体育运动中的团队凝聚力

体育运动中的团队凝聚力

——集体项目与个人项目的比较研究

摘要:在现代竞技体育运动中, 提高体育团队的竞技能力是每个团队追求的目标, 而体育团队凝聚力的培养对提高团队的战斗力具有重要的作用。一定的凝聚力是体育团队存在和发展的基本要求。体育团队凝聚力的增强是一个自觉的形成过程, 受诸多因素的制约与影响。在实际工作中, 要增强体育团队凝聚力, 中心工作就是要协调体育团队的各种内外关系。体育已变成当代社会一种十分复杂的人类行为和文化现象, 目前从社会学和心理学的立场观点去研究人的体育行为，从社会心理学的角度分析探讨体育团队凝聚力对运动成绩的影响, 体育团队凝聚力的形成与发展和提高体育团队凝聚力的途径。以期为体育团队在社会活动和运动竞赛中有效地达到或完成自己的目标, 实现自我价值提供有利理论依据。

卡伦（Carron）(1985)认为团队凝聚力反映了团队对其成员的吸引以及团队的一致性两方面。把凝聚力分成了四个维度：团队整合任务朝向、团队整合社会朝向、团队个人吸引社会朝向、团队个人吸引社会朝向。

本研究将运用研究被试（分别选取集体项目和个人项目的专业运动员50名，其中男、女各半），问卷调查（运用Carron等（2002）编制的《团队环境问卷》进行调查，问卷分为反映个人魅力和团队整合的任务与社会共4个维度），数理统计法（使用统计软件SPSS进行问卷数据的分析处理，以提高分析的质量和结果的科学性。在这过程中应该注意的是，由于抽样误差的存在，所以应尽可能在以样本推断总体的过程中选择大样本含量来提高数据分析研究的精确性。）本次研究的对象为省体工队的高水平运动员，共发放50份问卷并对采集的数据进行方差分析和相关分析。

研究发现：1：个人项目和团队项目的运动员在团队整合任务朝向和团队整合社会朝向上的凝聚力体现差异不大。2：个人项目和团队项目在团队个人吸引社会朝向和团队个人吸引任务朝向上的凝聚力感受体现差异较明显。

关键词：单人运动项目集体运动项目团队凝聚力

Team cohesion In sports team

——The collective project and personal items

Abstract: In modern athletic sports, sports team to improve the competitive ability is each team pursuit of the goal, and sports team training to improve effectiveness of the team plays an important role. Some sports team cohesion is the basic requirement of existence and development. Sports team cohesion enhancement is a conscious forming process, restricted by many factors and influence. In practical work, must strengthen the sports team cohesion, the center is to coordinate work of all kinds of sports team. The contemporary social sports has become a very complicated human behavior and cultural phenomenon, sociology and psychology from the standpoint of sports behavior to study from the perspective of social psychology, analysis of sports team sports scores, sports team cohesion, and improve the formation and development of sports team cohesion. In order for the sports team in social activities and sports contests or complete effectively realizing their goals, provide favorable value theory basis.

Kren (Carron) (1985) think team cohesion reflects on the team members to attract and the consistency of the team. The cohesive force into four dimensions: team integrated task orientation, team integrate social orientation, attract social orientation, individual team member to attract social orientation individual team member.

This study will use the study were selected by the collective project and (each individual project of professional athletes, including 50 male and female n), Using questionnaire (Carron etc (2002) of the team environment questionnaire investigation, reflect individual glamour and were divided into the task and social integration team of four dimensions),Statistics (use software SPSS questionnaire data processing, in order to improve the quality and the results of the analysis. In this process should be paid attention to, because the existence of sampling error, so should as far as possible in order to infer the overall process of sample selection large sample content to improve the accuracy of data analysis. The object of study for the provincial level athletes, they were issued 50 questionnaire data collection and analysis of variance and correlation analysis. Findings:1: individual project and project team in the athletes and team towards integration