考研英语语法分词解析(三)中公考研

三、分词的否定式

分词或分词短语表示否定意义时，将not置于分词之前，不能放在分词之后。

例句： Equipment not conforming to official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop. (2001年第24题)

分析：该句是简单句。not conforming to official safety standards是分词短语作后置定语修饰equipment。

译文：凡是不符合官方安全标准的设备都已经搬出了车间。

例句： Not having been destroyed by the heavy snow， our houses at last were kept perfect during last winter.

分析：该句是简单句。 Not having been destroyed by...在句中作状语表示原因，相当于because our houses had not been destroyed by...。

译文：由于没有遭到大雪的破坏，去年冬天我们的房子最终完好无损。

四、独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)

分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语要与句子主语保持一致，即句子的主语便是它的逻辑主语，否则就会出现悬垂或荡空结构(前面已讲过)，但有时分词有其独立的逻辑主语，即分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，这就是独立主格结构。

(一)独立主格结构公式

逻辑主语A+分词(短语)+主B谓

在上述公式中，其中(逻辑主语+分词短语)属于独立主格结构，主谓是一完整句子，两者位置可以相互调换，A、B两主语不一致(A、B由名词或代词充当，有时也可在逻辑主语A 前加上介词with或without)，如前面所述例句。

例句： All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm， we decided to take the train.

分析： All flights...the snowstorm是独立主格结构部分， we decided...为一完整句子， all flights和we所指不一样，即分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致。另外，公式中分词短语也可用不定式、形容词等来代替。

(二)独立主格结构具体构成

1. 逻辑主语+分词(现在分词或过去分词)

例句： The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports， each making one major point in contrast with the other. (1996年第5题) 分析：该句是简单句。分词each making...在句中作同位语，对two news reports 做进一步解释，可以改成...two news reports, and each makes...。

译文：本文开头和结尾描述了两则新闻报道，每则都各有一个与另一则相对立的论点。

例句： A new technique worked out， the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.

分析：该句是简单句，A new technique worked out是一独立主格，在句中作状语表示原因，可改为because a new technique had been worked out。

译文：由于进行了技术创新，整个产量增加了20%。

2. 逻辑主语+介词短语

例句： Mr. Chen stood there， (with)a cap on his head.

分析：该句是简单句。(with)a cap on his head在句中作状语表示伴随，相当于and a cap was on his head.

译文：陈先生站在那里，头上戴了一顶帽子。

3. with/without+逻辑主语+分词

例句： Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system， so does the value of a computer system increase with each program turns out.(1997年第7题)

分析：该句是并列句。其中with each new phone added to the system相当于because each new phone has been added...。so does...为一倒装结构，表示前面所陈述情况适合于后者。

译文：正像网络电话的价值随着每一部新电话进入系统而提高一样，电脑系统的价值也随着每一个软件的开发而提高。

例句： With prices fluctuating so much， it s hard for the company to plan a budget.

分析：该句是简单句。With prices fluctuating so much在句中作状语表示原因，相当于because/since/as prices fluctuate so much。

译文：由于价格波动太大，公司难以做出预算。

例句： Without anything left in the kitchen， he had to go out to get something to eat.

分析：该句是简单句，Without anything left in the kitchen在句中作状语表示原因，相当于because there were not anything left in the kitchen。

译文：由于厨房里什么都没有，他不得不出去找吃的。

例句： When I came to my senses， I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room， with grandma bending over me. (2000年第28题)

分析：该句是复合句。独立主格结构with grandma bending over me在句中作状语表示伴随，相当于and grandma bent over me。

译文：当我苏醒过来时，发现自己躺在那间小房子的床上，身上被盖得严严实实的，奶奶正俯身注视着我。

例句： For much of the past year， President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model， with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. (选自2007年Text 3)

分析：该句是简单句。主干部分为President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model，其中不定式to move...model作目的状语，with retirees trading much or all of...在句中作同位语，对前面名词model做补充说明，相当于and retirees traded much or all of...，分词短语depending on investment returns 作定语修饰payments。

译文：在过去这些年里，布什总统一直在推动一场运动，试图将社会保障体制改革成储蓄账号模式，就是让退休人员用其所得到的大部分或全部退休金换取由投资所带来的收益。

4. 逻辑主语+不定式

例句： The football game ended with Chinese team defeated， the details to be reported this afternoon.

分析：该句是简单句。the details to be reported this afternoon在句中作状语表示伴随，相当于and the details were to be...。

译文：足球比赛以中国队失败而告终，详细情况会在下午公布。