《红楼梦》小说中官制及官职翻译比较研究论文

《红楼梦》小说中的官制及官职翻译比较研究

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关键词：古代官制官职翻译红楼梦

引言：

官吏制度作为一个国家的重要政治制度，是社会上层建筑中的主要组成部分，也是民族文化的重要内容。中国五千年的文明发展史，使中华民族具有了最为深厚的文化积淀，也使中国成为世界上唯一一个史料翔实、信度较高的国家。《红楼梦》小说的成书时代正值清朝之“康乾盛世”，经历康熙、雍正、乾隆三代皇帝的统治，在几千年封建制度的沉淀之后，其官制体系非常复杂，官僚机构十分庞大。作为“我国封建社会的百科全书”，《红楼梦》中多次叙及官制及官职名称。本文以两个重要的《红楼梦》英文全译本（杨宪益、戴乃迭译本和霍克斯、闵福德译本，以下简称杨译本或霍译本）为例，在简要回顾中国古代官制发展史的基础上，重点阐述两个译本在官制及官职名称翻译方面的得失，以获得对中国传统文化外译工

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南京航空航天大学金城学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译系部经济系专业国际经济与贸易学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月

Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification （Excerpt） Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.

文学翻译论文

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java毕业论文外文文献翻译

Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.

文献综述,外文翻译,论文网站

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首先，儿童文学的语言浅显易懂。儿童年龄小，生活经验少，思维能力弱，语言能力在逐步完善，儿童文学作品的语言必须浅显、简洁、准确、流畅，能够被儿童读者理解接受，并未儿童的语言习得提供范本。其次，儿童文学的语言具象化。由于儿童抽象思维差，以形象思维为主，儿童文学的语言是形象、生动、具体、动态的。运用儿童熟悉、常见的具体形象进行描述，把人物和事物的声音、色彩、形状、神态等具体、直接的表现出来，与儿童闹钟的形象相吻合。再次，儿童喜游戏玩乐的特点决定了儿童文学语言的幽默性。幽默有趣的东西符合儿童的心理要求，可以引起他们的兴趣，启发他们快乐的情趣。有经验的儿童文学作者往往把“引起兴趣和引人发笑”作为写作的一个重要原则。三、接受美学理论接受美学(receptionaesthetics)是20世纪60年代后期出现的一种文艺美学思潮，也是文学研究领域中兴起的一种新的方法论。由于它主要探讨读者能动的接受活动在文学传播中的地位和作用，因此也被称为“接受理论”、“接受研究”。其代表人物是德国康斯坦茨学派的姚斯(hansrobertjauss)和伊瑟尔(wolfgangiser)。这一理论的一个重大突破就是确立了读者的中心地位,使西方文论实现了从“作者中心”和“作品中心”向“读者中心”的现代转向。文学作品要以读者为中心，读者为导向，相应的，儿童文学的翻译应该以儿童为中心，儿童的审美要求、视野期待是译者翻译活动的重要指导指标。四、接受美学理论下的儿童文学翻译 1.以儿童读者为中心

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Technique summary on the deformation monitoring towards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel Abstract.This paper discusses in length the deformation monitoring towards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel. The diversion tunnel lies on the left side of the dam. Its main task is to diverse the water so that the construction on the dam can be fulfilled successfully. On one hand, it tells us how to build the plane (two-dimensional) control network and how to conduct the horizontal displacement; on the other hand, it tells us how to set up the vertical control network and how to carry out the vertical displacement. Keywords:diversion tunnel, high side-slope, deformation monitoring, Horizontal displacement, vertical displacement 1 Introduction to the diversion tunnel The diversion tunnel and its related projects lies on the opposite side of the underground workplace, namely, the left bank of the Shuibuya Valley. Its natural slope is 255 meters high, consisting of soft rocks and hard rocks. The geological structure is so complicated. Specifically speaking, the slope contains two parts, with the above part hard and the below part soft; meanwhile, it also contains lots of fissures. To protect the worker’s safety during the construction period, it is quite necessary to carry out the rigorous monitoring towards the high side-slope. 2 Coordinate system (1)Beijing Geodetic Coordinate System, 1954; (2)Wusong Altitude system, 1956; (3)Gauss projection 3° Zone; (4)Central Meridian 111°. 3 Introdution to deformation of Structures When the structure is being constructed and in use, so many factors will cause five phenomena, such as: structure subsidence, structure displacement, structure oblique and structure fissure etc. These factors mainly include: the uneven geological component of the foundation, the difference of the physical attribute of the soil, the rigid deformation of the soil, the change in the underground water, the change of the atmospheric temperature, the self