《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解( Congestive Heart Disease)【圣才
笔记-叶子南-高级英汉翻译理论与实践
笔记-叶子南-高级英汉翻译理论与实践(总3页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--笔记备份：叶子南：高级英汉翻译理论与实践比较遵照原文语言结构的译法就是直译，并不专指“逐字”的程度在经济、科学、新闻、政论等语篇中，语言形式不是关键因素，在英汉翻译中发挥中文的优势是译者始终要努力的方向。
功能对等>形式对等既然已传达信息为主，那么介绍原语文化不应以牺牲译入语为代价，否则靠近原语的译法会生成很多不符合译入语习惯的句子。
以读者为中心而非作者，在英译汉中尤为突出翻译本身就是一件让人左右为难的事。
英汉语义对比：举例如 democracy 中西感觉是不一样的；It is not funny 译成这不好笑，根本没有将说话人愤怒的情感表达出来。
汉语是人治的语言，印欧语系是法治的语言句法对比：一、英语重形合，汉语则重意合：鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。
何等简洁，不须加动词即可表情达意。
汉语结构较为松散，重意念。
将一个重形合的语言转化成重意合的语言，最常犯的错误就是将形合的特点transfer 到意合的语言中，现在很多译文充斥着洋腔洋调，却美其名曰“忠实原文”。
二、状语对比------------------------状语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧定语对比--------------------------定语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧被动句对比-----------------------译法参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧篇章结构的不同实际上是思维结构不同在语言上的反映。
汉语中所谓的“布局谋篇”就是我们翻译当中牵涉到的语段篇章的安排问题。
英汉翻译是否保留原句的布局特征，还是应该采用译入语的布局特征是一个值得注意的问题。
其实大多数情况下采用贪懒的办法也是译者不得已而为之，因为译者根本就没有真正看懂原文。
第二个问题是译者的翻译思想有问题，认为这类贴近原文的译法才是忠实的译法。
《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解（AgricultureintheUnitedSta
《⾼级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解（AgricultureintheUnitedSta9. Agriculture in the United StatesIn North America, agriculture had progressed further before the coming of the Europeans than is commonly supposed.Until the 19th century, agriculture in the U.S. shared the history of European and colonial areas and was dependent on European sources for seed, livestock, and machinery. That dependency, especially the difficulty in procuring suitable implements, made American farmers somewhat more innovative. They were aided by the establishment of societies that lobbied for governmental agencies of agriculture; the voluntary cooperation of farmers through associations; and the increasing use of various types of power machinery on the farm①. Government policies traditionally encouraged the growth of land settlement. The Homestead Act of 1862 and the resettlement plans of the 1930s were the important legislative acts of the 19th and 20th centuries.In the 20th century steam, gasoline, diesel, and electric power came into wide use. Chemical fertilizers were manufactured in greatly increased quantities②, and soil analysis was widely employed to determine the elements needed by a particular soil to maintain or restore its fertility. The loss of soil by erosion was extensively combated③by the use of cover crops(quick-growing plants with dense root systems to bind soil), contour plowing (in which the furrow follows the contour plowing of the land and is level, rather than up and down hills that providechannels for runoff water), and strip cropping(sowing strips of windbreaks in fields of plants with loose root systems)④. Selective breeding produced improved strains of both farm animals and crop plants. Hybrids⑤of desirable characteristics were developed; especially important for food production was the hybridization of corn in the 1930s. New uses for farm products, by-products, and wastes were discovered. Standards of quality, size, and packing were established for various fruits and vegetables to aid in wholesale marketing. Among the first to be standardized were apples, citrus fruits, celery, berries, and tomatoes. Improvements in storage, processing, and transportation also increased the marketability of farm products. The use of cold-storage warehouses and refrigerated railroad cars was supplemented by the introduction of refrigerated motor trucks, by rapid delivery by air-plane, and by the quick-freeze process of preservation, in which farm produce is frozen and packaged the same day that it is picked⑥. Freeze-drying and irradiation have also reached practical application for many perishable foods.Scientific methods have begun to be applied to pest control, limiting the widespread use of insecticides and fungicides and applying more varied and targeted techniques. New understanding of significant biological control measures and the emphasis on integrated pest management have made possible more effective control of certain kinds of insects.From New Encyclopedia by Funk & Wagnalls 【参考译⽂】北美农业在欧洲⼈来到之前的进步程度⽐⼀般的想象要来得⾼。
《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记（从语言文化对比角度看翻译）【圣才出品】
《⾼级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记（从语⾔⽂化对⽐⾓度看翻译）【圣才出品】第2章从语⾔⽂化对⽐⾓度看翻译⼀、语⾔⽂化对⽐的层次对⽐就是在两种语⾔的各个层⾯上去发现相似性和差异性，以便为⽇后的翻译活动打下⼀个扎实的基础。
语⾔对⽐的层次为：(1) 语⾳和书写系统的对⽐(2) 语义的对⽐(3) 句法的对⽐(4) 话语和篇章结构的对⽐(5) 社会、⽂化等语⾔外因素的对⽐⼆、语⾳和书写系统的对⽐1. ⾳节、声调不同(1) 汉语⼀个字⼀个⾳节，⽽英语⼀个词则可能有多个⾳节，汉语有四个声调，英语没有。
(2) 对翻译的影响①失去语⾳承载的特殊意义。
例：“四⼗四只⽯狮⼦”这句话的语义可译为(forty-four stone lions)，但⽆法体现汉语特殊的语⾔特征。
②⾳译时，汉语的声调⽆法体现，英汉的⾳节数可能会⽆法对应,发⾳⽆法完全相同。
例：a. “王洪宝”和“王洪豹”这两个⼈名译成英语时都是Wang Hong-bao，没有差别。
b. Dallas译成“达拉斯”，但原⽂两个⾳节，S不构成⼀个⾳节，中⽂则是三个⾳节。
c. Reagan译成“⾥根”，但是R和“⾥”中的L完全不同。
2. ⾳韵和节奏的对⽐(1) 任何语⾔都有⾳韵和节奏，因为⼈们在交流过程中也希望取得⼀些“额外”的效果。
(2) 英汉⾳韵和节奏差异的根源①英语形合和汉语意合的区别。
形合的句⼦，为了结构的严谨，表意的精确有时会牺牲⾳韵和节奏。
例：A new kind of aircraft—small, cheap, pilotless—is attracting increasing attention.[译⽂]这是⼀种体积⼩、造价低的⽆⼈驾驶型飞机。
[分析]原⽂并未考虑到⾳韵、节奏⽅⾯，但在翻译为意合的汉语时，做出了调整，使其结构整齐，考虑到了⾳韵与节奏。
If North America and Europe renew their moral life, build on their culture commonality, and develop closer forms of economic and political integration…a third Euroamerican phase of western affluence and political influence.[译⽂]如果北美和欧洲能在道德⽣活⽅⾯得以重振，在共同的⽂化基础上进⾏发展，在政治经济领域进⼀步整合，以此作为在北约安全合作外的补充，那么将可衍⽣出经济富甲天下，政治⼀⾔九⿍的欧美第三阶段。
笔记-叶子南-高级英汉翻译理论与实践
211、985学长学姐组建为大家答疑解惑笔记备份：叶子南：高级英汉翻译理论与实践比较遵照原文语言结构的译法就是直译，并不专指“逐字”的程度在经济、科学、新闻、政论等语篇中，语言形式不是关键因素，在英汉翻译中发挥中文的优势是译者始终要努力的方向。
功能对等>形式对等既然已传达信息为主，那么介绍原语文化不应以牺牲译入语为代价，否则靠近原语的译法会生成很多不符合译入语习惯的句子。
以读者为中心而非作者，在英译汉中尤为突出翻译本身就是一件让人左右为难的事。
英汉语义对比：举例如democracy中西感觉是不一样的；It is not funny译成这不好笑，根本没有将说话人愤怒的情感表达出来。
汉语是人治的语言，印欧语系是法治的语言句法对比：一、英语重形合，汉语则重意合：鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。
何等简洁，不须加动词即可表情达意。
汉语结构较为松散，重意念。
将一个重形合的语言转化成重意合的语言，最常犯的错误就是将形合的特点transfer到意合的语言中，现在很多译文充斥着洋腔洋调，却美其名曰“忠实原文”。
二、状语对比------------------------状语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧定语对比--------------------------定语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧被动句对比-----------------------译法参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧篇章结构的不同实际上是思维结构不同在语言上的反映。
汉语中所谓的“布局谋篇”就是我们翻译当中牵涉到的语段篇章的安排问题。
英汉翻译是否保留原句的布局特征，还是应该采用译入语的布局特征是一个值得注意的问题。
其实大多数情况下采用贪懒的办法也是译者不得已而为之，因为译者根本就没有真正看懂原文。
第二个问题是译者的翻译思想有问题，认为这类贴近原文的译法才是忠实的译法。
正确的翻译思想应该是译文必须像中文，不带翻译腔，因为原文有原文读者读时并没有翻译腔。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译的基本技巧 1.6 定语从句)
1.6定语从句Ⅰ.译为定语1.There will come a day when people the world over will live a happy life under the sun of socialism.【译文】全世界人民在社会主义阳光下过幸福生活的一天是会到来的。
2.Those who did not die from smallpox usually carried scars on their faces for life.【译文】那些没有死于天花的人通常脸上会终生留下疤痕。
3.This is the very hotel where they spent their honeymoon.【译文】这正是他们曾经度蜜月的那家旅馆。
4.The technique of organ transplant,as a significant surgical breakthrough to heal the wounded and rescue the dying,has saved a good many patients who are on the point of death.【译文】器官移植手术是外科方面的重大技术突破，目的是救死扶伤，已经挽救了许多濒临死亡的病人的生命。
5.Mr.Murdoch who owns the New York Post indicated that U.S.newspaper’s editorial strategies were to blame for their financial problems.【译文】拥有《纽约邮报》的默多克先生指出，美国报纸的编辑战略应承担报纸财务问题的责任。
【解析】这里的定语从句的翻译是典型的前置法。
翻译时按照汉语的习惯加个“的”字。
6.The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.【译文】在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。
叶子南高级英汉翻译理论与实践第3版笔记和考研真题详解
叶子南高级英汉翻译理论与实践第3版笔记和考研真题详解展开全文第一部分翻译技巧篇复习笔记第1章翻译的基本概念和问题一、翻译基本问题的提出1. 翻译的定义(1)语际翻译与语内翻译广义地说翻译包括的范围很广，甚至可包括语言和非语言符号之间的转换。
本书讨论的翻译就是指如何将某一语言活动的言语产物转换到另一语言中去，也就是语际(interlingual)翻译。
严格地说，翻译还应包括某一语言内不同变体间的转换，也就是语内(intralingual)翻译。
这两类翻译在本质上颇有雷同之处，而且其核心问题都是如何把原文的意思在译文中说出来。
(2) 探索翻译的新概念随着现代语言学的发展，各类应用语言学分支学科应运而生，探索翻译的工具越来越得心应手，出现了许多关于翻译的新的概念，如“忠实”、功能对等、等值、信达雅等等。
但翻译的本质仍然是在某一特定的社会环境内进行交流的过程。
概括来说，翻译的定义就是把原文中的意思在译文中表达出来。
2. 原文意思在译文中的表达在翻译过程中，有些句子如照字面直接译过来意思就会不够清楚。
(1) 句子中的有些意思会紧紧地结合在语言本身的形式上使得译者将语言的形式照搬。
例：It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.【译文】这是一条举世公认的真理：凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太。
【解析】本句中it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句。
从翻译技巧上看，可先译that从句，后译It is a truth universally acknowledged，但是鉴于原文的语言形式有一种讽刺的口吻，译者有必要依照原文的句法结构进行翻译。
(2) 意思和语言结构完全绑在一起，而英汉两种语言结构上的不同造成了不可译性(untranslatability)。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译的基本技巧 1.2 词性转换法
1.2词性转换法⊙名词转换1.a good sailor【译文】不晕船2.a slow walker【译文】走得慢3.a heavy smoker【译文】烟抽得很多/烟鬼4.a big eater【译文】吃得很多/能吃/饭量大5.a great believer in...【译文】笃信……6.the greatest sufferer【译文】受苦（害）最深7.the best singer【译文】唱得最好/最好的歌唱家8.a good swimmer【译文】很会游泳9.a good loser【译文】输得起10.the worst dancer【译文】最不会跳舞11.an early riser【译文】早起（床）的人12.a hard worker【译文】勤奋工作13.a fast runner【译文】跑得很快14.a slick talker【译文】能说会道/耍嘴皮子/耍花腔15.a willing worker【译文】乐意干活16.a duelist【译文】好决斗17.a good observer【译文】善于观察18.a great joker【译文】很会开玩笑19.a light sleeper【译文】睡眠时易醒/睡不熟/易警醒20.a good thief【译文】很会偷/善偷21.a bad liar【译文】不会说谎/很不善于撒谎22.a rapid writer【译文】笔头快/下笔快/写得快23.a good whistler【译文】口哨吹得好24.a bit of a fancier【译文】有点喜欢胡思乱想25.a good looker【译文】很好看/很漂亮/美人26.a master complicator【译文】真会捣乱27.a loner【译文】喜欢孤独的人/独立自主的人/不合群28.a clock-watcher【译文】老是看钟等下班（或下课等）的工人（或学生等）29.the best hater【译文】最会记仇30.a worrier【译文】放心不下/担心/发愁31.an idler or a loafer【译文】游手好闲/懒汉/闲荡32.a good worker【译文】干得好33.The speakers called for the downfall of imperialism,abolition of exploitation of man by man,liberation of the oppressed of China and the world.(G.Hatem:A Tribute)【译文】讲演者号召人们打倒帝国主义，消灭人剥削人的制度，解放中国和世界受压迫者。
《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》读书报告
2382018年51期总第439期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》读书报告文/庞中燕【摘要】《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》这本书是在2001年清华大学出版社出版的图书，作者是叶子南。
这部书出版至今，已经有了第三次的修订版本。
由此可见，这本书对翻译研究产生了巨大的影响。
近年来，国内翻译研究取得了很大进步，学习翻译专业的人数也越来越多，这部书对我们在理论研究和翻译教学方面都有很大的帮助。
作为一名从事英语教学和翻译工作的教育工作者而言，这部书对我的教育生涯起到了很大的作用。
【关键词】 英汉；翻译；理论；实践【作者简介】庞中燕，广西国际商务职业技术学院。
叶子南，浙江绍兴人。
毕业于浙江大学外语系，后在浙江大学教授英语和英汉翻译课，近十多年来任教于美国加州蒙特雷国际研究学院(MIIS)高级翻译语言学院。
早年从事科技翻译，近来的研究方向是翻译教学与应用翻译理论。
除本书外，还著有《英汉翻译对话录》(北大版)，Introduction to Chinese-English Translation(纽约版、台北书林版、外研社版，合著)、《灵活与变通：英汉翻译案例讲评》(外文社版)和《认知隐喻与翻译实用教程》(北大版)。
此外作者长期为《中国翻译》“翻译自学之友”专栏撰稿，并一直为中国外文局翻译培训班和中国译协全国高校翻译老师培训班讲课。
多年来，这部书流传甚广，成了英语翻译研究的入门教材以及翻译研究者的必读书目。
本书将英汉翻译理论讲解与翻译实践指导结合起来，第一部分为理论技巧篇，综述翻译基本概念、技巧，对比语言文化，评介中西评论；第二部分为翻译实践篇，节录社会人文、科技法律、小说诗文等领域的英文篇章作为练习，提供两种具有代表性的参考译文，并附上详细精到的批改点评。
本书第一部分首先提出了英汉翻译中最常见的问题，以此引出讨论的话题。
这些问题大致有：1.直译还是音译？2.功能对等还是形式对应？3.重原文的形式还是重原文的内容？4.靠近源语还是靠近译入语？5.以原作者为中心还是以译文读者为中心？6.原作者写作的目的还是译者翻译的目的？然后作者从不同的角度，围绕这些根本性问题加以讨论，既涉及翻译中治本的问题，如从语言文化对比角度看翻译，文化与翻译等内容，也涉及翻译中治标的题目，如翻译技巧、翻译单位等，既有中国译论的概述，也有西方译论的介绍，既有浅显的涉笔，也有深入的讨论。
《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解(The Thanks We Give)【圣才出品】
6. The Thanks We GiveIt’s not the turkey alone we’re grateful for①. Not the cranberry sauce or the stuffing or even the pumpkin pie. Some of the people seated at the table are strangers—friends of friends, cousins of in-laws②—and some are almost desperately familiar faces we live and work with every day.In any other week, today would merely be Thursday and the gathering of all these people—the cooking and serving and cleaning—a chore. But today it doesn’t feel that way. The host—perhaps it’s you—stands up and asks that we give thanks, and we do, each in our own way. And what we’re thankful for is simply this, the food, the shelter, the company and, above all, the sense of belongings③.As holidays go④, Thanksgiving is in some ways the most philosophical⑤. Today we try not to take for granted the things we almost always take for granted. We try, if only in that brief pause before the eating begins, to see through the well-worn patterns of our lives⑥to what lies behind them. In other words, we try to understand how very rich we are, whether we feel very rich or not. Today is one of the few times most Americans consciously set desire aside, if only because desire is incompatible⑦with the gratitude—not to mention⑧the abundance⑨-that Thanksgiving summons.It’s tempting to think that one Thanksgiving is pretty much like another,except for differences in the guest list and the recipes. But it isn’t true. This is always a feast about where we are now⑩. Thanksgiving reflects the complexion⑪ of the year we’re in. Some years it feels buoyant, almost jubilant in nature. Other years it seems marked by a conspicuous humility uncommon in the calendar of American emotions⑫.And this year? We will probably remember this Thanksgiving as a banquet of mixed emotions⑬. This is, after all, a profoundly American holiday. The undertow of business as usual seems especially strong this year⑭. The shadow of a war and misgivings over the future loom in the minds of many of us⑮. Most years we enjoy the privacy of Thanksgiving⑯, but this year, somehow, the holiday feels like part of a public effort to remember and reclaim for ourselves what it means to be America⑰.That means giving thanks for some fundamental principles that should be honored every day of the year in the life of this nation—principles of generosity, tolerance and inclusion. This is a feast that no one should be turned away from. The abundance of the food piled on the table should signify that there is plenty for all, plenty to be shared. The welcome we feel⑱ makes sense only if we also extend it to others.From The New York Times, No.25.2004 【参考译文】不单单是因为有①火鸡我们才感恩，也不是因为有红梅果酱、火鸡馅料，甚至不是因为有南瓜派。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)【翻译练习(翻译实践篇详解)】【圣才出品】
第二部分翻译实践篇详解一、非文学类文本（社会人文）1. Van GoghAlthough art historians have spent decades demystifying Van Gogh’s legend ①, they have done little to diminish his vast popularity. Auction prices still soar, visitors still overpopulate Van Gogh exhibitions, and The Starry Night remains ubiquitous on dormitory and kitchen walls②. So complete is Van Gogh’s global apotheosis that③Japanese tourists now make pilgrimages to Auvers to sprinkle their relatives’ ashes on his grave. What accounts for the endless appeal of the Van Gogh myth? It has at least two deep and powerful sources④. At the most primitive level, it provides a satisfying and nearly universal revenge fantasy disguised as the story of heroic sacrifice to art⑤. Anyone who has ever felt isolated and unappreciated can identify with Van Gogh and hope not only for a spectacular redemption⑥but also to put critics and doubting relatives to shame. At the same time, the myth offers an alluringly simplistic conception of great art as the product, not of particular historical circumstances and the artist’s painstaking calculations, but of the naive and spontaneous outpourings of a mad, holy fool⑦. The gaping discrepancy between Van Gogh’s long-suffering life and his remarkable posthumous fame remains a great and undeniable historical irony. But the notion that he was an artistic idiot savant⑧is quickly dispelled by even the most glancing examination of the artist’s letters. It also must be dropped after acquaintingoneself with the rudimentary facts of Van Gogh’s family background, upbringing, and early adulthood.The image of Van Gogh as a disturbed and forsaken artist is so strong that one easily reads it back into⑨his childhood and adolescence. But if Van Gogh had died at age twenty, no one would have connected him with failure or mental illness. Instead he would have been remembered⑩by those close to him as a competent and dutiful son with a promising career in the family art-dealing business. He was, in fact, poised to surpass his father and to come closer to living up to the much-esteemed Van Gogh name⑪.The Van Goghs were an old and distinguished Dutch family who could trace their lineage in Holland back to the sixteenth century. Among Vincent’s five uncles, one reached the highest rank of vice-admiral in the Navy and three others prospered as successful art dealers. Van Gogh’s grandfather, also named Vincent, had attained an equally illustrious status as an intellectually accomplished Protestant minister. The comparatively modest achievements of the artist’s father, Theodorus, proved the exception, not the rule⑫. Although Theodorus was the only one of grandfather Vincent’s six sons to follow him into the ministry, he faltered as a preacher⑬ and could obtain only modest positions in provincial churches. It was for this reason that Theodorus and his new wife, Anna, found themselves in Groot Zundert, a small town near the Belgian border. Vincent was born a few years after their arrival.Van Gogh enjoyed a relatively uneventful childhood save for the birth of fivesiblings (three by the time he was six and two more by his fourteenth year)⑭ and his attendance at two different boarding schools. In rural Zundert he took long walks in the Brabant countryside and developed a naturalist’s love of animals and plants. At his two boarding schools, he excelled at his studies and laid down the foundation for his lifelong facility in French and English. The family’s decision to apprentice him at sixteen to Uncle Vincent’s art gallery in The Hague was far from a nepotistic last resort. Uncle Vincent, called “Cent,” had transforme d an art supply store into a prestigious art gallery and had become a senior partner in Goupil et Cie., one of the largest art-dealing firms in Europe. Vincent had not better opportunity for advancement than working at The Hague branch of Goupil’s. And it was a testament to Vincent’s abilities that the childless “Uncle Cent” took a paternal interest in him and arranged for his position as Goupil’s youngest employee⑮.Vincent’s duties progressed from record keeping and correspondence chores in the back office to dealing, if only in a subordinate way⑯, with clients. This confronts us with the nearly unthinkable image of the “socially competent” Vincent⑰. But such was the case at this stage in his life. The same man whose eccentricity would one day make young girls scream in fright dressed appropriately and charmed customers with his enthusiasm for art⑱. Vincent also ingratiated himself with the local artists of The Hague School and earned his colleagues’respect. Although his status as Uncle Cent’s nephew and protege must have smoothed his way, Vincent appears to have been genuinely dedicated and effectiveat Goupil’s. His boss, Tersteeg, sent home glowing reports⑲ and after four years at The Hague he was promoted to the London branch.From Van Gogh and Gauguin, by Bradley Collins 【参考译文】梵高尽管艺术史家们数十年来一直在淡化梵高传奇的神秘色彩①，但梵高受欢迎的程度几乎丝毫未减。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译实践篇 2.1 非文学类文本(
2.1非文学类文本（社会人文）Practice1Everybody wants success.Some people aim for it;others just talk about it.We all know what it looks like when someone else has it.Often times it just seems like something too far out of reach.The truth to success is closer than you think.It’s just on the other side you have to want it enough,and be willing enough to get it.Everyone faces changes;different ones at different times.We all handle the same challenges differently;we all have different results.It’s how you handle each one and what you do with the results that count.An obstacle is something you either find a way around or allow to stop you.Remember,you’ve got to get passed obstacles in order to succeed.Not everything works;even if it works for other people,the same thing just doesn’t work for us.So what?Failure can either become an obstacle and an excuse or it can become your teacher in what not to do.[湘潭大学2016研]【参考译文】每个人都渴望成功。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)-复习笔记(中)【圣才出品】
第5章翻译的基本技巧一、翻译技巧概述翻译的技巧实际就是变通的技巧。
1. 许渊冲教授描写的翻译技巧(1) 加词2＋1＝2(加词不加意)(2) 减词2－1＝2(减词不减意)(3) 换词2＋2＝3＋1(变换符号不变换意思)(4) 移词1＋2＝2＋1(前后移位)(5) 分译4＝2＋2(一分为二)(6) 合译2＋2＝4(合二为一)(7) 深化1：2＝2：4(具体化)(8) 浅化2：4＝1：2(抽象化)(9) 等化2＋2＝2×2(寻求灵活对等)(10) 一分为四4＝1＋1＋1＋1(莎士比亚戏剧中的woe译成离合悲欢。
)(11) 合四为一1＋1＋1＋1＝4(鲁迅的“管它冬夏与春秋”译成I don’t care what season it is.)2. 常用的技巧种类繁多，但主要包括词性转换法、加减重复法、反面着笔法、分合移位法以及专门针对句型结构的方法，如定语从句的译法、状语从句的译法、被动句的译法等。
3. 从理清短语中词之间的关系这一角度创造出来的“解包袱法”(unpacking)。
解包袱法1. 对解包袱法的理解解包袱法是指在各类词之间关系复杂时，译者在使用各种翻译技巧前，有必要先将这些缠在一起的关系像解包袱一样解开，然后理顺。
例：美国总统克林顿被称为the first black president。
【解析】美国总统克林顿为白人，因此black在这里不可能是用来表示总统的肤色，black和president两个词之间的关系也就无法用形容词修饰名词的关系来解读，直译为“黑人总统”。
根据上下文情境和背景分析，此处表示的是“与黑人关系紧密”之意，因此译文需加词将black和president之间的语义关系挑明。
案例讨论(1) 名词＋名词结构①We want to buy quality steel.【译文】我们要买高质量的钢材。
【解析】quality具有形容词词性，意为“having a high degree of excellence”，因此，翻译为“高质量的”。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译的基本技巧 1.4 反面着笔法
1.4反面着笔法⊙正说反译1.a fly in the ointment【译文】美中不足2.call a spade a spade【译文】直言不讳3.be on tenterhooks【译文】坐立不安/六神无主/手足无措4.Bite off more than one can chew.【译文】贪多嚼不烂。
5.Good winner,good loser.【译文】胜不骄，败不馁。
6.predictably【译文】不出所料7.failure【译文】不及格/不履行/没做到/没发生8.supreme authority【译文】无上权威/最高权威9.with dignity【译文】不失体面/不失尊严10.be fatally ill【译文】得不治之症11.soon enough【译文】不久12.keep...within bounds【译文】不失当/不为过/没有扩大化/没有超出范围/没有越过雷池一步13.Danger,Building Site.【译文】工地危险，禁止入内。
14.Hands off.【译文】请勿触摸15.Smoking Free Store.【译文】无烟商场16.Keep Head inside Vehicle【译文】请勿将头伸出窗外。
17.In the absence of the definite information we had to wait a while before makinga move.【译文】由于没有确切消息，我们不得不等一等再做决定。
18.In the long run,there is no doubt that many small companies will be replaced by corporations.【译文】从长远观点来看，十分清楚，很多小公司将被集团公司所取代。
19.His childhood is free from anxiety.【译文】他的童年无忧无虑20.She saw him coming but she ignored him.【译文】她看见他走过来，但不理睬他。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》（第3版）-翻译练习（上）【圣才出品】
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》（第3版）-翻译练习（上）【圣才出品】第二部分翻译实践篇详解一、非文学类文本（社会人文）1. Van GoghAlthough art historians have spent decades demystifying Van Gogh’s legend ①, they have done little to diminish his vast popularity. Auction prices still soar, visitors still overpopulate Van Gogh exhibitions, and The Starry Night remains ubiquitous on dormitory and kitchen walls②. So complete is Van Gogh’s global apotheosis that③Japanese tourists now make pilgrimages to Auvers to sprinkle their relatives’ ashes on his grave. What accounts for the endless appeal of the Van Gogh myth? It has at least two deep and powerful sources④. At the most primitive level, it provides a satisfying and nearly universal revenge fantasy disguised as the story of heroic sacrifice to art⑤. Anyone who has ever felt isolated and unappreciated can identify with Van Gogh and hope not only for a spectacular redemption⑥but also to put critics and doubting relatives to shame. At the same time, the myth offers an alluringly simplistic conception of great art as the product, not of particular historical circumstances and the artist’s painstaking calculations, but of the naive and spontaneous outpourings of a mad, holy fool⑦. The gaping d iscrepancy between Van Gogh’s long-suffering life and his remarkable posthumous fame remains a great and undeniable historical irony. But the notion that he was an artistic idiot savant⑧is quickly dispelled by even the most glancingexamination of the arti st’s letters. It also must be dropped after acquaintingoneself with the rudimentary facts of Van Gogh’s family background, upbringing, and early adulthood.The image of Van Gogh as a disturbed and forsaken artist is so strong that one easily reads it ba ck into⑨his childhood and adolescence. But if Van Gogh had died at age twenty, no one would have connected him with failure or mental illness. Instead he would have been remembered⑩by those close to him as a competent and dutiful son with a promising career in the family art-dealing business. He was, in fact, poised to surpass his father and to come closer to living up to the much-esteemed Van Gogh name?.The Van Goghs were an old and distinguished Dutch family who could trace their lineage in Holland back to the sixteenth century. Among Vincent’s five uncles, one reached the highest rank of vice-admiral in the Navy and three others prospered as successful art dealers. Van Gogh’s grandfather, also named Vincent, had attained an equally illustrious status as an intellectually accomplished Protestant minister. The comparatively modest achievements of the artist’s father, Theodorus, proved the exception, not the rule?. Although Theodorus was the only one of grandfather Vincent’s six sons to follow him into the ministry, he faltered as a preacher? and could obtain only modest positions in provincial churches. It was for this reason that Theodorus and his new wife, Anna, found themselves in Groot Zundert, a small town near the Belgian border. Vincent was born a few years after their arrival.Van Gogh enjoyed a relatively uneventful childhood save for the birth of fivesiblings (three by the time he was six and two more by his fourteenth year)? and his attendance at two different boarding schools. In rural Zundert he took long walks in the Brabant countryside and developed a naturalist’s love of animals and plants. At his two boarding schools, he excelled at his studies and laid down the foundation for his lifelong facility in French and English. The family’s decisi on to apprentice him at sixteen to Uncle Vincent’s art gallery in The Hague was far from a nepotistic last resort. Uncle Vincent, called “Cent,” had transforme d an art supply store into a prestigious art gallery and had become a senior partner in Goupil et Cie., one of the largest art-dealing firms in Europe. Vincent had not better opportunity for advancement than working at The Hague branch of Goupil’s. And it was a testament to Vincent’s abilities that the childless “Uncle Cent” took a paternal interest in him and arranged for his position as Goupil’s youngest employee?.Vincent’s duties progressed from record keeping and correspondence chores in the back office to dealing, if only in a subordinate way?, with clients. This confronts us with the nearly unt hinkable image of the “socially competent” Vincent?. But such was the case at this stage in his life. The same man whose eccentricity would one day make young girls scream in fright dressed appropriately and charmed customers with his enthusiasm for art?. Vincent also ingratiated himself with the local artists of The Hague School and earned his colleagues’respect. Although his status as Uncle Cent’snephew and protege must have smoothed his way, Vincent appears to have been genuinely dedicated and effectiveat Goupil’s. His boss, Tersteeg, sent home glowing reports? and after four years at The Hague he was promoted to the London branch.From Van Gogh and Gauguin, by Bradley Collins 【参考译文】梵高尽管艺术史家们数十年来一直在淡化梵高传奇的神秘色彩①，但梵高受欢迎的程度几乎丝毫未减。
《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记（彼得
《⾼级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记（彼得第14章彼得·纽马克和他的贡献⼀、纽马克翻译理论概述1. 彼得·纽马克是英国翻译教育家和理论家。
著作：《翻译教程》(A Textbook of Translation)。
2. 纽马克与奈达理论⽐较(1) 纽马克略倾向于直译，因为他崇尚真实性和准确性。
(2) 奈达认为翻译是⼀门科学，⽽纽马克认为它并不是科学。
(3) 纽马克和奈达⼀样都认为交流是翻译的⾸要任务。
3. 纽马克的理论涉及的⾯⼴，既包括翻译的基本理论，也涉及到翻译的某些具体问题，⽽且讲解通俗易懂。
4. 纽马克的理论中最重要的是他对语义翻译和交流翻译的区分(semantic／communicative translations)以及他对语篇类别的仔细区分。
⼆、语义翻译和交流翻译1. 纽马克感到直译和意译的两元模式束缚译者，所以他创⽴了⼀个多元的模式，其中有8种供选择的⽅法：在这8种⽅法中，最下⾯的两种，即语义翻译和交流翻译是核⼼。
2. SL emphasis(强调源语)左边的⼏种⽅法都是强调源语的，只是程度不同，但即便是最⾃由的语义翻译法也是强调源语的。
(1) 逐字翻译①逐字翻译指不仅保留源语的语序，⽽且也将原⽂中的词逐⼀译进译⼊语,将源语放在上⾯，将译⼊语直接写在下⾯，以便上下对照。
这种⽅法根本不顾及上下⽂等因素。
有关⽂化的词都以直译法搬到译⼊语中。
②⽬的：⽤这种⽅法揭⽰源语的结构，或对⽐源语和译⼊语间的差别，是学术研究的⼀个⼯具，没有交流的作⽤。
(2) 直译直译指将源语的语法结构转换成译⼊语中与之最接近的结构，但源语中的词仍然⼀个⼀个地译进译⼊语，不顾及上下⽂等因素。
(3) 忠实翻译①忠实翻译指在译⼊语语法结构的限制内精确地重现原⽂的上下⽂意义。
但⽂化词照搬到译⼊语中，并保留原⽂的语法和词汇的“异常”结构(abnormality)。
②⽬的：旨在试图完全忠实原⽂作者的意图和语篇结构。
《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记(翻译前的语篇分析)【圣才出品】
第15章翻译前的语篇分析一、进行语篇分析的必要性1. 从更多的角度分析语篇可以帮助译者更准确地把握文本，进而采用更符合语境的翻译策略。
2. 同一个表达法在不同的语篇里可能会有不同译法。
例：电影《卧虎藏龙》[译文]Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon我后来才发现，新闻系卧虎藏龙。
[译文]Later on, I discovered that the journalism department was full of highly talented people.二、语篇评价性的强弱1. 译者可以从语篇中作者对所论事件或人物判断评价的强弱来分析语篇。
2. 如果语篇的作者对文中的事物没有很强的价值判断，那么在翻译过程中译者就不必过多地调整结构。
例：科技报道，新药的介绍，联合国经济趋势分析，都是没有评价或少有评价的语篇。
在这些语篇中，作者基本不对文章的内容做出评论。
翻译这样的语篇，译者不能过多地介入，不应该太灵活，因为这类语篇对准确性的要求很高，甚至在有些情况下(比如一些法律合同)，翻译这类语篇准确性要比流畅性更重要。
3. 如果语篇具有较强的价值判断，那么在翻译时译者介入，对句子结构进行调整就很有必要。
例：一篇反对政府某项政策的社论，一篇旅游宣传手册，一个产品广告，则是有较强评价特征的语篇。
在这些语篇中，作者对文中的内容明显有评论，不是站在中立的立场。
翻译这类语篇时，译者能对语言的结构作较大的调整，可以比较灵活地处理，因为这类语篇的流畅性非常重要。
三、从文化角度分析语篇1. 分析语篇还可以从文化的角度着手，也就是说，看一个语篇和文化的关系紧密与否。
2. Basil Hatim和Ian Mason在他们的Discourse and the Translator中提出，一个语篇与某一特定文化关系越不紧密，翻译中就越不必调整其语言结构。
相反，一个语篇与特定文化的关系越紧密，翻译中结构调整的空间就越大。
《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记(翻译的过程)【圣才出品】
第4章翻译的过程一、描述翻译过程的不同模式1. 传统的两阶段模式(1) 两阶段模式的内容翻译的过程常常被翻译实践者简练地概括成理解与表达。
理解包括分析原文，弄通原文的确切意思。
表达就是要在译入语中把原文的意思说出来。
(2) 优点与缺点①优点：这种描述方法相当简单。
②缺点：这种描述方法不能揭示在翻译中句子或语篇深层的转换过程。
2. 尤金·奈达的三阶段模式(1) 三阶段模式的内容从图中可以看出整个过程分成三个阶段，即分析、转换、重建。
在翻译实践中，这些过程实际上同时发生，而且是在译者不知不觉的情况下发生的。
(2) 对三阶段模式的理解①分析就是要分析出原文的语义，特别是要在分析中挖掘出各个层次的语义。
②转换是介于分析和重建之间的一个步骤，指译者把在大脑中分析好的语言材料从源语转换到译入语。
③重建是指译者把原文中重要的信息在译入语中表达出来。
二、分析理解原文通俗地讲，分析原文主要是要弄懂原文是什么意思。
1. 对“意思”(meaning)的讨论(1) 句中基本语言单位所指十分清楚，句子没有言外之意。
(2) 句子有言外之意，需分析字面意思之外的隐含意义。
如“That’s not funny.”一句暗含不满、阻止的意思。
(3) 句子或句中的词受社会、文化等因素影响承载语言之外的象征意义。
如Red一词的象征意义因文化而异。
2. 不同语义的三种划分(1) 具体内容所指意义(referential meaning，以语言所指的客观世界为基础的意义)关联意义(associated meaning，包括所有人、社会文化因素引发的意义)结构意义(structural meaning，包括语言本身结构产生的意义)(2) 理解与讨论①所指意义a. 定义：所指意义指词或短语所指称的事物的语义特征，是词最基本的意义。
b. 特点：所指意义比较稳定，不太容易变化，因此比较容易表达。
语言的所指意义是用来描述客观世界的，不掺杂人对客观世界的情感和态度。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译实践篇 2.2 非文学类文本(
2.2非文学类文本（科技法律）Practice1Companies are increasingly adding vitamins and minerals to juices,sports drinks and bottled water,responding to a growing consumer demand for these products.Even though the amounts of added nutrients in these drinks are typically small,some nutrition scientists are concerned that through their overall diets,many people may be ingesting levels of vitamins and other nutrients that are not only unnecessary,but potentially harmful.“You have vitamins and minerals that occur naturally in foods,and then you have people taking supplements,and then you have all these fortified foods,”said Mridul Datta,an assistant professor in the department of nutrition science at Purdue University.“It adds up to quite an excess.There’s the potential for people to get a lot more of these vitamins than they need.”Today more than ever,studies show,the average person is exposed to unusually high levels of vitamins and minerals.Already,more than half of all adults in the United States take a multivitamin or dietary supplement.Bread,milk and other foods are often fortified with folic acid,niacin and vitamins A and D.A study published in July found that many people are exceeding the safe limits of nutrient intakes established by the Institute of Medicine.And research shows that people who take dietary supplements are often the ones who need them the least.[山东大学2018研]【参考译文】饮料公司在果汁、运动饮料和瓶装水中添加了愈来愈多的维生素和矿物质，以满足顾客对这些东西日益增长的要求。
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10. Congestive Heart Disease
This chapter emphasizes the special features characterizing the diagnosis and treatment of congestive heart failure①, whose high incidence in old age makes it an important problem of older people.
Heart failure in the aged may result from any condition②which interferes with the coronary blood flow, increases the work of the myocardium, or impairs myocardial function. Age- specific rates demonstrate a remarkable increase in congestive heart failure with age. Atherosclerotic heart disease and hypertensive heart disease separately or combined③account for nearly 50 per cent of the reported cases of congestive heart failure.
Advances in treatments available to younger patients are equally valuable to older patients although treatment of congestive heart failure in old patients poses problems of greater magnitude than in younger persons and requires Special consideration owing to the multiple pathological ailments and changes in pharmacological responses with age④. For example, the elderly patient’s extensive ⑤coronary artery disease and myocardial fibrosis impair heart action and decreased⑥cerebral blood flow and hypoxia produce irrational behavior which makes the older person more difficult to manage and less capable of following directions. Chronic renal and liver impairments make older people more susceptible to digitalis toxicity, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoproteinemia. Although these
changes tend to thwart therapeutic efforts and render management more difficult, attention⑦to the diagnostic and therapeutic suggestions in this chapter should rectify and prevent recurrent congestive heart failure and provide more successful care in the hospital and at home.
The pathology of heart failure in the aged includes all form of heart diseases in younger people and, in addition, the special entities found mainly in the elderly. The multiplicity of pathologic conditions increases with age and complicates the assessment of the pathologic basis for the heart failure⑧. Heart failure in aged patients often has more than one cause and may be associated with numerous other disorders⑨.
From The Management of Geriatric Cardiovascular
Diseases by Raymond Harris 【参考译文】
本章着重讨论在充血性心力衰竭的诊断与治疗中存在的特殊问题。
由于充血性心力衰竭①在老年人中的发病率颇高，因此该病便成为老年病中的一个重要课题。
老年人心力衰竭可由冠状动脉血流障碍②、心肌负荷过重或心肌功能障碍造成。
资料显示，充血性心力衰竭发生率随年龄增长而明显增高。
动脉硬化性心脏病和高血压性心脏病单独或并存③几乎占已报道的充血性心力衰竭病例的50%。
老年人心力衰竭的治疗比年轻心衰病人的治疗更加困难。
由于年老，病人常有多种疾病并存，而且对药物反应也有改变，所以治疗时应顾及老年人的特殊性。
不过，在年轻病人中采用的新治疗方法仍然适用于老年病人④。
老年人广泛的⑤冠状动脉硬化以及心肌纤维变化影响心肌活动功能，而脑血流减少⑥及缺氧又可引起非理性行为，结果，病人不能遵守医嘱
接受治疗，致使病人更难处理。
此外，在有慢性肝肾疾病的老年病人中更容易出现洋地黄中毒、电解质紊乱、低蛋白血症。
虽然这些病理变化都可能影响有效的治疗，使病人的管理更加困难，但如果医生能注意⑦本章中强调的诊断和治疗的建议，应能防止充血性心力衰竭的复发，并可使医院和家中的医护更成功。
老年人心力衰竭的病理变化与年轻人的各类心脏病的病理变化相似。
除此之外，老年人还有其特殊性。
由于年老，常有多种疾病并存的情况，致使对心力衰竭病理基础的评估更加复杂化⑧。
老年人心力衰竭常有几个原因，而且可能有各种其他疾病⑨并存。
(叶子南译) 【翻译要点】
①congestive heart failure在中国内地的医学文献中多处理为“充血性心力衰竭”。
②condition多指“状况”，但在医学文献中condition常指病，在与coronary blood flow 搭配时，常译为“冠状动脉血流障碍”。
③separately or combined应指两种病“单独或并存”，这里涉及到具体数字，翻译时要注意其准确性。
④原句句子较长，成分复杂，翻译时可考虑调整句序，将其转化为多个分句或句子。
如句中的although结构可考虑将其放在主句的前面，灵活处理。
另外，在although领导的从句中出现了owing to结构，也可将其提出，译为分句，并加上连接词“由于”“所以”“不过”等加强分句之间的联系。
⑤Extensive主要指病变范围广泛，在extensive coronary artery disease中最常译成“广泛的冠状动脉硬化病”。
⑥句中的decreased为过去分词做修饰语，相当于形容词，翻译时可将其转译为动词“减少”。
⑦文中并未指出attention的主语，但本文为医学方面的语篇，面向医护人员，因此，翻译时可补充为“医生如果能注意”，显得语意清晰。
⑧句中的the multiplicity of pathological conditions与上文的the multiple pathological ailments应意义类似，只是表达方法不同，因此，可参照上文，译为“有多种疾病共存”。
动词complicate则可转移为名词，表示“复杂化”。
⑨disorders在医学用语中应译成“疾病”。