跨文化交际第九章

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跨文化交际第九讲

两个人都是美国人，第一个显然是从当时停靠在港口的一艘美国海轮上下来的水兵。第二个是一个五十多岁，西装笔挺的人。
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分析：
1 对第一个交际者使用了不正式、日常化的称谓形式和表达风格；对第二个交际者使用了正式的，也恭敬得多的称谓形式，并且把所卖东西称为“劳力士” 2 注意到了两个潜在顾客的社会差异，既而运用不同的表达风格来表示交际事件或交际情境中某些元素（社会差异）的变化。 3 与对于交际对象“面子”的解析进行了有效的呼应。
三种面子/礼貌系统
• 尊敬礼貌系统：在交际参与者的关系平等或近于平等（P），但存在着一定距离（+D）的情况下所采用的面子/ 礼貌体系（-P，+D）。 • 特征： 1. 交际双方的关系是对称的，两者享有同等的社会地位。 2. 相互间有一定的距离性，彼此独立。 3. 礼貌（面子）策略的一致性：交际双方都采用独立礼貌（面子）策略。 Speaker1←Independence→Speaker2
面子
• 荣誉/自豪感/空虚/无形/显示/习惯
• 人际交往中，人们总是彼此进行种种推测：对方是什么人
（A）？对方对自我的主观期望是什么（B）？推测的结果受制于交际双方的文化背景。
面子
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案例：在香港最繁华的旅游和商业区之一的尖沙嘴的内森路，有两个人经过买仿制劳力士表的商贩。商贩（对第一个人）：哎，要仿制表吗？商贩（对第二个人）：先生，要劳力士吗？
面子
• 源于东方（中国、日本、韩国）的古老概念：表征基于 •
“荣誉”这一核心概念的一系列意义。经过中国学者胡先缙的介绍，“面子”这一概念为西方学者关注，认为其是人类交往中的共性表现（Goffman），成为社会学/社会语言学的专门术语：交际事件中，交际参与者相互给予（推测）或相互协同（动态的调整）的公共意象。协同过程是对推测过程的确认和调整。它不仅强调交际者所共享的关于彼此关系的推测，也强调对于面子的协同。

国际中文教师跨文化意识的培养

国际中文教师跨文化意识的培养[摘要]随着经济全球化的深入和中国经济的发展，各国之间的交流越来越密切，越来越多的人开始学习汉语，也有越来越多的人参与到汉语教学中。

不同文化背景的人交往就会产生跨文化交际。

跨文化意识的参差不齐导致在国际中文教育中教师和汉语学习者产生文化冲突或教学效果不理想。

基于此，本文探讨国际中文教师跨文化意识培养的不足与解决办法。

一、引言国际中文教师行业对教师有外语、跨文化交际能力、才艺、中国文化知识等方面的要求，于是也有很多汉语国际教育专业以外例如外语、教育等专业毕业的人成为了国际中文教师。

在教育环境中，不同文化背景的人交往，不可避免地会发生跨文化交际。

《跨文化交际》课程是汉语国际教育专业的必修课，但对于其他专业来讲，可能是比较陌生的课程。

而在国际中文教师中，存在一部分没有学习过《跨文化交际》课程的教师；同时在国际中文教师的培养和选拔上，对跨文化交际能力的定义也比较模糊，教师在授课过程、学生管理等和学生相处过程中由于跨文化意识的缺失，有时会产生文化冲突。

因此，国际中文教师的跨文化意识培养很有必要也很重要。

二、存在的不足1.关于国际中文教师跨文化意识培养研究不足金露（2014）[1]在《汉语国际教育专业跨文化交际课程教学现状调查研究》中发现，在参与调查的33所学校中，有61%的学生在学习《跨文化交际》之前跨文化交际能力参差不齐，水平达到好的占12%；学习后跨文化交际能力达到好以上程度的学生占76%，可见，跨文化交际知识的重要性。

但国内的跨文化研究主要集中于商业和英语教学，例如胡文仲主编的《跨文化交际学概论》的章节经营管理，讲的就是国际贸易中的跨文化交际；在知网搜索“跨文化交际”出现最多的文章是有关中国人学习外语的跨文化交际。

国际中文教育方面研究跨文化交际更多倾向于外国留学生到中国学习的跨文化交际和汉语国际教育专业的跨文化交际，对国际中文教师的跨文化交际以及跨文化意识培养方面的研究较少。

大学英语跨文化交际 chapter9

Chapter 9 Intercultural AdaptationI. Teaching Objectives:In this chapter, the teacher should enable the students to:1. understand acculturation and intercultural adaptation2. understand the definition and modes of acculturation, as well as the factors affecting acculturation.3. master the definition, symptoms, forms and effects of culture shock.4. comprehend the definition and stages of intercultural adaptation, which includes theU-curve and W-curve patterns.5. develop some strategies for avoiding culture shock and engaging in interculturaladaptation.II. Contents1. Keywords（1）Acculturation：It refers to an individual’s learning and adapting to the norms and values of the new host culture. （文化适应：文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程。

）（2）Assimilation：It is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losing their culture in the process. (同化：同化指一个民族群体的人们逐渐失去自己原有的文化，接受新的主流文化的过程。

跨文化交际课程unit9

Joint venture culture
What is joint venture?
合资企业一般指中外合资中外合资经营企业是由中国投资者和外国投资者共同出资、共同经营、共负盈亏、共担风险的企业。外国合营者可以是企业、其他经济组织或个人。中国合营者目前只限于企业、其他经济组织，不包括个人和个体企业。经审查机关批准，合营企业是中国法人，受中国法律的管辖和保护。它的组织形式是有限责任公司。
What is intercultural business management ?
跨文化商务管理真正作为一门科学，是在20世纪70 年代后期的美国逐步形成和发展起来的。它研究的是在跨文化条件下如何克服异质文化的冲突，进行卓有成效的管理，其目的在于如何在不同形态的文化氛围中设计出切实可行的组织结构和管理机制，最合理地配置企业资源，特别是最大限度地挖掘和利用企业人力资源的潜力和价值，从而最大化地提高企业的综合效益。跨文化商务管理中涉及到三种文化：组织文化、合资企业文化及民族文化。
3. Development of teamwork
• Teamwork means cooperation among employees and employers. • Team members must be flexible, adaptable, and able to work together to further their companies’ goals to succeed and stay competitive.
Some tips in understanding Corporate culture
A company’s culture is greatly influenced by the management team as they set the policies and practices for the organization. Many articles and books have been written in recent years about culture in organizations, usually referred to as “corporate culture”. Every organization has its own unique culture or value set. To be specific, corporate culture can be looked as a system. Often the people who see an organization’s culture more clearly are those from the outside, the new comers, or the consultants.

《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U9.docx

Unit 9 Intercultural AdaptationSome Ideas Related to Culture Shock and Adaptation Strategies1.Culture ShockWhat is culture shock? Culture shock is a common experience of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It refers to phenomena ranging from mild irritability to deep psychological panic and crisis. It is associated with feelings in the person of estrangement (being unfriendly or hostile to others; alienation), anger, hostility, indecision, frustration, unhappiness, sadness, loneliness, homesickness, and even physical illness. The person undergoing culture shock views his new world out of resentment, and alternates between being angry at others for not understanding him and being filled with self-pity.Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols or social contact. Those cues or sighs include various ways in which we adapt ourselves to the situation of daily life: When to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to buy things, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, or customs, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed・ He or she is like fish out of water. Edward Hall describes a hypothetical example of an American living abroad for the first time 一at first, things in the cities look pretty much alike. There are taxis, hotels with hot and cold running water, theatres, neon lights, even tall buildings with elevators and a few people who can speak English. But pretty soon the American discovers that underneath the familiar exterior there are vast differences. When someone says "yes" it often doesn't mean yes at all, and when people smile it doesn^t always mean they are pleased.When the American visitor makes a helpful gesture he may be rebuffed; when he tries to be friendly nothing happens. People tell him that they will do things and dont The longer he stays, the more enigmatic (puzzling) the new country looks.2.Possible signs of culture shockThe following sentences describe different stages of culture shock.a.The person holds a hostile and aggressive attitude toward the host country.b.The person begins to open the way into the new cultural environment.c.The person now accepts the customs of the country as just another way of living.d.The person is fascinated by the new environment.3・ Suggestions found to be helpful in fighting culture shock1)Recognize that you are experiencing culture shock, and your reactions are not from some other source. Remember that many others have had the same experience,and that it is normal. Understand that your feelings are part of a response to learning about the other culture and consider it a positive sign.2)Give yourself permission to temporarily indulge the symptom: if you are sleepy, sleep.3)Find other from your culture and spend time together talking about home, eating, sharing experiences.4)Help someone from your home culture who has recently arrived. You will be surprised at how much you've learned.5)Communicate with family and friends. Write letters or call Remember that those at home might not realize that culture shock is a normal experience. Let them know it isa temporary phase of adjusting to life in a different culture.6)Become an expert on some aspect of the other culture. Choose something you like, and learn more about people in the host culture.7)Maintain your sense of hum0匚Laugh at the mistakes you make; they are usually not serious.8)Keep busy. Get to know the area where you live by walking around and observing. Say hello to a neighbor in the place you live, and perhaps start a friendship.9)Become friendly with classmates. Spend some out-of-school time togethe匚10)Do something you enjoy. Contact a relative or acquaintance whose address you may have. Browse through department stores. Visit a museum. Walk through a new area of town. See a play or go to a movie.11)Forget that your English is less than perfect, and feel free "to ask" people for information, guidance, or directions. Many people are friendly, and helpful. It is important not to dwell on negative incidents. Disappointments are simply a fact of life.12)Be flexible. Make up your mind that you are going to enjoy your new adventure. 4e Two views of culture shockTwo views of culture shock1)The disease viewThe culture-shocked person experiences a breakdown in communication, is unable to cope, and feels isolated and lost. He develops a number of defensive attitudes and behaviors to protect the mind from the confusion of an entirely new situation. He is a helpless victim.He can experience many emotional and mental difficulties. He may become extremely frustrated, angry, and rejecting of the new culture. He considers the host country bad, ridiculous, stupid, and hopeless.He may start to glorify his home country. He fears physical contact with anyone or anything from the new culture. He may feel harmed, tricked, deceived, injured, or ignored・ People can become physically ill from the stress of culture shock 一ulcers, headaches, stomach aches, back aches, the flu 一physical symptoms.2)The self-awareness viewThe educational experience provides a mirror in which one's own culture is reflected・Exposure to new cultures enables them to gain new insights into their own culture and society. Positive cross-cultural learning experiences typically involve change andmovement from one cultural frame of reference to another.5.Four ways of adaptationAssimilation （同化）Separation （隔绝）Marginalization （边缘化）Integration （融合）Reading I Adapting to a New Culture Comprehension questions1.What are the terms that can he applied to the concept of ^culture shock”?Terms that can be applied to the concept of—culture shock are culture stress, adaptation, transition shock, adjustment, socialization, and so on.2.What are the symptoms of a person at his or her a honeynioon stage n in the process of adapting to a new culture?In this stage, one feels a sense of excitement, pleasure, and self-satisfaction for making the decision to come to this beautiful place. In his or her view, nearly everything appears wonderful.3.Does everybody experience the Stage Two? How to cope with the negative feelings one may have at this stage?No, some people never experience this stage. In order to cope with the negative feelings one may have at this stage, one should not withdraw from all contact with the new culture and instead try to have more contact with the host nationals.4.According to the author^ what is the best thing to do when one is experiencing culture shock?The best thing to do when you are experiencing culture shock is to admit that you are experiencing culture shock, try to identify your stage of culture shock, and work toward becoming more familiar with the new culture.5.What are the problems that people are confronted with when they return to the home culture from overseas?Upon their first returning home, there is a sense of relief and excitement about being in familiar surroundings. However, a sense of depression and negative outlook follows the initial reentry cycle, for a person may find that the home culture is no longer the same. They may have difficulty readjusting to the home culture and the reentry process has often involved their suffering quietly with stress.6.What are the improvements people usually make when they get into Stage Three?When people get into Stage Three, they become more accustomed to the foods, sights, sounds, smells, and nonverbal behaviors of the new culture and have less physical problems and less confusion, uncertainty, and loneliness. Their normal contacts with host nationals are increasing and now they can accept themselves and others around them.7.What do you think of the authors suggestion of using the native language to compliment people in the host culture?It is very important for one to be able to use the native language if one hopes to survive successfully in a new cultural environment, for it can not only compliment the local people, but also greatly enhance mutual understanding.8.Do you have any other suggestions for adapting successfully to a new culture?Apart from those suggestions given by the author, one should also try to learn from those who have much experience in adapting to a new culture, which may be helpful in one's effort to overcome the difficulties in the process of cultural adaptation. Reading IIOvercoming Ethnocentrism in Communication Comprehension questions1.Why do people involved in intercultural communication often evaluate theother(s) negatively?Because in intercultural communication we tend to use the categories of our own culture to judge and interpret the behaviors of the others who are culturally different from us.2.What is the basic difference between American and Japanese communication styles?The basic difference may be that Americans are much more direct while Japanese are very indirect.3.What will happen when communicators engage in mutual negative evaluation in American・Japcinese interaction ?When communicators engage in mutual negative evaluation, the communication event may deteriorate even further. The American, sensing Japanese reluctance to confront a problem, becomes even more personal and aggressive. The Japanese, reacting to an embarrassing social indiscretion, becomes even more formal and indirect.4.What do you think the Nigerian communication style is like?Nigerians are inclined to take the more contextual style in communication. They tend to provide as much context as they can before they get to the point.5.Why does the Thai employee continue to use the formal title to address his American manager in their conversations?Because the Thai people usually consider it quite disrespectable to address the manager by his first name, for in their culture, one should always be aware of one's place in the organization's hierarchy and behave accordingly..6.Why does the author say that the case of American-British interaction deserves closer attention ?Because the case of American-British interaction is more complicated. Americans and the British employ different cultural approaches in response to different occasions. The British, like other Europeans, tend to use a low-context approach to intellectual confrontation and a more high-context style in personal matters of feeling and relationship, whereas Americans usually treat a relationship in a low-context manner handle intellectual confrontation in a high-context manner.7.What should we do to overcome the tendency to stereotype and negatively evaluate others who are culturally different from us?We can overcome the tendency to stereotype and generate negative evaluations by approaching every cross-cultural situation as a kind of experiment. Using available generalizations about the other culture, we can formulate a hypothesis and then test it for accuracy. As more knowledge of relevant cultural differences is acquired, generalizations can become more specific, hypotheses more particular, and communication difficulties more predictable.8.If we cannot help making generalizations^ how to use cultural generalizations effectively?We can use generalizations to hypothesize likely areas of contrast and possible communication problems and then acquire specific cultural differences through intercultural practice.Case StudyCase 33The problems that Li Li has encountered during her stay in the United States are typically some of those that people will usually be faced with when they enter a new culture.There are obviously distinct stages that Li Li has gone through in the process of her adaptation to the American cultural environment: honeymoon period (Letter 1), when she was fascinated and excited by almost everything in the United States and felt elated to be in the new culture; culture shock. (Letter 2), when she was immersed in many problems that she had not been prepared for and became extremely homesick; initial adjustment (Letter 3), when she learned more about American culture and cultural adaptation and began to feel much better then; mental isolation (Letter 4), when she felt frustrated and became even somewhat hostile towards Americans; and acceptance period (Letter 5), when she began to realize the positive and negative aspects of the country and have a more balanced perspective about her experiences there.What she means by writing in her fifth letter that —I think I have finally arrived in America is that she has finally learned to accept the culture very different from her own and begun to integrate herself into it. She is no longer like a fish out of water, and does not feel alienated from the new environment any more.Case 34In this case, it seems that Kevin failed to understand that customs for such a social gathering would be culturally different and Blanca were not properly prepared for experiencing a culture shock like this when she came to work and live in a new cultural environment.In Dominican culture, it is usually considered inappropriate for a young unmarried female to go to a social gathering alone without anyone else accompanying her. A chaperone is often required, and getting one's parents'pennission is also necessary. However, all this may be very strange to North Americans nowadays. Kevin could not quite understand why Blanca, already an adult supposed to be independent, had to bring her little sister along to the gathering so as to get her parents'permission.Another thing at which they differ is that in Dominican culture, somewhat like our Chinese culture, people going out together to eat seldom pay separately. The elderone(s) would pay for the younger one(s), and the male(s) would pay for the female(s). Because of having expected that Kevin would pay for their meals, Blanca didn't bringmuch money with her when she was going to The Blue Hat. Therefore, when Kevin said —separate checks, pleasell to the waiter, as North American people usually do while going out together to eat, he didn't realize that he had put Blanca in a very embarrassing situation. That's why Blanca whispered to her sister, telling her that she didn't have much money with her then and just ordered something to drink when she said they were not hungry at all.Case 35The American's personal experience in Russia has taught us not to jump to a conclusion about any other culture. We may misinterpret the behavior and intention of people in other cultures, for we are easily influenced by some popular overgeneralizations about other cultures. We have to be aware that things in other cultures may not be what they appear to us foreigners. One of the difficulties we will experience in adjusting to a new culture is that we may have taken too much of our own—cultural baggage: misleading stereotypes and preconceptions about members of that culture. In intercultural communication 让is sometimes true that a little learning about other cultures can be a dangerous thing. Distorted or biased knowledge may be worse than no knowledge at all. Even if what we know about other cultures has been proved to be right and well grounded, we still have to remember that there will often be variation within any culture. We should always be prepared for exceptions when interacting with individuals from another culture.Case 36We all know that we are members of a particular culture and we share the same cultural identity with other members of the culture. However, much of our cultural identity may simply be outside of our awareness- Not until we find ourselves in situations where our sense of self 一- our values, beliefs, practices -一is called into question do we perceive the tacit dimensions of our cultural identity. In this incident, the German woman has found out that Americans treat their neighbors in a way that is different from the way Germans do. As her expectations were thwarted, she became aware of her own cultural identity, her cultural way of thinking, of interpreting the world. This could be a painful process, which many of us, as the German woman in this case, may not be prepared for. Therefore, it is important to raise people's awareness of their culturally shaped identity and acknowledge the likelihood of some emotional disturbance during the cultural adjustment.。

跨文化交际教学大纲

《跨文化交际》是面向旅游管理专业开设的一门专业限选课。

跨文化交际学是一门新学科，人们对它的研究性质、研究内容、研究方法等等，在理论上，仍在不断探索之中。

在这种情况下，我们可遵循理论联系实际的原则，边摸索边总结，而不必急于寻求某种定论。

概括说来，专门研究跨文化交际中的矛盾与问题，并探索如何提高跨文化交际能力的学科就是跨文化交际学。

开设本课程的目的是为了加强大学生的人文素质教育，使他们在全面准确了解中国文化与不同地域文化的基础上，培养起他们的现代人文精神，宏扬中华文化；培养他们跨文化交际的能力；培养他们的民族责任感、理想、追求、价值取向、审美情趣；培养学生做人的基本素质，提高学生的人文素质，使他们成为全面发展的人，亦即“精神成人”。

本书吸收了国内外跨文化交际学的最新研究成果，介绍了这一领域的基本理论，同时十分精练地介绍了英、美、德、法、日五国的文化特性。

本书既可以作为高等学校外语及其他专业文化素质教育的教材，也可以作为正在参预或者将要参预跨文化交际的人们的知识性读物。

本课程教学共54 学时主要以“研究型学习”课程教学法为主，采用教授、讨论、讲座等互动式教学法。

要求学生按要求事先查阅相关的研究文献、课堂上时常交换、交流学习资源、提高学生的学习研究能力，实现教学相长的目的。

1、通过学习本章学生应该掌握了解文化、大众文化、交际、跨文化交际的基本概念。

2、了解文化与交际之间的关系，以及文化的演变、古今中外学着对交际的认知和了解。

3、了解跨文化交际的发展史，以及人们对跨文化交际的研究状况。

[学时]第一节文化与交际(学时)掌握文化、交际、大众文化的基本概念，了解文化的形成以及人们对交际的认知。

第二节跨文化交际(学时)了解什么是跨文化交际及其概念，了解跨文化交际的重要性，及其发展历史。

第三节跨文化交际研究(学时)了解人们对跨文化交际的研究，了解跨文化交际的研究基本内容和重要内容。

1、了解英国人的构成，以及英国文化及其文化的演进史。

跨文化交际学概论

跨文化交际学概论胡文仲第一部分绪论：跨文化交际和跨文化交际学第一章跨文化交际一、什么是跨文化交际不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程就是跨文化交际，如直接和外国人接触，阅读外国小说，看外国电影等。

跨文化交际是自古以来就有的现象，如我国汉朝的丝绸之路、佛教的传入、郑和下西洋。

L.S.Harms认为：世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：①语言的产生②文字的使用③印刷术的发明④近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的发展⑤跨文化交际。

二、对跨文化交际的不同理解Marshall Singer认为：①每个人隶属于若干群体，没有两个人隶属的群体是完全相同的；②即使在同一群体，每个人的态度、价值、信念也会完全不同；因此，每个人都是独特的，从严格意义上讲，任何人与人之间的交际都应该被视为跨文化交际。

这种观点提醒我们应该避免空泛的比较，但是，在跨文化交际研究中应该首先把眼光集中于国别研究，集中于一个国家中的主流文化的研究。

第二章跨文化交际学跨文化交际的英文：Intercultural Communication跨文化交际学首先在美国兴起。

许多学者把Eward Hall在1959年出版的《无声的语言》（The Silent Language）看作是跨文化交际学的奠基之作。

1970年国际传播学会成人跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，在学会下面成立了跨文化交际学分会。

1972年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议在日本东京举行。

1974年，跨文化教育训练与研究学会（SIETAR）在美国成立，后改名为国际跨文化教育训练与研究学会。

跨文化交际学在我国大致是从80年代初期开始的。

跨文化交际学一个突出的特点是它的多学科性质，其中影响较大的是人类学、心理学、传播学。

人类学家的跨文化交际学著作：A.L.Kroeber和Clyde Kluckhohn合著的《文化概念与定义评述》是论述文化定义的经典之作。

Ruth Benedict的《菊与剑》对日本文化的模式做了深入的分析；许烺光的《美国人与中国人——通向分歧之路》对于中美文化的差异做了十分全面而透辟的分析。

跨文化交际-黑龙江大学-崔常亮老师-chapter 9-CD

your perceptual context
3 g. Anticipate failure events
Home work and After-class activities
1. Surf on the Internet to collect the information about culture shock. 2. Summarize the strategies on how to avoid culture shock and engage in intercultural adaptation.
Now, let’s summarize the key points
of this chapter
!
Missing China!
1. John has been living in China for 4.5 years. 2. He returned to Vancouver for 3 times. 3. It gets harder to adjust each time. 4. He couldn’t wait to return to China.
3 c. Learn basic verbal and nonverbal language
skills
3 d. Develop intercultural relationships
3 e. Maintain an intimate social network
3 f. Assume the principle of difference/Remember
2. Stages of Intercultural Adaptation
U-curve Pattern

《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U9

Unit 9 Intercultural AdaptationSome Ideas Related to Culture Shock and Adaptation Strategies1. Culture ShockWhat is culture shock? Culture shock is a common experience of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It refers to phenomena ranging from mild irritability to deep psychological panic and crisis. It is associated with feelings in the person of estrangement (being unfriendly or hostile to others; alienation), anger, hostility, indecision, frustration, unhappiness, sadness, loneliness, homesickness, and even physical illness. The person undergoing culture shock views his new world out of resentment, and alternates between being angry at others for not understanding him and being filled with self-pity.Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols or social contact. Those cues or sighs include various ways in which we adapt ourselves to the situation of daily life: When to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to buy things, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, or customs, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like fish out of water. Edward Hall describes a hypothetical example of an American living abroad for the first time — at first, things in the cities look pretty much alike. There are taxis, hotels with hot and cold running water, theatres, neon lights, even tall buildings with elevators and a few people who can speak English. But pretty soon the American discovers that underneath the familiar exterior there are vast differences. When someone says “yes” it often doesn‟t mean yes at all, and when people smile it doesn‟t always mean they are pleased.When the American visitor makes a helpful gesture he may be rebuffed; when he tries to be friendly nothing happens. People tell him that they will do things and don‟t. The longer he stays, the more enigmatic (puzzling) the new country looks.2. Possible signs of culture shockThe following sentences describe different stages of culture shock.a. The person holds a hostile and aggressive attitude toward the host country.b. The person begins to open the way into the new cultural environment.c. The person now accepts the customs of the country as just another way of living.d. The person is fascinated by the new environment.3. Suggestions found to be helpful in fighting culture shock1) Recognize that you are experiencing culture shock, and your reactions are not from some other source. Remember that many others have had the same experience,and that it is normal. Understand that your feelings are part of a response to learning about the other culture and consider it a positive sign.2) Give yourself permission to temporarily indulge the symptom: if you are sleepy, sleep.3) Find other from your culture and spend time together talking about home, eating, sharing experiences.4) Help someone from your home culture who has recently arrived. You will be surprised at how much you‟ve learned.5) Communicate with family and friends. Write letters or call. Remember that those at home might not realize that culture shock is a normal experience. Let them know it is a temporary phase of adjusting to life in a different culture.6) Become an expert on some aspect of the other culture. Choose something you like, and learn more about people in the host culture.7) Maintain your sense of humor. Laugh at the mistakes you make; they are usually not serious.8) Keep busy. Get to know the area where you live by walking around and observing. Say hello to a neighbor in the place you live, and perhaps start a friendship.9) Become friendly with classmates. Spend some out-of-school time together.10) Do something you enjoy. Contact a relative or acquaintance whose address you may have. Browse through department stores. Visit a museum. Walk through a new area of town. See a play or go to a movie.11) Forget that your English is less than perfect, and feel free “to ask” people for information, guidance, or directions. Many people are friendly, and helpful. It is important not to dwell on negative incidents. Disappointments are simply a fact of life.12) Be flexible. Make up your mind that you are going to enjoy your new adventure.4. Two views of culture shockTwo views of culture shock1) The disease viewThe culture-shocked person experiences a breakdown in communication, is unable to cope, and feels isolated and lost. He develops a number of defensive attitudes and behaviors to protect the mind from the confusion of an entirely new situation. He is a helpless victim.He can experience many emotional and mental difficulties. He may become extremely frustrated, angry, and rejecting of the new culture. He considers the host country bad, ridiculous, stupid, and hopeless.He may start to glorify his home country. He fears physical contact with anyone or anything from the new culture. He may feel harmed, tricked, deceived, injured, or ignored. People can become physically ill from the stress of culture shock — ulcers, headaches, stomach aches, back aches, the flu — physical symptoms.2) The self-awareness viewThe educational experience provides a mirror in which one‟s own culture isreflected. Exposure to new cultures enables them to gain new insights into their own culture and society.Positive cross-cultural learning experiences typically involve change and movement from one cultural frame of reference to another.5. Four ways of adaptationAssimilation （同化）Separation（隔绝）Marginalization（边缘化）Integration（融合）Reading IAdapting to a New CultureComprehension questions1. What are the terms that can be applied to the concept of “culture shock”?Terms that can be applied to the concept of ―culture shock are culture stress, adaptation, transition shock, adjustment, socialization, and so on.2. What are the symptoms of a person at his or her “honeymoon stage” in the process of adapting to a new culture?In this stage, one feels a sense of excitement, pleasure, and self-satisfaction for making the decision to come to this beautiful place. In his or her view, nearly everything appears wonderful.3. Does everybody experience the Stage Two? How to cope with the negative feelings one may have at this stage?No, some people never experience this stage. In order to cope with the negative feelings one may have at this stage, one should not withdraw from all contact with the new culture and instead try to have more contact with the host nationals.4. According to the author, what is the best thing to do when one is experiencing culture shock?The best thing to do when you are experiencing culture shock is to admit that you are experiencing culture shock, try to identify your stage of culture shock, and work toward becoming more familiar with the new culture.5. What are the problems that people are confronted with when they return to the home culture from overseas?Upon their first returning home, there is a sense of relief and excitement about being in familiar surroundings. However, a sense of depression and negative outlook follows the initial reentry cycle, for a person may find that the home culture is no longer the same. They may have difficulty readjusting to the home culture and the reentry process has often involved their suffering quietly with stress.6. What are the improvements people usually make when they get into Stage Three? When people get into Stage Three, they become more accustomed to the foods, sights, sounds, smells, and nonverbal behaviors of the new culture and have less physical problems and less confusion, uncertainty, and loneliness. Their normalcontacts with host nationals are increasing and now they can accept themselves and others around them.7. What do you think of the author’s suggestion of using the native language to compliment people in the host culture?It is very important for one to be able to use the native language if one hopes to survive successfully in a new cultural environment, for it can not only compliment the local people, but also greatly enhance mutual understanding.8. Do you have any other suggestions for adapting successfully to a new culture?Apart from those suggestions given by the author, one should also try to learn from those who have much experience in adapting to a new culture, which may be helpful in one…s effort to overcome the difficulties in the process of cultural adaptation.Reading IIOvercoming Ethnocentrism in Communication Comprehension questions1. Why do people involved in intercultural communication often evaluate theother(s) negatively?Because in intercultural communication we tend to use the categories of our own culture to judge and interpret the behaviors of the others who are culturally different from us.2. What is the basic difference between American and Japanese communication styles?The basic difference may be that Americans are much more direct while Japanese are very indirect.3. What will happen when communicators engage in mutual negative evaluation in American-Japanese interaction?When communicators engage in mutual negative evaluation, the communication event may deteriorate even further. The American, sensing Japanese reluctance to confront a problem, becomes even more personal and aggressive. The Japanese, reacting to an embarrassing social indiscretion, becomes even more formal and indirect.4. What do you think the Nigerian communication style is like?Nigerians are inclined to take the more contextual style in communication. They tend to provide as much context as they can before they get to the point.5. Why does the Thai employee continue to use the formal title to address his American manager in their conversations?Because the Thai people usually consider it quite disrespectable to address the manager by his first name, for in their culture, one should always be aware of one…s place in the organization…s hierarchy and behave accordingly. .6. Why does the author say that the case of American-British interaction deserves closer attention?Because the case of American-British interaction is more complicated. Americansand the British employ different cultural approaches in response to different occasions. The British, like other Europeans, tend to use a low-context approach to intellectual confrontation and a more high-context style in personal matters of feeling and relationship, whereas Americans usually treat a relationship in a low-context manner handle intellectual confrontation in a high-context manner.7. What should we do to overcome the tendency to stereotype and negatively evaluate others who are culturally different from us?We can overcome the tendency to stereotype and generate negative evaluations by approaching every cross-cultural situation as a kind of experiment. Using available generalizations about the other culture, we can formulate a hypothesis and then test it for accuracy. As more knowledge of relevant cultural differences is acquired, generalizations can become more specific, hypotheses more particular, and communication difficulties more predictable.8. If we cannot help making generalizations, how to use cultural generalizations effectively?We can use generalizations to hypothesize likely areas of contrast and possible communication problems and then acquire specific cultural differences through intercultural practice.Case StudyCase 33The problems that Li Li has encountered during her stay in the United States are typically some of those that people will usually be faced with when they enter a new culture.There are obviously distinct stages that Li Li has gone through in the process of her adaptation to the American cultural environment: honeymoon period (Letter 1), when she was fascinated and excited by almost everything in the United States and felt elated to be in the new culture; culture shock. (Letter 2), when she was immersed in many problems that she had not been prepared for and became extremely homesick; initial adjustment (Letter 3), when she learned more about American culture and cultural adaptation and began to feel much better then; mental isolation (Letter 4), when she felt frustrated and became even somewhat hostile towards Americans; and acceptance period (Letter 5), when she began to realize the positive and negative aspects of the country and have a more balanced perspective about her experiences there.What she means by writing in her fifth letter that ―I think I have finally arrived in America is that she has finally learned to accept the culture very different from her own and begun to integrate herself into it. She is no longer like a fish out of water, and does not feel alienated from the new environment any more.Case 34In this case, it seems that Kevin failed to understand that customs for such a social gathering would be culturally different and Blanca were not properly prepared for experiencing a culture shock like this when she came to work and live in a new cultural environment.In Dominican culture, it is usually considered inappropriate for a young unmarried female to go to a social gathering alone without anyone else accompanying her. Achaperone is often required, and getting one…s parents…permission is also necessary. However, all this may be very strange to North Americans nowadays. Kevin could not quite understand why Blanca, already an adult supposed to be independent, had to bring her little sister along to the gathering so as to get her parents…permission.Another thing at which they differ is that in Dominican culture, somewhat like our Chinese culture, people going out together to eat seldom pay separately. The elder one(s) would pay for the younger one(s), and the male(s) would pay for the female(s). Because of having expected that Kevin would pay for their meals, Blanca didn…t brin g much money with her when she was going to The Blue Hat. Therefore, when Kevin said ―separate checks, please‖ to the waiter, as North American people usually do while going out together to eat, he didn…t realize that he had put Blanca in a very embarrassi ng situation. That…s why Blanca whispered to her sister, telling her that she didn…t have much money with her then and just ordered something to drink when she said they were not hungryat all.Case 35The American…s personal experience in Russia has taught us not to jump to a conclusion about any other culture. We may misinterpret the behavior and intention of people in other cultures, for we are easily influenced by some popular overgeneralizations about other cultures. We have to be aware that things in other cultures may not be what they appear to us foreigners. One of the difficulties wewill experience in adjusting to a new culture is that we may have taken too much of our own―cultural baggage: misleading stereotypes and preconceptions about members of that culture. In intercultural communication it is sometimes true that a little learning about other cultures can be a dangerous thing. Distorted or biased knowledge may be worse than no knowledge at all. Even if what we know about other cultures has been proved to be right and well grounded, we still have to remember that there will often be variation within any culture. We should always be prepared for exceptions when interacting with individuals from another culture.Case 36We all know that we are members of a particular culture and we share the same cultural identity with other members of the culture. However, much of our cultural identity may simply be outside of our awareness. Not until we find ourselves in situations where our sense of self --- our values, beliefs, practices --- is called into question do we perceive the tacit dimensions of our cultural identity. In this incident, the German woman has found out that Americans treat their neighbors in a way that is different from the way Germans do. As her expectations were thwarted, she became aware of her own cultural identity, her cultural way of thinking, of interpreting the world. This could be a painful process, which many of us, as the German woman in this case, may not be prepared for. Therefore, it is important to raise people…s awareness of their culturally shaped identity and acknowledge the likelihood of some emotional disturbance during the cultural adjustment.。

胡文仲《跨文化交际学概论》章节练习(9-12章)【圣才出品】

第9章经营管理一、简答题1．简述关于经营管理与文化关系的研究答：（1）Vincent Guy和John Mattock的《国际工商管理》①Vincent Guy和John Mattock在他们合著的《国际工商管理》一书中对于文化与交易的关系作了形象的描述。

②他们把文化背景、公司特点、个人性格、谈判技巧、谈判时机、谈判方式由下向上像金字塔一样作了排列，如图所示：③在所有因素中文化背景是最根本的，文化背景决定了其他的方面。

只有了解彼方的文化背景、公司特点和个人性格，才能决定谈判的技巧、时机和谈判方式，也才能取得交易的成功。

（2）日本的经营管理模式与他们的文化有着十分密切的关系Boye de Mente在《洞察日本文化一一对日经商之道》一书中指出，在日本经商要取得成功必须知道三条基本原则：①你必须有日本人要购买的产品和售后服务。

②你在日本必须有一个广泛的联系网。

③你必须具有足够的跨越文化的交际技能。

（3）路英浩所著《开放前沿的文化震荡》一书对于我国三资企业中的各层次的文化冲突作了细致的分析。

他指出，文化冲突产生在几个不同的层次，有的属于显形文化的层次，有的属于价值观和行为规范方面，有的是认知模式方面的问题，有的甚至是制度性文化的冲突。

（4）西方国家的学者对我国与西方国家在经贸和经营管理方面的差异加强了研究①Lane Kelley和Oded Shenkar合编的《在中国的国际工商业》，书中对于中国的投资环境、经济发展前景、独资合资企业的管理、贸易谈判风格等作了深入的探讨。

②Christopher Enfholm在1994年出版了《在亚洲蓬勃发展的“中国三角”经商》，对于在中国大陆、香港和台湾地区投资的方方面面作了详尽的分析。

美国学者对于日本、墨西哥、澳大利亚与美国的文化分歧也作了大量研究。

2．简述“X—Y”理论。

答：美国社会心理学家麦格雷戈于1957年创立了“X—Y”理论：（1）X理论对于人的本性的假设①一般人生性懒惰，希望工作越少越好。

Chapter 9 Intercultural Adaptation Section One Cultural influences on Contexts Section One 大学英语

Positive
Negative
Possible Results
1. The definition of acculturation
Acculturation（文化适应）refers to an
individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture.
e. Education shock
Education shock is frequently used to describe what happens to international students who try to adapt themselves to academic life, especially when the learning situation is new and distressing.
Physical symptoms are over-concern about cleanliness of food, bedding, and dishes, extreme stress on health and safety; fear or physical contact with anyone in the new country; great concern over minor pains and skin eruptions; craving “home cooking”; use of alcohol and drugs; and a decline in work quality.
2. Forms of culture shock
a. Language shock b. Role shock c. Transition shock d. Cultural Fatigue e. Education Shock f. Adjustment Stress g. Culture Distance

跨文化交际选修课教案

第一章：跨文化交际概述1.1 什么是跨文化交际定义跨文化交际跨文化交际的重要性1.2 跨文化交际的障碍语言障碍文化差异非语言交流的差异1.3 跨文化交际的技能文化意识适应能力沟通能力第二章：文化差异与交际2.1 文化差异的影响价值观的差异交际习惯的差异表达方式的差异2.2 跨文化交际的策略尊重和包容主动学习和适应有效沟通技巧案例分析讨论和总结第三章：语言与跨文化交际3.1 语言与文化语言与身份语言与权力语言与性别3.2 语言交际风格直接与间接交际高语境与低语境交际口头与书面交际3.3 跨文化语言交际策略语言学习和习得语言适应和调适语言沟通技巧第四章：非语言交际与跨文化交际4.1 非语言交际的含义与特点非语言交际的定义非语言交际的重要性非语言交际的多样性4.2 非语言交际的文化差异肢体语言的差异空间距离的差异视觉符号的差异4.3 跨文化交际中的非语言沟通策略非语言交际的适应非语言交际的解读与理解非语言交际的有效运用第五章：跨文化交际中的障碍与解决策略5.1 文化偏见与歧视文化偏见的定义与表现文化偏见的影响克服文化偏见的方法5.2 文化适应与融合文化适应的含义与过程文化融合的重要性促进文化适应与融合的策略5.3 跨文化交际中的有效沟通沟通技巧的培养跨文化交际的实践与锻炼跨文化交际的评估与反思第六章：跨文化交际中的权力与地位6.1 权力与跨文化交际权力定义与类型权力在跨文化交际中的作用权力不平等对跨文化交际的影响6.2 地位与跨文化交际地位的定义与体现地位差异对跨文化交际的影响应对地位差异的策略6.3 跨文化交际中的权力与地位平衡促进平等交流的方法增强地位认知的技巧构建和谐跨文化交际环境的策略第七章：跨文化交际中的性别差异7.1 性别与跨文化交际性别角色与期望性别差异在跨文化交际中的体现性别歧视与跨文化交际7.2 女性在跨文化交际中的挑战女性在跨文化交际中的优势女性面临的交际障碍提升女性跨文化交际能力的方法7.3 跨文化交际中的性别平等性别平等的重要性促进性别平等的策略构建性别平等的跨文化交际环境第八章：跨文化交际中的年龄差异8.1 年龄与跨文化交际不同年龄阶段的特点代际差异的体现年龄歧视与跨文化交际8.2 应对年龄差异的策略理解和尊重不同年龄阶段的差异增强跨年龄交际能力的方法促进跨年龄交际的技巧8.3 跨文化交际中的年龄包容性培养年龄包容性的意识实践年龄包容性的策略营造年龄包容性的跨文化交际环境第九章：跨文化交际中的网络沟通9.1 互联网与跨文化交际互联网对跨文化交际的影响网络沟通的特点与挑战跨文化网络交际的现状与发展9.2 网络沟通工具与技巧网络沟通工具的选择与使用跨文化网络沟通的技巧网络沟通中的文化适应9.3 网络沟通中的跨文化交际策略提升网络沟通能力的途径应对网络沟通挑战的方法构建积极的网络跨文化交际环境第十章：跨文化交际的实践与应用10.1 跨文化交际在日常生活中的应用家庭与朋友间的跨文化交际工作场所的跨文化交际社交场合的跨文化交际10.2 跨文化交际在特定领域的应用教育领域的跨文化交际商务领域的跨文化交际医疗领域的跨文化交际10.3 跨文化交际的实践与反思跨文化交际实践的意义提升跨文化交际实践能力的策略跨文化交际反思与成长这是“跨文化交际选修课教案”的后五个章节的教案内容，希望对您有所帮助。

跨文化交际上课内容unit9

Unit Nine Intercultural AdaptationI.Warm UpPlease read the story on page 298 . What can we learn from this case about the Japanese culture?II.Culture ShockRead the article “Adapting to a New Culture”(p299-304). What is culture shock? How to adapt to a new culture?※Culture shock can be described as the feeling of confusion and disorientation that one experiences when faced with a large number of new and unfamiliar people and situations.(from College English, 2005,14th,10) ※◆当人们去到一个与自己原来的文化迥异的地方时，绝大多数人都会经历一种心理上的迷惑，这就是文化冲击。

——Robert Kohls（Survival Kit for OverseasLiving)1.Culture shock, or the early adaptation phase of transitioning into a newculture, refers to the transition period and the accompanying feelings of stress and anxiety a person experiences during the early period upon entering a new culture.2.Symptoms of culture shock: physiological, emotional, communication.(p299)3.Causes to culture shock: Culture shock is caused by the anxiety thatresults from losing all our familiar signs and symbols or social contact.4.Will culture shock affect everyone who enters a new country? Is thereany individual differences? Why?Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them. The severity of culture shock depends on people’s personalities, language ability, emotional support, and duration of stay停留时间. It is also influenced by the extent of differences between the two cultures.5.Forms of culture shock(1)Language shock(2)Role shock(3)Transition shock(4)Cultural Fatigue(5)Education Shock(6)Adjustment Stress(7)Culture Distance◆Keep in mind :First, most people experience some degree of culture shock when they go to a new country. Second, culture shock passes with time.6.Four stages in getting used to life in a new country:1)Euphoria欢快: the first stage when everything seems wonderful withgreat happiness, a sort of honeymoon period.2)Depression, or culture shock: the stage despair when people tend to bevery critical of the country they’ve moved to, blaming it for their problems.3)Adjustment: the stage when people become better at coping with theirnew situation and feel happier and more confident.4)Acceptance: the stage when people finally get used to the new way oflife.Read Case 33 on p317-319 and identify the different stages revealed in each letter.U-curve patternW-curve Pattern7.how to cope with culture shock and adapt to a new culture: (p303-304) When one is experiencing culture shock, the best thing to do is to admitthat he/she is experiencing culture shock, try to identify your stage of culture shock, and work toward becoming more familiar with the new culture.(1)D o not become over-reactionary.保守(2)M eet new people.(3)T ry new things.(4)G ive yourself periods of rest and thought.(5)W ork on your self-concept.(6)W rite.(7)O bserve body language.(8)L earn the verbal language.8.Two views of culture shock (p306-308)1.the disease view:1)The culture-shocked person experiences a breakdown incommunication, is unable to cope, and feels isolated and lost, thus develops a number of defensive attitudes and behaviors to protect the mind from the confusion of an entirely new situation.2)In this disease view, the culture-shocked person is a helpless victim;the only things to do are to adjust to the new culture somehow or to leave the culture quickly.3)In this view, people can experience many different emotional andmental difficulties. The culture-shocked person may start to glorify赞美the home country; people can become physically ill from the stress of culture shock.2.the self-awareness自我意识view:1)Culture shock can be part of a positive learning experience. Cultureshock, if handled well, can lead to profound self-awareness and growth.2)Learn a second language, observe different customs, and encounternew values.3)Enable people to gain insight into their own society; develop adeeper understanding of themselves and of the society that helped to shape their characters; provide a mirror in which on e’s own culture is reflected.◆The major difference of these two views is in the attitude of aperson towards culture shock.III.Intercultural Adaptation1.Intercultural adaptation refers broadly to the process of increasing ourlevel of fitness to meet the demands of a new cultural environment.2.Read the article “Overcoming Ethnocentrism in Communication”(p309-313).1)In intercultural communication we tend to use the categories of ourown culture to judge and interpret the behaviors of the others who are culturally different from us. These ethnocentric impressionspredispose us to evaluate others negatively. When communicators engage in mutual互相的negative evaluation, the communication event may deteriorate恶化even further. With each turn of this regressive spiral螺旋向下, negative evaluations否定评价are intensified.2)Examples: American-Japanese; American-Nigerian; American-Thai;American-British;3)How to overcome ethnocentrism:We can overcome ethnocentrism by approaching every cross-cultural situation as a kind of experiment. Using available generalizations 概括about the other culture, we can formulate制定a hypothesis假设and then test it for accuracy. As more knowledge of relevant cultural differences is acquired, generalizations can become more specific, hypotheses more particular, and communication difficulties more predictable.IV.Case Study: Students are required to read the cases given carefully and try to analyse them from the viewpoint of IC.。

跨文化交际Unit 9(大二英语)

Nhomakorabea
A. What is Cultural Diversity?

Cultural diversity is the variety of human societies or cultures in a specific region, or in the world as a whole.

Portugal, Greece, Peru, Belgium, and Japan.
Denmark, Sweden, the United States, Finland, Netherlands and Ireland.
Power Distance
Hierarchical order India, Brazil, Singapore, Greece, Venezuela, Mexico, and Philippines
High
Low
equalization Australia, Finland, Denmark, Norway, New Zealand, and Israel
Masculinity and Femininity
M
Characteristics: Men are taught to be domineering and assertive and women nurturing. Men--- provider Women---homemaker and breeder.

individualism
Independence Self-reliance Self-esteem egalitarianism

Case Study 2

An American couple came to Beijing to work as foreign teachers for the first time in their lives. They had a three-year-old son. Since both of them worked, they hired a Chinese housemaid, who was in her late 40s. One of her jobs was to take their son to a kindergarten in the morning and pick him up and bring him home again in the afternoon. She found this the most difficult among all her tasks. Every day when it was time to take the boy to kindergarten there was bound to be a fight with the boy because she insisted on carrying the boy in her arms or at least holding his hand; but the boy never liked it. He preferred to walk by himself. After a few days, she quit the job.

跨文化交际最终版

Chapter1:Needs and purposes for communication: 10 survival, co-operation, personal needs, relationships, persuasion, power, social needs, information, making use of the world, self-expression.Com: dynamic, interactive, irrevocable, contextual.Human com. ----non-social (intrapersonal…); social (interpersonal, organizational, mass…) Physical com--- (animal, human-animal, human-machine, machine-to-machine)Components of com.:8 Message:the content of com and ideas from one person to another. Sender: the person who sends the message Receiver: receive Channel/medium: the ways of sending and receiving messages. Noise: the disturbances along the com process, which may result in unintended message perceived by the receiver. Feedback: the reaction from the message receiver to the sender. (Positive & negative) Encoding: the process of the sender putting the message into a signal Decoding: the process of the receiver interpreting the signal from the sender. Models of com: 3 the linear-simple, it is actually more applicable to public speaking than it is to interpersonal com; the interactive (circular)-emphasize the control and feedback; the contextualized-this model adds the dimension of a situation and its surroundings.Internal com:the com taking place within a given organization through such written and oral channels as memos, reports, proposals, meetings, oral presentations, speeches, and person-to-person and telephone conversations.(downward com, upward, horizontal) Downward: the com from the management to the employees, which is a one-way orders and infor. Upward: the transfer of infor in the opposite direction, from subordinate to superior. Horizontal: the com between the employees who work at the same level.External com: the com between the organization and the outside institutions and people-the general public, customers, vendors, and other businesses, and government officials.Intercultural communication: is the term first used by Edward T. Hall in1959 and is defined as interpersonal com between members of different cultures.Consist of cognitive, affective, operational components.Intercultural business communication: com among individuals or groups from different cultural backgrounds in a business environment.International com:takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized.Interethnic com: com between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds. Interracial com:it occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races which pertain to different physical characteristics.Interregional com: the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country.Intercultural com as a phenomenon (universal, long time, daily occurrence); as a disciplinePotential problem in IC:avoidance of the unfamiliar, uncertainty reduction, withdrawal, stereotyping, prejudice, racism, misuse of power, culture shock, ethnocentrism.Culture shock: It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture.5 stages of culture shock can be identified as: honeymoon stage, hostility stage, recovery stage, adjustment stage, adjustment stage and biculturality stage.Racism: the belief that one racial category is innately superior to another.stereotypes ：a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizingimages into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people. ethnocentrism ：the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.prejudice ：It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes. It is an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards another group of people.Acculturation/enculturation：It is culture change that results from continuous firsthand contact between two distinct cultural groups.Chapter2Culture:is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and com patterns that are shared, learned, and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. 3 categories of elements: artifact, concepts, behavior.Characteristics: learned; influences biological process; transmitted from generation to generation; selective; ethno-centric; an integrated system; subject to change.5 metaphors: an iceberg; an onion-symbol, hero, ritual, value (our software); the water a fish swims in; the story we tell ourselves about ourselves; the grammar of our behavior.Value: a broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others. 3 types: universal values; cultural-specific values; peculiar expression or deviations of individuals within cultures. Florence Kluckhohn and Fred Strodtbeck (basic values): human nature; relationship to nature; sense of time; activity; social relationships (hierarchy, group, individual)Hofstede-Bond value dimensions (work-related values): individualism & collectivism; power distance; uncertainty avoidance; masculinity & femininity; long-term versus short-term orientation Trompenaars’s cultural dimensions of business executives includes universalism and particularism; individualism and communitarianism; neutral and emotional; specific and diffuse; achievement and ascription; attitudes to time; attitudes to the environment.Edward Hall’s high and low context orientation.Individualism (short-term, voluntary less intensive relationships):the extent to which a society is a loosely knit social framework in which people are supposed to take care of only of themselves and their immediate families. Collectivism (long-term, involuntary more intensive relationships): emphasizes common interests, conformity, cooperation, and interdependence. In-group out-groupPower distance: attitudes toward differences in authority. High- Philippines, Mexico, Venezuela. Low- Israel, Denmark, Austria.Uncertainty avoidance:a measure of how accepting a culture is of a lack of predictability. Strong-Portugal, Greece, Peru, Belgium, Japan. Low-Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, Norway, USA, Finland, Netherlands.Masculinity: comes from masculine and implies aggressiveness and assertiveness. (High-Japan, Austria, Switzerland, Mexico) Femininity:comes from feminine and stresses nurturing, caring attention to people’s feel ings and needs. (High-Scandinavian countries, Chile, Portugal, Thailand) Long-term orientation looks into the future; Short-term orientation stresses past and present. Kuluckhohn Hofstede 同&不同: all talking about meaningful values found in all cultures. Power distance相似hierarchy;individualism versus collectivism相似individual values and group values. But Hofstede adds more details and describes how these values are reflected in the attitudes and behaviors of people working in organizations. Institutional collectivism: the degreeto which organizational and societal practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action. In-group collectivism the degree to which individuals expresses pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families. Gender egalitarianism:the degree to which a collective minimizes gender inequality. Assertiveness: The degrees to which individuals are assert, confrontational, and aggressive in their relationships with others. Humane orientation:the degree to which a collective encourages and rewards people for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring, and kind to others. Future orientation:the extent to which people engage in future-oriented behaviors such as delayed gratification, planning, and investing in the future. Performance orientation: the degree to which a collective encourages and rewards group members for performance improvement and excellence.high-context culture ：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code. Example: A German, an American, a Japanese to the same restaurant, ordered a hamburger are the result of the negligence of the cook the meat of the three have burned the hamburgers, and asked the three people would say German paste directly criticize the meat, criticized the chef; Americans said that although the meat tastes very good, but bread, salad, shallot taste pretty good; The Japanese would say, bread, salad, onion is delicious.Chapter3Language: a symbolic code of communication of a set of sounds with understood meanings and a set of rules for constructing messages. Dialect; accent; argot; jargon; slang; branding; linguistics; semantics; syntactics; pragmatics; phonetics.The relationship between language and culture: Language is a reflection of culture, and culture is a reflection of language. Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well as our perceptions of the universe. Language, on the other hand, would seem to have a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world. Example: the Chinese and Japanese have a variety of words for rice and tea; 中英外祖母的称谓Language determinism:language determines culture. It was put forward by Sapir and Whorf. Example:in Hopi, if you want to say he is running/he ran, just say Wari. It refers to present continuous tense and simple past tense. But in English, as we know, tense is very important. Linguistic relativity:verbal communication ：communication done both orally and in written languageAt lexical level: denotational meaning and connotational meaning. Comparing Chinese and English word meanings--animals and metaphors; color words; number words; sports and idioms. pragmatics：it is the study of how speakers use the language to reach successful communication, and the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behaviors.At pragmatic level: pragmatic rules; face and politeness (Grice the cooperative principles 4 maxims: quantity, Quality, relation, manner maxim G. Leech 6 maxims: tact, generosity, approbation, modesty, agreement, sympathy maxim)Chinese conception of limao: respectfulness, modesty, attitudinal, warmth, refinement. Comparing Chinese and English Speech Act: address (3 differences-Chinese proper name is arranged in the order of surname plus given name; Chinese kinship terms have extended and generalized usage; most occupational titles can be used as address terms in Chinese), greeting and leave-taking, invitation(generosity and tact maxims) and response, compliment and response, apologies and response.Taboos: practices or verbal expressions considered by a society or cultures as improper or unacceptable.At discourse level: linear (linearity, object, logical-English); Semitic (zigzagged, parallelistic); oriental (circular, subject, spiral); romance (digressive, back-and-forth); Russian (dotted lines, freer). Comparing Chinese and English discourse patterns: linear and nonlinear language; deductive (topic-first, deductive, from general to specific) and inductive (topic-delayed, indirect, from specific to general) pattern.Characteristics of Verbal context: indirect (high) and direct; succinct (high, high), exacting (low context, low uncertainty avoidance) and elaborate (high); contextual (high) and personal; affective (high context) and instrumental.Chinese verbal style:implicit communication; listening tenderness; politeness; a focus on insiders; face-directed communication strategies.Translator needs to do: a high level of fluency in both of language being used; a comprehensive vocabulary of a specific subject area; highly sensitive to the contexts of intercultural communication.Chapter4Nonverbal communication: communication without the use of words.Functions of nonverbal: replacing, regulating, conveying, modifying, repeating, complementing, contradicting. Similarities and differences between verbal and nonverbal: both use symbols, are products of an individual, and require that someone else attach meaning to these symbols. Both are coding system that we learn and pass on as part of the cultural experience. Differences: verbal (structured, linguistic, clear, conscious, discontinuous, acquired and controllable) nonverbal (unstructured, non-linguistic, ambiguous, subconscious, continuous, natural, more universal and emotional) Interrelation between nonverbal com and culture: most of our nonverbal behaviors are learned, passed from generation to generation; they represent what a collection of people deemed important enough to codify and transmit to the members of that group.Cultural impact on nonverbal com:body movement-kinesics (posture, gesture, facial expression); eye contact-oculesics (中东，拉美，法国-direct); touch-haptics (日美加斯堪的-not); smell ; paralanguage; spatial language; temporal language. Ex. Hands on hips-Mexico-hostility; Malaysia-anger; us-impatience; Argentina-challenge.Paralanguage: between verbal and nonverbal. It involves sounds but not words.3类voice quality, vocal qualifier (volume, pitch, rhythm, tempo, resonance, tone), vocalization. Silence (low context-feel uncomfortable) Spatial language:(proxemics): t he study of people’s perception and use of space. 3类personal (intimate, personal, social, public zone), office, public space. Temporal language: the way in which time is used in a culture. (thinking, sensation, intuitive types) monochromic and polychromic time; punctuality and promptness; time frame.monochromic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future. polychromic time (P Time) ：schedules several activities at the same time. In these culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.body language ：refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with body movements. It includes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate.Etiquette: manners and behavior considered acceptable in social and business situations. Protocol: customs and regulations dealing with diplomatic etiquette and courtesies expected in official dealings with persons in various cultures. 6-initial business relationship; social entertainment; gift-giving etiquette; business dress; business scheduling; the use of humor.4 characteristics of negotiation: common interest, conflicting interest, compromise, criteria.。

跨文化交际Unit 9 Intercultural Personhood

3. Ethnocentrism
…is characterized by the belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all others.
Ethnocentrism refers to the belief that one' s culture is primary to all explanations of reality. We learn ethnocentrism very early in life, and primarily on the unconscious level. So it might be the major barrier to intercultural communication. (Samovar, 1998)
可是梁祝靠越剧传播显然有局限性而一曲梁祝靠越剧传播显然有局限性而小提琴协奏曲就让外国人受了感动这个中国爱情故事也就在世界上传播开了
Intercultural Personhood
An Integration of Eastern and Western Perspectives
We’re going to discuss…
Of all the American values, individualism is probably the most basic. So some people refer to the American culture as "I" culture, as individuals are emphasized. Self-reliance "stand on their own feet".

第九章：跨文化交际的非语言符号系统

人体语
• 人体语具有丰富的词汇 • 人体语与语言语的区别：人体语具有生物性和社会性两重性；其真实性也大于语言语；人体语在不同文化中的共性大于语言语；人体语的表现力更强；可以通过多种渠道传递；人体语交流具有连续性
面部表情
• 面部表情既具有生物性，也具有社会性。相同的面部表情在不同文化中含义不同；不同文化中面部表情的多寡也不同
二：眼部动作
• 目光的接触与避开，接触时间长短，凝视，视线的控制，眼光的抬高与低垂，睁眼与闭眼等都可以传递信息 1 阿拉伯人、拉美人的目光接触 2 西欧、北美人 3 中、日、韩 4 印第安人部落（维图托、博罗罗） 5 肯尼亚的卢奥族
三：手势语
• 几种常见手势的文化含义 1 手放在脖子附近 2 手扣桌面 3 O 型手势 4 翘大拇指 5 鼓掌与鼓倒掌 6 V 型手势 7 手指张开 8 扣脑袋 • 手势使用频率： 1南欧、中东人、墨西哥人 2 北欧、印第安人、玻利维亚人
第三节：人体语
• 话轮转接的分类： 1 话轮放弃提示：沉默、语调变化、拖腔、音高音量变化、缓冲词 2 话轮回归提示：听话人鼓励说话人继续 3 话轮维持提示：加强音量变化和讲话速度，用无意义的词语补充停顿 4 话轮请求提示：突兀插入、用缓冲词和强调词
第三节：人体语
• 美国人重视话轮的有声提示：给予反馈；打断；请求重复；询问意思；核对细节；表示话未讲完；纠正错误；总结，进行积极互动 •中国人对外交际时应注意运用有声语言与对方合作，否则可能带来误解
第四节：时间语
• Eward Hall 的时间分类 1 技术时间 2 正式时间：影响人们的感知，表现为记时方法，具有有序性/周期性/价值性/实用性/综合性/深度 3 非正式时间：模糊不清，从即刻发生到永远之间有不同的时刻，不同文化对短暂，长时间等说法有不同得到理解 • 对时间态度不同的利弊