非谓语动词讲义自编

非谓语动词讲义

Ⅰ. 非谓语动词的形式及含义

1.不定式

主动被动

一般式

完成式

进行式

完成进行式

2.动词的-ing

主动被动

一般式

完成式

3.过去分词

Ⅱ.主语: 不定式和动名词

1.不定式

To see is to believe.

Not to get there in time is your fault.

注：常用it做形式主语，将to do放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。句型1：It + 谓语+ to do

It takes us an hour ___ get there by bus.

句型2：It’s + n. + to do

It’s our duty __ help the poor.

It is a great enjoyment __ spend our holiday in the mountains

句型3：It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth.

It is + adj + for sb to do sth

It is + adj + of sb to do sth

It is easy ______me to finish this work before ten.

It is a great honor _____us to be present at your birthday party.

It is very kind _____you to give me some help.

It's impolite _____you to speak to the teacher like that.

＝you are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.

2.动名词

1）.Seeing is believing

2）.Learning languages is very useful to me.

3）.Reading aloud in the reading-room is a bad habit.

4）.It’s no use talking like that

Note: .动名词的复合结构

动名词前可以加一个物主代词或名词所有格来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语，构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语

1).物主代词/ 名词所有格+ 动名词在句中作主语:

Mary`s coming late made her teacher angry.

Do you mind my smoking?

Do you mind my reading your paper?

Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.

Rose’s going won’t be of much help.

2).人称代词宾格/ 名词+ 动名词在句中作宾语:

I`m sure of him coming on time.

He has never heard of a woman being a pilot.

I don’t mind Jack (him) going.

She hates young people (them) smoking.

Ⅲ宾语：不定式和动名词

1.接不定式做宾语I want to know this matter .

I don’t expect to meet you here.

常见动词有：

like, demand, expect, promise, begin, determine, refuse, offer, fail, manage, learn, seem, intend, prefer, forget, mean, prepare, pretend, continue, start, afford, hate等

1.）They wanted ____( get ) on the bus, didn’t they?

2.）He said he wished ______( be ) a professor.

3.）I agreed______ ( go ) there with the doctor.

4.）My daughter preferred ______ ( dance ) when she was in her twenties.

5.）He had promised ______ ( give ) me a hand.

常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:

tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain…know, show, discover, see(understand)

He taught us how to use the tool.

No one could tell me where to get the book.

I hope you’ll advise me what to do.

I don't know how to get there.

I haven't decided whether to go or stay.

注意下列动词

①

Begin start continue + to do /doing

②

Bear like love hate prefer + to do/doing

③

Remember forget

regret try

mean stop

go on

1. Boys, don't forget _____ the windows before you leave the classroom.

A. closing

B. closed

C. to closing

D. to close

2.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _______ on a big rock.

A. to have rested

B. resting

C. to rest

D. rest

3. Remember _______ the lights when you leave the office.

A. to turn off

B. turning off

C. turn off

D. to turning off

it作形式宾语

I find/feel to work with him interesting

I find/feel it interesting to work with him．

注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。

Subject+ find/think/feel/make/ consider…it+adj/n + to do sth.

1.We thought ___ better ___ start early.

2.Do you consider ___ better not __ go?

3. I feel __ my duty __ change all that.

4.We think __ important __ obey the law.

5.I know __ impossible __ finish so much homework in a day.

用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确。

1.Let me ______(help) you _______ (water) the flowers.

2.Little Sandy would love _______(take) to the cinema this evening.

2.动名词

①S. + vt.+ doing / sb to do

a) allow advise forbid permit consider

We don’t allow people to fish here.

我们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。

People are not allowed to fish here.

人们不准在这儿钓鱼。

b)mind enjoy imagine suggest mention feel like risk admit avoid stand

②作介词/短语动词的宾语: S. + v. + prep. + doing

e.g.①She sat there without (speak)

②I look forward to (see) him again.

③Are you used to (live) there alone?

④When my father heard the news, he couldn't help (laugh).

⑤I don`t feel like (go) to see the film.

⑥He was busy (prepare) his lessons.

带to介词的动词短语是：

含有介词in 的句型：

③主动表被动:

①The room wants (clean).

②The method needs (improve).

③This pair of shoes require (mend).

④The problem needs (work out).

⑤The question is well worth (discuss)

哪些动词有这样用法：

d）动词“like, love, hate, prefer”后接动名词表示“习惯性动作”，后接不定式表示“心理或一次具体动作”。当用在should, would之后时，只跟不定式。例如：

I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.

What would you like to eat tonight?

你今晚上想吃什么？

Ⅳ表语：不定式，动名词，过去分词，现在分词

1.不定式

1）.Her job is to clean the hall.

2）. He appears to have caught a cold.

3）.The great happiness is to prepare for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing.

Note:

2动名词

1).My favorite sports is swimming.

2).His job is teaching English.

3).The books are very interesting.

Note:

3、现在分词

She was too frightened to move.她被吓得一动不动。

What you said is really inspiring. 你所说的真令从鼓舞。

Note:

4.过去分词

1）. The door remained locked.

2）.He looked very excited.

过去分词作表语时，相当于形容词，常见的有:

?Delighted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,

?amused,astonished,hurt,interested,crowded,tired,satisfied,pleased,surprised,worried,excite d,married,puzzled,upset

Note：

Ⅴ.定语：不定式，动名词，现在分词，过去分词

1.不定式

I have something to tell you.

1）不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系

Do you have anything to wash today?

Do you have anything to be washed today? (区别主被动）

2)不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容

I have no chance to go there.

如：chance,

3)She is the last to leave the room.

Note:

4)不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词

He is looking for a room to live in.

Exercise:

1）.The house is not big enough for us all_______.

A. to live in

B. to be lived in

C. to live

D. for living in

2）. Would you please pass me the knife _______?

A. to cut the fruit with

B. to cut the fruit

C. cutting the fruit

D. cutting the fruit with

3）.I have something important to say.please find a piece of paper （写上）4）.Excuse me，could I use your pen for a moment？

I have no pen （写）

动词不定式做定语

注意：如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词。如：

He is looking for a room to live in ．

Please give me a knife to cut with．

2.单个的－ing形式作定语(一般在名词的前面)可分为三类：

（1）表示正在进行的动作

a sleeping child falling leaves

developing countries working people

note:

(2) 表示所修饰名词的用途

a walking stick a sleeping car

climbing boots a swimming pool

note:

(3) 形容词化的－ing形式

an interesting book a moving story

A surprising result shocking news

Note:

4)-ing短语作定语(一般在名词的后面)，相当于定语从句。

1.We lived in the house facing the south.

We lived in the house which faced the south.

2.The factory being built will offer many jobs.

The factory which is being built will offer many jobs.

3.Tom,arriving late,was not permitted to enter the classroom.

Tom ,who arrived late, was not permitted to enter the classroom.

Note:

3.过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。如：the question discussed yesterday

昨天讨论的问题（既表示被动也表示完成）

the fallen leaves developed countries boiled water

Exercise :

1.a ______ face 一张令人害怕的脸 a ________face 一张受了惊吓的脸

A_______student 一个令人满意的学生a_______student 一个自满的学生2.the students ______(seat) at the back of the classroom

the students ______(sit) at the back of the classroom

3.a man ______(devote) to helping the disabled

a man _______(devote) himself to helping the disabled

4. a man ________(call) Tom

a man ________(call) himself Tom

5.the meeting ________yesterday

the meeting ________now (hold)

the meeting_________tomorrow

Ⅵ宾语补足语：不定式，现在分词，过去分词

1.不定式

1）带to的不定式

Mother told me ___ come back before 10 o’clock.

I’ll get someone ___ repair the recorder for you.

What caused him ___ change his mind?

I wish you ___ come as soon as possible.

He asked me ___do the work with him

如：

2）不带to的不定式

I often hear them (sing) this song.

Did you notice anyone (come )in ?

I would have him (wait) for me for a long time.

Look at the horse jump.

如：

注意：

1）He is often heard ________ the song·

2）He was seen _______ the room.

3）Though he often made his deskmate ______(cry), today he was made _______(cry) by his deskmate.

2.现在分词

When I entered the room, he saw him watching TV.

I found a wallet lying on the ground.

We heard someone singing in the next room.

They kept me waiting for a long time.

常用-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有：see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,have等。See,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词既可有跟不定式也可跟－ing形式作宾补。两者有区别是：

3过去分词

1.I often hear the song sung in English.

2.She found the door closed.

3.I must get my bike repaired.

4.He was trying to make himself understood.

可以跟过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有: see,hear,notice,watch,keep,find,get,have,feel等

A）I heard my brother ( singing , sung ) in the next room

B）I heard the song ( singing , sung ) in English .

Ⅶ作状语：不定式和分词

1.不定式

1.）She went to the village to see her grandparents.

2）.I often use a computer to write articles

3）I came here to see you．(目的)

4）We were very excited to hear the news．(原因)

5) He hurried to the school to find nobody there . (结果)

动词不定式的一些特殊结构常作状语。

so as /in order + 不定式

1）In order to get there on time, we get up earlier.

2）She checked the names carefully so as to avoid mistakes.

3）(In order) to catch the first bus, I have to get up early.

so + adj.+ as to do; such + n + as to do

1）He was so angry as to be unable to speak.

2）We are not such fools as to believe him.

too ……to do….

1）The maths problem is too difficult (for me) to work out.

Note:

enough……to do …..

1） He is old enough to go to school.

only to……(表示未曾料到的结果）

1）They lift a rock only to drop it on their own feet.

2）I went to see him only to find him out.

形容词＋to do

1）I am glad to hear that.

Note:

这一结构中，主语可以是人, 也可是物。

1).This question is difficult to answer.

2).His words is easy to understand.

3).He is easy to get on with.

4).The chair is comfortable to sit on.

5).The ice is thick enough to walk on.

Note:

2.分词

现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别

现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成

1）(Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful. 2） (Hearing/heard) the bad news, they couldn’t help crying.

3） (Giving/Given) more time, we could do it better.

4）I stood by the door, not daring to say a word.

Hearing the bad news, they couldn’t help crying.

=When they heard the bad news，

Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.

=If they had been given more attention,..

Being so angry, he couldn’t go to sleep.

=Because he was so angry,…..

They came into the classroom, singing and laughing.

=They came into the classroom and they were singing laughing

To serve the people well, I study hard.

=In order to serve the people well,

判断下列句子正误：

1） To learn English well, a lot of practice must be done.

2） Seeing from the hill, the city is more beautiful.

3） Heating , water will boil.

4） Getting there, the door was found opened.

判断句子正误并改正：

1） Being ill, his classmate sent him to hospital.

2） To get there in time, he told me to get up early.

3）Broken by Jim, I can’t use the cup.

将下列状语从句改为非谓语动词短语作状语：

1） Because she was moved by the hero, she decided to study harder. =

2） When he found the door locked, he went home.

=

3）He started early in order that he could get there on time

=

将下列非谓语短语改写为状语从句

1）Not knowing her address, I can’t write to her.

2） Entering the room,I saw a strange sight.

3） Scolded by the teacher, he was very sad.

4）Not knowing where to go, he asked a policeman .

5） Hearing her friend was badly hurt, she burst into tears.

6） Knowing his team had won, he became happy at once.

分词做状语不受句子主语影响，如：

Ⅷ不定式时态、语态的用法

1. 不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生时，用一般时态

He wanted to see you

2. 强调不定式的动作正在进行时，用进行时态

When I came in ,he pretended to be reading a book

He is said to be writing a novel

3. 强调不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生时，用不定式完成时

He is said to have written a novel . I’m so glad to have seen you . The ground is so wet ,It must have rained last night

不定式被动语态的用法.

A, 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式的承受者时，用被动语态

She asked to be sent to work in Tibet (宾语)

The book is said to have been translated into English ( 或叫合

It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here (主语)

B.句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，尽管不定式与被修饰词是被

动关系，也还要用主动语态

1, Give him some book to read \Do you have any clothes to wash ? “Do you have any clothes to be washed?” asked the maid

2, S +be+easy \difficult \hard \pleasant \interesting \exciting \ comfortable +to do

This question is easy to answer The boy is difficult to teach

3, The house is to let \The manager is to blame .\The reason is

not far to seek .

4There be句型中，主动形式或被动形式均可但有时含意不同

There is nothing to do now (we have nothing to do now )现在没事干There is nothing to be done now (we can do nothing now )现在没什么办法There is nothing to see (nothing is worth seeing )没有东西值得看There is nothing to be seen 看不见有什么东西

Ⅸ分词时态、语态的用法

分词所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。分词与其逻辑主语的关

系时被动的，要用被动语态

1.Looking out of the window, I can see many cars and buses.

2.Seen from the top of Dragon Tower, Harbin looks more beautiful.

3.The teacher came in, _______many students.(follow)

4.The teacher came in, _______by many students.(follow)

如果强调分词表示的动作正在进行时，要用分词的进行时态。

1. Being repaired, the building is forbidden to enter.

2. The house being built now is a Hope Project School.

3. Passing by the accident scene, I saw the man badly hurt being carried onto an ambulance.

如果强调分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式。

Not having finished his homework ,Tom was made to stay at school . Having closed all the windows ,I went home

Having been invited to the party ,Tom was very happy .

Exercise

1.“＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（你有衣服要洗吗）?the maid asked.

2.________________(没有完成作业),Tom was forbidden to watch TV.

3.________________(正在刷油漆), the house was not allowed to enter.

4.________________(被邀请参加舞会), Mary felt excited.

5.The difficult maths problem ____________________(很难算出）.

6.She was angry for __________________(没有被邀请）to the ball.

7.The thief stole into the store_________________(没人看到）

8.The flat _________________(出租）

9.The man who was on duty that day _________________(应受谴责）

10.They were proud of ____________________(被派往西藏去工作）

11.When the teacher came in, Tom _________________(假装再看书）

12.Ni Ping is said ____________________(写了一本名叫“日子”的书）

13.Song Dandan is said _______________(在写一本叫“月子”的书）

14._________________(从窗户往外看), I can see many tall buildings.

15._________________(从山顶往下看), the city looks more beautiful.

16._________________(他有很多活要干）.Don’t bother him.

17._________________(他有很多活要干) and you can go ,too.

现在分词的被动式： being done 表示一个现在进行的动作。

1.The building being repaired is our library.

2.The question being discussed is very important.

3. As we approached the village, we saw new houses being put up.

现在分词完成式：having done 所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。

1.Having turned off the radio, he began to go over his lessons.

2. Not having received his father’s letter, he decided to make a call to him.