction generally helpful or necessary

Feature 5: Goals

Target language competence

L2 learners are more concerned with fluency than accuracy, as target