lecture 1翻译概述

Christiane Nord
• ―Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text.‖
Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
― It is sometimes said that there is no
task more complex than translation --- a claim that can be readily believed when all the variables involved are taken into account. Translators not only need to know their source language well; they must also have a thorough understanding of the field of knowledge covered by the source text, and of any
Peter Newmark
• Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. • (Translating) is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text.
奈达定义的三个优点
• 明确地说明了要译的是什么（信息 message） • 暗示了由于语言文化上的差异，原文和 译文只能做到相对的对等（closest） • 考虑了译文的可接受性
Some Definitions by Modern Translation Theorists
Teaching Plan
翻译可作如下界定： 用一种语言（目的语）的文本材料 对等地再现另一种语言（出发语）的文本材料.
• 3) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
Catford
• Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in other language (TL).
The nature of translation
• • • A. When referred to a subject of curriculum, translation is a science, just as any subject is, with its own rules, laws and principles for the translators to abide by. B. When referred to some specific pieces of translation, it is like an art, with each piece manifesting its own charms and style in the creative hands of the translator; C. When referred to a process, in which something is translated, it is a craft or skill. For unlike any branch of natural science, the process of translation has its peculiarity, and none of its rules and principles are universally applicable. Besides it entails a lot of practice--particular craftsmanship and skills which are displayed by touches of different translators.
Definitions of translation
• 1) Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
• • • • • • • • • • • Teaching Contents: An introduction to the course of translation Teaching Aims: To make students aware of what the course is about. Teaching Focus: The nature of the translation and the way to learn translation Teaching Methods: Discussion (group work, then class work). Teaching Approaches: Multi-media aided. Teaching Procedures:
Definitions of translation
译文应完全复写出原作的思想。译文的风格和笔调 应与原语的性质相同。译文应像原文一样通顺流畅。 • 4) Translation is reproducing the meaning of one language in another language so as to communicate with the people speaking different languages. Meanwhile people can exchange ideas, transmit culture awareness, stimulate social civilization, especially stimulate the development and prospect of the culture of the target language. 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以 达到沟通思想情感、传播文化意识、促进社会文明，特别 是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。
Step 1
Questions for discussion
1. What is translation? 2. What is the nature of translation? 3. How many categories do you think translation can be divided into, and what are they? 4. What are the characteristics of translation? Describe it in detail, please. 5. What are we going to learn in this course? 6. What is translation theory and what are translation techniques? What is the relationship between them? 7. Which is easier, translating or speaking and writing? 8. As a translator, what competence should you have? Can you describe it in detail? 9. How can we learn the course well?
Jean Sager
• ―Translation is an externally motivated industrial activity, supported by information technology, which is diversified in response to the particular needs of this form of communication.‖
吕俊
• ―翻译是一种跨文化的信息 交流与交换活动，其本质 是传播，是传播学中一个 有特殊性质的领域。”
沈苏儒
• ―翻译是把具有某一文化背景的 发送者用某种语言（文字）所表 达的内容尽可能充分地、有效地 传达给使用另一种语言（文字）、 具有另一种文化背景的接受者。”
张今
• ―翻译是两个语言社会(language community) 之间的交际过程和交际 工具，它的目的主要是促进本语言 社会的政治、经济和文化进步，它 的任务是要把原作中包含的现实世 界的逻辑映像或艺术映像，完好无 损地从一种语言译注到另一种语言 中去。”
所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等语再现 原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体.
• 2) The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).
Samuel Johnson
• To translate is to change into another language, retaining as much of the sense as one can.
巴尔胡达罗夫 （《语言与翻译》 1985 中文版）
“翻译就是把依照语言地言 语产物在保持内容方面（也 就是意义）不变地情况下改 变为另外一种语言的言语产 物地过程。”
Gideon Toury • ―A translation is taken to be any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds.‖
Introduction to Translation
• • • • • • • •
1、翻译的概念 2、翻译的性质 3、翻译在外语教学中的地位 4、翻译与其他学科的关系 5、翻译的分类 6、译者的素养 7、翻译市场的现状 8、翻译工具箱
1、 翻译的概念
•
翻译是运用一种语言把另一 种语言所表达的思维内容准 确而完整的重新表达出来的 语言活动。 ---张培基（1980）