英译汉理论与实践

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翻译理论与翻译实践

翻译理论与翻译实践翻译是在两种语言之间进行的跨文化活动，是通过语言转换来展现不同文化之间的交流和理解。

随着世界日趋全球化，翻译的重要性也越来越受到重视。

而如何进行优秀的翻译，需从翻译理论和翻译实践两个方面展开探讨。

翻译理论是从学术层面对翻译现象进行分类、解释和分析的过程。

其目的是为翻译实践提供理论指导和方法支撑，可以在翻译过程中提供各种公式、方法、原则和规则等，以便于进行准确、标准和符合语言习惯的翻译。

翻译理论主要包括等价理论、功能理论和文化转换理论等。

等价理论是翻译理论中比较主流和经典的理论之一。

他认为在翻译中需要寻求同等意义或近似意义，使译文与原文在语义和语用上达到一定的匹配度，从而使译文意义不失真、不失真实、不失健康和不失文采。

等价理论的核心是翻译中需要双重转换：语言之间的转换和文化之间的转换。

相对于等价理论，功能理论则更加关注的是翻译的目的和功能，它通过考虑翻译对读者的影响和作用来决定翻译取舍。

即使在不完全符合原文的情况下，也可以使用某些方法来实现更好的翻译效果。

在这种情况下，翻译实践的实效性成为评价翻译品质的核心标准。

文化转换理论是从跨文化交流的角度出发，通过翻译者的思维活动实现不同语言和文化之间的互相转换。

翻译实践中遇到的问题非常复杂，不仅需要翻译者有优秀的语言和文化背景知识，还需要有转换的思维观念和技巧。

翻译实践是通过词汇、语法、语义、上下文等多种手段将原文转换为目标语言的过程。

在翻译实践上，需要考虑多个方面的问题，例如语言能力、文化背景、技术素养、翻译规范等。

值得注意的是，翻译实践并不等同于语言的传递，因为翻译的本质是作为中介创建并解决两个文化或语言之间的联系。

一个好的翻译需要翻译者结合翻译理论和翻译实践进行切实可行的操作。

因此，好的翻译一定是理论和实践相结合、以实际效果为导向的翻译。

翻译者需要通过翻译理论来指导自己的翻译实践，同时在实际操作中总结出适合自身的方法和技巧。

值得一提的是，翻译理论和翻译实践是相互交织着的。

翻译理论与实践教学课件

02 翻译技巧与实践
CHAPTER
理解与表达
理解
准确把握原文含义，包括词汇、语法、语境等，是翻译的基础。
表达
将理解后的信息用目标语言表达出来，要求准确、流畅、符合目标语言习惯。
直译与意译
直译
按照原文的词句、结构进行翻译，保留原文形式和意义。
意译
不拘泥于原文形式，以传达原文意义为主，更注重译文的流畅性和自然度。
03 翻译教学策略与方法
CHAPTER
翻译教学目标的设定
提高学生翻译技能
01
通过系统的翻译训练，帮助学生掌握基本的翻译技巧和方法，
提高翻译水平。
培养跨文化意识
02
引导学生理解不同文化背景下的语言差异，培养跨文化交流的
能力。
培养职业道德素养
03
强调翻译的准确性和规范性，培养学生的职业道德素养和责任
04 翻译实践案例分析
CHAPTER
文学翻译案例
总结词
注重语言艺术和文化内涵
VS
详细描述
文学翻译案例主要涉及诗歌、小说、戏剧等文学作品，强调语言的美感和文化内涵的传递。在翻译过程中，需要关注原文的艺术风格、修辞手法和情感色彩，力求在译文中保留原作的艺术魅力。
商务翻译案例
总结词
注重专业性和准确性
采用传统的讲授、练习和讨论相结合的教学方法，确保学生掌握基本的翻译知识和技能。
案例教学法
通过分析真实的翻译案例，让学生了解实际翻译过程中遇到的问题和解决方法。
合作学习法
组织学生进行小组合作，共同完成翻译任务，培养学生的协作能力和团队精神。
信息技术应用
利用现代信息技术手段，如在线学习平台、智能翻译软件等，提高教学效率和学生的学习效果。

翻译理论与实践(英译汉)

——余光中

要想提高学生的翻译能力，最重要的是引导学生通过对比来研究两种语言的特点。……我们的学生，母语就掌握得不好，外语更差，他们的汉
语和英语都是分开学的，从来没有作过比较，以为汉语可以这么说，英
语也可以这样说，而往往意识不到英语不一定能像汉语那样说，而有其
特有的说法。要解决这个问题，最好的办法就是引导学生进行两种语言
a. a. The criminal was hanged. b. b. Clark used to be an army officer, but he is in prison now. c. c. Hadn’t the dam been built, there would have been a terrible
Modern English is both analytical and synthetical, while Chinese is typically synthetical.
synthetic language V.S. analytic language
世界上的语言大致可以分成两类：综合型语言（synthetic language）和分析型语言(analytic language)。所谓综合型语言是指这种语言主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义，包括格、数、时等，如拉丁语、俄语、德语和古英语。现代英语是从古英语发展而来的，仍然保留着综合型语言的某些特征，但已逐渐向分析型语言演变过渡。所谓分析型语言是指这种语言中的语法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达，而是通过虚词、词序等手段来表示，汉语就是以分析型为主的语言。
flood.
2. Lexical difference
2. articles and quantity words 冠词与量词

汉英翻译理论与实践

汉英翻译理论与实践（理论与实践部分）前言模块-1：绪论第一章接近汉英翻译：翻译基本概念与程序【内容层次为（下同）：a. 语言知识/ 翻译基础知识；b. 翻译理论/ 技能/ 技术；c. 精译练习；d. 泛译练习/双语阅读；e. 补充阅读】第二章作为相关学科的汉英语言对比：词、句层面模块-2：汉英翻译基础：句子层次第三章汉英翻译常用译法（1）：句法翻译法第四章汉英翻译常用译法（2）：词语、习语汉英翻译第五章汉英翻译常用译法（3）：转类、重复、加减、正反和变通处理第六章汉英翻译常用译法（4）：汉语长句英译及拆句与合句第七章汉英翻译常用译法（5）：英语小句应用于汉英翻译第八章汉英翻译常用译法（6）：英语句子风格与汉译英交际修辞模块-3：汉英翻译基础：语篇层次第九章汉英语篇翻译概论：以认知语言学语篇观为基础第十章实践汉英语篇翻译：汉英语篇翻译实例分析（包括翻译补偿）模块-4：实用文体汉英翻译：以功能为取向第十一章功能翻译理论：基本翻译原则第十二章新闻汉英翻译：文体特点与翻译第十三章科技汉英翻译：文体特点与翻译第十四章商务汉英翻译：文体特点与翻译第十五章旅游汉英翻译：文体特点与翻译第十六章基于功能分析的翻译评析：翻译恰当性和翻译错误模块-5 文学汉英翻译：研读、评析与试笔第十七章文学翻译传统与理论第十八章汉英文学翻译赏析：散文（基于句法翻译法；基于功能翻译理论）第十九章汉英文学翻译赏析：小说（基于句法翻译法；基于功能翻译理论）第二十章汉英文学翻译试笔模块-6 汉英翻译理论与实践（汉英翻译实验部分）I.1、翻译技术与资源【实验指导书按单元编写，含实验目的及翻译环境条件、实验构成/过程、实验报告。

】2、汉英翻译基本技巧（1）3、汉英翻译基本技巧（2）4、汉英翻译基本技巧（3）5、汉英翻译基本技巧（4）6、汉英语篇翻译II.1、新闻汉英翻译2、科技汉英翻译3、商务汉英翻译4、旅游汉英翻译5、文学汉英翻译参考译文参考文献。

翻译理论与实践ppt

[参照译文] 阿基米德最先发觉固体排水旳原理。 [分析] 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化构造，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方面强调displacement 这一事实。
The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.
它们都包括了较多旳信息，而且处于句首旳位置，非常醒目。4个主语完全不同，防止了单调反复，前后连贯，自然流畅。足见被动构造可收简洁客观之效。
12.2.3 多用一般目前时
一般目前时能够很好地体现文章内容旳无时间性，用一般目前时来描述和统计科技文章中旳科学定义、定理、公式，能够给人以精确无误旳不受时间限制旳印象，以排除受制于时间牵连旳误解，使文章内容显得更客观精确。在翻译成汉语时也应该突出这种“无时间性”旳特征。试看下列两个例子：
12.2.1 多名词化构造（Nominalization）
汉语使用动词较多，而英语中旳名词使用率较高。再加上科技文体要求行文简洁、体现客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在旳事实而非某一行为，所以使用旳名词构造就更多了。
Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.
Long regarded by elementary particle physicists as a costly nuisance, synchrotron radiation is now recognized as a valuable research tool.

英汉翻译理论与实践PPT课件

原译：从那里，我可以看见下面的整个山谷，那田野、河流和村庄。这一切非常美丽，见到后使我心Fra bibliotek充满了渴望。
改译：从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、河流和村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往。
不能逐字死译 All that glitters is not gold. 原译：所有光辉灿烂的都不是金子。改译：所有光辉灿烂的并非都是金子。 He sleeps late. 原译：他睡得晚。改译：他起得晚。 I shall not expect you until I see you. 原译：我不期待你直到我见到你。改译：你随便什么时候来吧。
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
刘重德：信、达、切
faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness
傅雷：传神论/神似说
Transference of soul or spirit
“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。”
译文同原文在内容上一致，这叫“意似”，是翻译的最低标准。译文同原文如果能在形式上和精神上同时一致起来，或称“形似”和 “神似”，这是翻译的高标准。
贸易、文化、和平、人道等都离不开翻译，翻译在历史上从未如此不可或缺……请大家试想一下，世上一日无翻译会怎样……都将鸦雀无声。翻译工作者就象电线中的电流，水管中的水流。

翻译理论在翻译实践中的应用与实践研究

翻译理论在翻译实践中的应用与实践研究1.提高翻译质量翻译理论对翻译实践的指导作用首先体现在提高翻译质量上。

通过对翻译理论的学习和研究，译者可以更好地掌握翻译技巧，提高语言表达能力，确保译文准确、流畅、自然。

在实际翻译过程中，译者可以根据翻译理论的原则，对原文进行准确的理解和把握，克服文化差异和语言障碍，使译文更加符合目标语言的表达习惯。

2.提升译者素养翻译理论对翻译实践的指导作用还体现在提升译者素养上。

学习翻译理论可以帮助译者深入理解两种语言和文化，提高跨文化交际能力。

同时，翻译理论还可以引导译者树立正确的翻译观念，遵循翻译职业道德，对待翻译工作认真负责。

通过翻译理论的学习，译者可以不断完善自己，提高翻译水平，成为一名合格的翻译工作者。

3.丰富翻译方法随着翻译理论的不断发展，翻译方法也日益丰富。

翻译理论可以为译者提供多种翻译策略和方法，使译者在面对不同类型的文本和语言问题时，能够灵活运用各种方法，提高翻译效果。

例如，在文学翻译中，译者可以运用异化翻译和归化翻译等方法，尽可能地保留原文的风格和特点，同时使译文符合目标语言的表达习惯。

4.促进翻译评价体系的完善翻译理论对翻译实践的指导作用还可以体现在促进翻译评价体系的完善上。

翻译理论可以为译者提供评价译文质量的标准和方法，使译者在翻译过程中有据可依，提高翻译质量。

同时，翻译理论还可以帮助翻译评审者和读者更好地评价译文的质量，确保翻译工作的公平、公正、公开。

总之，翻译理论在翻译实践中的应用与实践研究具有重要意义。

翻译理论对翻译实践具有指导作用，可以提高翻译质量、提升译者素养、丰富翻译方法和促进翻译评价体系的完善。

因此，译者应当重视翻译理论的学习和研究，将翻译理论运用到实际翻译工作中，不断提高自己的翻译水平，为我国翻译事业的发展做出贡献。

同时，翻译理论研究者也应关注翻译实践，结合实际翻译问题，不断丰富和发展翻译理论，为翻译实践提供更有针对性和实用性的指导。

汉英英汉翻译理论与实践

余光中先生也谈到 :“一个人的翻译 , 其实就是他自己翻译理念的实践, 正如一个人的创作里其实隐藏了自己的文学观。”(余光中, 2002 :196) 上述论述, 也证明了翻译观与翻译技巧, 或者说是翻译的理念与翻译的方法有着密切的联系。正如刘宓庆先生所说 :“认识的深化 , 只有在方法论的指导下, 从事脚踏实地的研究和实践才能获得。这是方法论和认识论的统一, 也就是翻译理论与翻译实践的统一。”(刘宓庆,2001 : 94)
• Catford: ”Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language ( SL ) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL) . ”(Catford , 1965: 20) • Nida: “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”(Nida and Taber , 1982 : 12) • 法国释意派对翻译下的定义是: • Delisle: “Translation is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques and a knowledge of two languages. ” (Delisle, 1980: 3)
• 傅雷:“但是我们在翻译的时候, 通常总是胆子太小, 迁就原文字面、原文句法的时候太多。要避免这些, 第一要精读熟读原文, 把原文的意义、神韵全部把握住了,才能放大胆子。”(转引自怒安, 2005 :29) • 思果: “切不可译字, 要译意, 译情, 译气势, 译作者用心处。记住, 译者最大的敌人是英文字。”(思果, 2001a : XXI)

英译汉理论与实践

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法律文书翻译
分析法律文书翻译中的语言特点、格式要求和法律文化背景。
国际法翻译
讨论国际法翻译中如何处理不同法律体系的差异和跨文化因素。
商业翻译案例分析
商业广告翻译
分析商业广告翻译中的创意性、文化敏感性和市场适应性要求。
企业宣传资料翻译
探讨如何准确传达企业信息，同时保持语言的地道性和吸引力。
商务合同翻译
文本类型与翻译方法
文本类型
不同类型的文本具有不同的语言特点和功能需求，如文学文本、科技文本、法律文本等，需要采用不同的翻译策略和方法。
直译与意译
直译强调忠实于原文的形式和内容，意译则注重传达原文的意义和精神实质，两者在翻译实践中各有适用场景。
增译与减译
增译指在译文中增加必要的信息或解释，以帮助读者理解；减译则省略原文中冗余或不必要的信息，使译文更加简洁明了。
翻译的过程与方法
过程
翻译的过程包括理解、表达和校对三个阶段。理解阶段要对原文进行深入分析，把握其意义和风格；表达阶段要运用目标语言进行再创作，使译文符合目标语言的表达习惯；校对阶段则要对译文进行润色和修改，确保译文的准确性和流畅性。
方法
翻译的方法包括直译、意译和音译等。直译是保持原文内容和形式的翻译方法，意译则是根据原文的意义进行灵活处理的翻译方法，音译则是将原文中的词语用目标语言中相近或相似的词语进行替换的翻译方法。在实际翻译中，应根据具体情况选择合适的翻译方法。
分析科技论文翻译中的术语准确性、语言流畅性和逻辑严密性要求。
专利翻译
探讨专利翻译中如何确保术语统一、语言规范，以及如何处理技术性和法律性内容。

翻译理论与实践1(英译汉)实战练习 15篇1

翻译理论与实践1（英译汉）实战练习15篇1．The Policy of Mass Media1) Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions as citizens or as private individual.2) But neither the real difficulty of these decisions nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual can often be communicated through the mass media.3) The disinclination to suggest real choice which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy.4) The organs of the Establishment however well—intentioned they may be have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt.5) They will tend to move when exposing problems well within the accepted cliché—assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life2. The American and the English1) Of the intrinsic differences that separate American from English the chief have their roots inthe obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people since the seventeenth century and those of the English.2) The latter have lived under a relatively stable social order and it has impressed upon their souls their characteristic respect for what is customary and of good report.3) Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions their whole lives were regulated perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards by a regard for precedent.4) The Americans though partly of the same blood have felt no such restrain and acquired no such habit of conformity.5) On the contrary they have plunged to the other extreme for the conditions of life in their country have put a high value upon the precisely opposite qualities of curiosity and daring and so they acquired that character of restlessness that impatience of forms that disdain of the dead hand which now broadly marks them.3. The Education of Humanists1)The education of humanists cannot be regarded as complete or even adequate without exposure in some depth to where things stand in the various branches of science particularly in the areas of our ignorance.2)Physics professors most of them look with revulsion on assignments to teach their subjects to poets.3) The liberal arts faculties for their parts will continue to view the scientists with suspicion and apprehension. 4) But maybe a new set of courses dealing systematically with ignorance in science will take hold.5) The scientists might discover in it a new and subversive technique for catching the attention of students driven by curiosity delighted and surprised to learn that science is exactly as some scientists described it: an “endless frontier.”6) The humanists for their part might take considerable satisfaction in watching their scientific colleagues confess openly to not knowing everything about everyone.7) And the poets on whose shoulders the future rests might late nights thinking things over begin to see some meanings that elude the rest of us.4. . American Study1) The scientific interest of American history centered in national character and in the workings of a society destined to become bast in which individuals were imp0rtant chiefly as types.2) Although this kind of interest was different from that of European history it was at least as important to the world.3) Should history ever become a true science it must expect to establish its laws not from the complicated story of rival European nationalities but from the economical evolution of a great democracy.4) North America was the most favorable field on the globe for the spread of a society so large uniform and isolated as to answer the purposes of science.5) There a single homogeneous society could easily attain proportions of three or four hundred million persons under conditions of undisturbed growth.6) In Europe or Asia undisturbed social evolution had been unknown.7) Without disturbance evolution seemed to cease.8) Wherever disturbance occurred permanence was impossible.9) Every people in turn adapted itself to the law of necessity.5. Jack London1) Life itself led London to reject this approach in his writing.2) He knew what it meant to be one of the disinheritedto be chained to the deadening routine of the machine and to soul-destroying labor for an insufficient reward.3) Consequently he swept aside not only the literature that pretended that ours is a society of sweetness and light but also that which contended that the inculcation of the spirit of Christian fellowship would put an end to class controversy.4) He did not oppose labor organization nor balk at the strike as a weapon of labor; rather he took his heroes and heroines from the labor movement and wove his plots within their struggles.5) He poured into his writings all the pain of his life the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him and the conviction it had brought to him that world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.6. President Carter1) President Carter has been calling his closest advisers together for what is called as a hard reappraisal of his administration’s troubles but who will tell him the truth? 2) You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their aides but seldom get it and usually don’t follow it when they do.3) The reasons for this are not obscure.4) The Oval Office is the most frightening room inAmerica.5) It imposes a kind of respect on most visitors and even those legislative lions who roar against the president on Capital Hill tend to usually lower their voices and follow their prepared speeches when they walk through the White House door.6) Few While House aides dare to say anything against the president without betraying their fears.7) Even Henry Kissinger who is not an excessively modest or silent man hesitated to face President Nixon with the disaster he knew lay ahead.7.On “Mein Kampf”1) Mein Kampf’s the me song recurring again and again is race race purity race supremacy though nowhere did Hitler attempt to define race.2) It was never intended by Nature Hitler claims that all races should be equal any more than individuals are equal.3) Some are created superior to others.4) The Germans as the world’s strongest race should rule over the inferior through having the habitat of the highest race extended and scattered Germanic peoples united under one rule.6) The vast expansion visualized by Hitler would take place principally at the expense of other races.7) To attain the objectives set by his soaring ambition Hitler proposes three methods: propaganda diplomacy and force. 8) Nowhere in Mein Kampf is the author more revealing of himself and his tactics than in his discussionof propaganda techniques—correctly believed by him to be one of the Nazis’ most effective and formidable weapons.8. How to Write Clearly1) I have never had much patience with the writers who claim from the reader an effort to understand their meaning.2) You have only to go to great philosophers to see that it is possible to express with lucidity the most subtle reflections.3) One cause of obscurity is that many writers think not before but as they write.4) The pen originates the thought.5) The disadvantages of this and indeed it is a danger against which the author must be always on his guard is that there is a sort of magic in the written word.6) The idea acquires substance by taking on a visible nature and then stands in the way of its own clarification.7) But this sort of obscurity merges very easily into the willful.8) Some writers who do not think clearly are inclined to suppose that their thoughts have a significance greater than at first sight appears.9) It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reis with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.9. 1) Of course there is a strong element of luck in both success and failure but it is my belief that there are no “secrets” to success.2) One thing I have discovered is that attitudes and values that I acquired in China long before came to the United States have had a great bearing on the success in my business.3) These values have much in common with some of the virtues of Confucianism the Chinese philosophy that stresses moderation.4) However although I respect the spirit of Confucianism I have not tried to adapt this ancient Chinese philosophy to modern society.5) For besides moderation other things I have found to be essential to success are patience adaptability decisiveness confidence unconventional thinking social responsibility and last luck.6) The importance of these attributes is in their interaction.7) Some of them are antithetical to others—patience will often collide with decisiveness for instance—and yet it is hard to think of any of my decisions in which they did not play a role.10. Tragedy1) Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fearso long sustained by now that we can even bear it.2) There are no longer problems of the spirit.3) There is only the question:4) When will I be blown up? 5) Because of this the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about worth the agony and the sweat.6) He must learn them again.7) He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid; and teaching himself that forget it forever leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart the universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed—love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice.8) Until he does so he labors under a curse.9) He writes not of love but of lust of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value of victories without hope and worst of all without pity or compassion.11. The Choice of Life1) The lives of most men are determined by their environment.2) They accept the circumstances amid which fate has thrown them not only with resignation but even with goodwill.3) They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails and they despise the motorcycle that dashes in and out of the traffic and speeds so jauntily across the open country.4) I respect them; they are good citizens good husbands and good fathers and of course somebody has to pay the taxes; but I don’t find them exciting.5) I am fascinated by the men few enough in all conscience who take life in their own hands and seem to mould it to their own liking.6) It may be that we have no such thing as free will but at all events we gave the illusion of it.7) At a cross-road it does seem to us that we might go either to the right or the left and the choice once made it is difficult to see that whole course of the world’s history obliged us to take the turning we did.12. Science Fiction1) Moreover if SF is the laboratory of the imagination its experiments are often of the kind that may significantly alter the subject matter even as they are being carried out.2) That is SF has always had a certain feedback effect on society as its visions emotionally engage the future consciousness of the mass public regarding especially desirable and undesirable possibilities.3) The shape a society takes in the present is in part influenced byits image of the future.4) For that matter some individuals in recent years have even shaped their own life-style after appealing models provided by SF stories.5) The diffusion of SF futuristic images of alternative societies through the media of movies and television may have speeded up and augmented SF’s social feed back effects.6) Thus SF is not only change speculator but change agent sending an echo from the future that is becoming into the present that is sculpting it.7) This fact alone makes imperative in any education system the study of the kinds of works discussed here.13. 1) Since the 1970s the Chinese community in the USA has undergone tremendous changes among which is its rapid increase in population as many Chinese have kept flooding into America’s shore.3) As the population of the American citize ns of Chinese descent has increased and their qualities have evidently improved so their economic conditions have prospered.4) It is said that since 1986 the US citizens of Chinese descent have leapt to a good lead over other racial minorities Japanese and Koreans for instance.5) The average Chinese family’s yearly income has now come to exceed that of the average American family.6) At present there is a number ofenterprisers of Chinese descent in the economic circles in the US who enjoy considerable fame.7) An even more cheerful phenomenon is that in recent years there have sprung up in the US prominent scientific and technical talents of Chinese descent.8) Their achievements have come to command the notice and admiration of scientists and technical experts in the world.9) Meanwhile Chinese-descent citizens have roles to play in American political circles as they have risen evidently in political status.14. Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.2) Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, 3) but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed.4) Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provede.5) Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives.6) Tired out after all exhausting life revolving around work they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved.7) As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion they now have enough time to fulfill an old dreamsuch as writing painting growing flowers and traveling around.8) On the whole female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers.9) Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man.15. Mr. Zhang a retired miner bought four chicks early this yeae.2) One day he found one of them missing.2) He got so angry that he kept blaming his wife for it all the time.3) Towards evening into his yard came a chick followed by his neighbor Wang who ran to catch the chick.4) Naturally Zhang’s wife wouldn’t let him go with the chick.5) and so a quarrel ensued.6) It turned out that Wang had also lost one of his two chicks recently which he bought nearly the same time as Mr Zhang did.7) Their quarrel drew another neighbor Lee to the yard to see what was happening.8) Having heard the story he put the chick somewhere between their homes and let it off.9) The chick went straight to join Zhang’s flock and kept returning whenever it was driven to Wang’s home.10) And at Zhang’s call “Chick chick” all the chicks including the one in question recede in response to him.11) Wang had no more to say but made an immediate apologize. Thus ended the quarrel over a chick.。

(完整word版)英语翻译理论与实践

黄山学院外语系课程讲稿专业名称：英语专业课程名称：《英汉翻译理论与实践1》主导教材：冯庆华，《实用翻译教程》授课教师：程汕姗A Brief Introduction to Translation◇Teaching Contents:I.Discussion:●What is translation?●What is a successful translation?●What difficulties might occur in translating process?A.What is translation?1.Key words:source language(SL) / receptor language / target language(TL); reproduce; message /information; equivalence / correspondence2.Nature of translationTranslation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest naturalequivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly interms of style. (Eugene A. Nida)德国译学教授Wolfram Wilss 在The Science of Translation：Problems & Methods一书中说：Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words withsimilar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language.Translating is always meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning instead of formfrom the source language to the target language.（翻译不只是在另一种语言中寻找意义相似的其他词语，而是寻找表达事物的适当方式。

浅谈翻译理论与实践

浅谈翻译理论与实践当今的世界，是一个开放的世界，各国在政治、经济、文化、体育、教育等各方面交流日益频繁和加深，在各国间的交流中，翻译已成为不可或缺的交际途径，翻译活动越来越频繁。

因此，对于翻译工作者来说，翻译是一项实践性很强的语言活动。

如果只有翻译实践没有翻译理论，那翻译水平就得不到提高。

实践是理论的基础，没有理论指导的实践是无源之水，没有实践证明的理论是无本之木。

这要求我们语言学习者对中西翻译发展的历史阶段有正确、清楚地认识是极为重要的。

本文对中西方翻译历史阶段及其翻译理论做了简洁地概括，旨在能对翻译工作者和翻译专业本专科生起到引导作用，帮助他们入门。

一带一路的战略构想体现了我国对外开放时发生的战略转移。

对外开放和国际上的合作交流都需要语言为桥梁，语言翻译便显得非常重要。

标签：翻译理论;翻译实践活动;中西翻译名家（一）那么人类为何会有翻译这样一种活动呢？在西方社会，人们认为翻译之出现，其重要原因在于人类的巴别塔情节。

《圣经·旧约·创世记》第11章提到，当时人类联合起来兴建希望能通往天堂的高塔;为了阻止人类的计划，上帝让人类说不同的语言，使人类相互之间不能沟通，计划因此失败，人类自此各散东西，建造通天塔的工程，也不得不搁置。

即便如此统一语言，达到沟通无障碍，这也一直是人类的一个夙愿。

获得奥斯卡提名的影片——Babel，（巴别塔）就是讲的贯穿在不同时间，不同地点和不同语言之间的人的故事。

影片的结束语写到”the brightest light in the darkest night”.寓意着即便是在沟通困难重重的环境下，人类还是克服一切阻力来达到信息传递和交流。

在中国，最早的翻译起源于《越人歌》的翻译，相传是中国第一首译诗。

鄂君子皙泛舟河中，打桨的越女爱慕他，用越语唱了一首歌，歌词中唱到“山有木兮木有枝，心悦君兮君不知”鄂君请人用楚语译出，就是这一首美丽的情诗。

有人说鄂君在听懂了这首歌，明白了越女的心之后，就微笑着把她带回去了。

翻译理论与实践(全套)PPT课件

13
导学——课时安排
课时安排：
教学内容
导学
第一章：翻译概述
第二章：英汉语言对比第三章：词语的翻译
第四章：句子翻译技巧（上）第五章：句子翻译技巧（下）第六章：常见文体的翻译
注：可能因授课实际情况，课时安排会做适当调整。
课时 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
14
导学——学法指导
译者素养：
➢译者的素质：外语素质语言敏感度心理素质
导学——课程要求
Tests: 60% There will be only one test: a final. But there may also be
several short quizzes through the term. Attendance: 20%
Daily attendance will be recorded. Each time a student will get 2.5 points. 1point for attendance, 1 point for being on time, and 0.5 point for participating in discussion and interacting positively with fellow classmates.
二、教学过程：
1. 增译法 2. 省译法 3. 词类转换 4. 正说反译、反说正译法 5. 翻译练习1、2、3、4
7
第五章：句子翻译技巧（下）
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技巧，从而在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。
二、教学过程：
1. 重译法 2. 语态变换法 3. 词序调整法 4. 拆译法 5. 翻译练习1、2、3、4
We should take considerable ( or a good portion of ) responsibility for the problems that arouse. 19

翻译理论与实践_英译汉

Some Examples of Domestication
as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠 at a stone‗s throw一箭之遥

wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡

as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪
as stubborn as a mule 犟得像牛
What i the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language (the "source text") and the production, in another language, of an equivalent text (the "target text," or "translation") that communicates the same message.

Foreignization and Domestication
异化:指在翻译方法上迁就外来文化的特点, 吸纳外语表达方式. 归化:指恪守本族文化的语言传统，回归地道的本族语表达方式。

评述：归化vs. 异化？
Spring, the sweet spring is the year‘s pleasant king. ——T. Nash 春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜。——郭沫若原诗中的king是一般性说法，没有任何特殊的文化色彩，可是一旦变成了中国古代和平盛世代名词“尧舜”，就染上了强烈的汉民族色彩。

Jakobson (1959):Three Types of Translation
Intralinguistic: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language Interlinguistic(translation proper):an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of some other language Intersemiotic:an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign system

英汉翻译理论与实践

分句法与合句法
分句法
分句法是指将英文中的一个长句拆分成两个或多个短句进行翻译，以使译文更加符合汉语的表达习惯。例如，“He is a good singer and dancer”可以拆分成“他是一个好歌手”和“他是一个好舞者”。
VS
合句法
合句法是指将英文中的两个或多个短句合并成一个长句进行翻译，以使译文更加流畅、紧凑。例如，“She is a doctor and she is also a writer”可以合并翻译为“她既是一名医生，也是一名作家”。
意译
意译是按照原文的含义和精神进行翻译，不拘泥于原文的词序和结构。在意译时，需要摆脱原文的语言束缚，用自然、流畅的语言表达原文的含义，同时保持译文的完整性和连贯性。
增译与减译
增译
增译是指在翻译过程中，根据原文的含义和语境，增加一些必要的词语、短语或句子，以使译文更加完整、流畅和准确。增译通常用于弥补原文的省略、补充背景信息、解释文化概念等。
句子结构问题
总结词
句子结构问题是英汉翻译中的重要问题之一。
详细描述
由于英汉两种语言的句子结构存在较大差异，因此在进行英汉翻译时，需要进行必要的句子结构调整。例如，英语中常用长句和复合句，而汉语中则常用短句和简单句。在进行英汉翻译时，需要将英文的长句和复合句拆分成汉语的短句和简单句，或者将汉语的短句和简单句整合成英文的长句和复合句。
商务翻译
总结词
商务翻译涉及商业、法律、合同等领域的文本，要求准确、专业、规范。
详细描述
商务翻译要求译者具备相关领域的专业知识，能够准确理解并表达原文的含义。在翻译过程中，译者需特别注意语言的严谨性和规范性，以确保译文的准确性和合法性。同时，商务翻译还强调译文的流畅性和易读性，

英译汉理论与实践

(4) Cohesive device:
The selection is coherent thanks to the use of the following cohesive devices: structurally, parallel structures are frequently used; lexically, particular, organization, telecommunications, and others are repeatedly used; government is used as a partial repetition for intergovernmental, though of different categories; and in particular is repeated.
In the selection, parallel structures are frequently used, for example, governments and SMEs; to better understand and participate; telecommunications and their trade applications; the International Telecommunications Union and World Trade Organization; in other intergovernmental organizations dealing with telecommunications and their trade applications, and in particular the International Telecommunications Union and World Trade Organization.