英文摘要写作指南英文摘要中的常用句型及词汇

杂志的摘要英文字母

杂志的摘要英文字母
关于摘要各部分的写作及技巧：
（1）第一句话：讲述你这样研究目的，或本文主要解决的问题。

例：To investigate/study/determine…或者for the purpose of…
（2）第二句话：讲述你研究的过程，研究的方法。

开头交待了要解决的问题之后，接着要回答的就是如何解决问题。

例：…was carried out…with…treatment. 说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate 等；介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use, apply, application等。

（3）第三句话：讲述你研究得出的主要研究结果。

例：The results showed that…
（4）第四句话：讲述由你的研究结果得出的结论。

例：The result of the present work implied that…
（5）使用简短的句子，用词应为潜在的读者所熟悉；注意表述的逻辑性，尽量使用指示性的词语来表达论文的不同部分（层次）。

如使用“研究表明…”（We found that…）表示结果；使用“通过对…的分析，认为…”（Based on…, we suggest that…）表示讨论结果的含义等。

（6）确保摘要的独立性：尽量避免引用文献、图表和缩写，别人不看你的文章，只看你的abstract就能了解你的研究工作。

（7）为了方便检索系统检索，尽量避免使用化学结构式、数学表达式、角标和希腊文等特殊符号。

论文英文摘要常用句型

学论文英文摘要常用句型英文摘要一般须以第三人称、过去式叙述。

用词准确，逻辑性强，结构严谨。

结果和结论一般用句子表达；而目的、方法（设计、地点和对象）等，则常用短语表达。

（1）英文摘要的时态与语态1)说明研究目的，通常用一般现在时或一般过去时。

2)说明方法和结果，一般用一般过去时、第三人称的被动语态表达。

3）结论通常用一般现在时、被动语态表达，也可用主动语态表达。

（2）常用句型1)表达论文内容的常用句型A 第三人称主动态①This paper(article，report)describes…本文叙述…②This paper (article)reports…本文报告…③This report(paper，article)presents…本文介绍…④This paper(article，report)discusses…本文讨论…常用的动词还有analyze(分析)，evaluate(评价)，compare(比较)，describe（描述）等。

B 第一人称主动态⑤We report(on)…我们报告…⑥We describe a case of…我们描述1例…⑦In this paper，we present…本文介绍…⑧In this paper，we report…本文报告…主语除we之外，还可用the authors(作者)等。

C 一般现在时被动语态⑨A case is reported in which…本文报告1例…⑩A study of…is reported本文报告…的研究⑧…is(are)described．本文描述…⑥In this paper．…is(are)presented．本文介绍…2)表达目的常用句型A 一般过去时、被动语态①The purpose（aim，objective）of this study was to…本研究旨在…②The goal（aim）of this investigation was to…本研究旨在…③This study was designed to…本研究旨在…④This study was undertaken to…本研究旨在…⑤This prospective study was performed to…本前瞻性研究的目的是…⑥A study to…was carried out(during) (在…期间)所作研究的目的是…⑦An attempt has been made to…为了…而作试验B 动词不定式短语To evaluate，report，investigate，study，analyze…C 一般过去时、主动语态⑧We（the authors）conducted a study to…为了…我们进行了研究⑨To determine…，we studied…为了确定…，我们研究了…⑩In an attempt to…，in an effort to…或in order to…，we carried out a pilot study…为了…，我们进行了…的初步研究表示目的的常用动词有：evaluate(评价)，examine(检查，观察)，determine(确定，查明)，elucidate(阐明)，explore(探索)，test(测试)，compare(比较)，estimate(评估)，assess(估价)，investigate(调查)等。

英文摘要常见句型

英文摘要常见句型1）This paper deals with...2）This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc)...3）This eassy presents knowledge that...4）This thesis discusses...5）This thesis analyzes...6）This paper provides an overview of...7)This paper elaborates on ...8）This article gives an overview of...9）This article compares...and summarizes key findings.10）This paper includes discussions concerning...11)This paper presents up to date information on...12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...13)This paper addresses important topics including...14)This paper touches upon...15)This paper strongly emphasizes...16)This eassy represents the preceedings of ...17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...18)This paper considers...19)This paper provides a method of ...20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...摘要题型写作要点：① 动笔之前，考生一定要认真仔细地阅读所给原文，弄懂原文大意，掌握原文要点。

摘要常用句型及其翻译

摘要常用句型及其翻译四、摘要常用句型（Sentence Patterns Used in English Abstracts）论文摘要作为一种比较严肃的文本，在内容的安排上有一定的规律，结构有比较固定的格式。

例如温哥华格式（Vancouver Format）是撰写医学英语论文摘要的基本格式，撰写其他研究领域的英语论文摘要时也可以参照。

█Basic Sentence PatternsPart I To state the purpose of the experimentsIt is the purpose of this article to …The primary purpose of this review/investigation is to …The objectives of this study were to …This report is intended to …In this study, an attempt w as made to …In order to exploreevaluatecompareinvestigate…, we/the authorsanalyzedstudiedperformedsurveyedin/among…Part ⅡTo state the background of the experimentsWe/The authors have confirmed the previous observation that …It has been reported that …Previous studies have shown that …… has/have been associated with …A few comparisons have been made between… and …Part ⅢTo state the methods of the experiments… was/were isolated…analyzedmeasuredby using…… was/were investigateddiagnosedperformedby the method of/the use of/measurement of… /with the… test/by… techniquesUsing…, we demonstrated…Using…, we found that…A recent Study by X showsindicatesdemonstratesprovesprovides information concerning…that…Part ⅣTo state the re sults of the experimentsIt was found that …… failed to show…… was/were significantly associated with/related to/correlated with…… was/were in inverse proportion to…directly proportional to…There was no strong/inverse relationship between… and…associationcorrelationThe results showed/revealed/indicated/presented that…The detailsresultsof… are presented.Part V To state the discussion and conclusion We suggest/believe/conclude/recommend that…We propose… to do …Our/These/The resultsfindingsobservationsdataresearchinvestigationsindicate that…demonstrate that…prove that…support that…provide information concerning…It is suggested/recommended/advised…On the basis of… we conclude that…From these results, it is concluded that…Recent research indicates that…六、摘要英译（Abstract Translation）在翻译英文摘要时，有以下几个问题应加以注意。

学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型

学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型1. Introduction （引言）- This paper aims to...- The purpose of this study is to...- The objective of this research is to...- This paper addresses the issue/problem of...2. Background （背景）- In recent years, there has been increasing interest in...- With the growing importance of...- Despite the extensive research on...- The existing literature has largely focused on...3. Methods （方法）- This study utilized a quantitative/qualitative research design.- Data was collected through surveys/interviews/observations.- The sample consisted of...- Statistical analysis was conducted using...4. Results （结果）- The findings of this study indicate that...- The results suggest that...- The analysis revealed that...- There is a significant correlation between...5. Discussion （讨论）- These results provide insights into...- The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of...- The present study contributes to the understanding of...- These findings are consistent with previous research in the field of...6. Conclusion （结论）- In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of...- Based on the findings, it can be concluded that...- This study provides valuable information for...- Further research is needed to explore...7. Limitations （限制）- Although this study has provided significant insights, it is not without limitations.- One limitation of this study is the small sample size.- Another limitation is the reliance on self-reported data.- Future research should address these limitations by...8. Implications （意义）- The findings of this study have practical implications for...- These results have important implications for policymakers/practitioners.- The implications of this study extend beyond the specific context of...- This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of...9. Future Directions （未来方向）- Future research should explore...- Further investigation is needed to determine...- Future studies could examine...- This research sets the stage for future research on...。

摘要的常用表达方法

摘要的常用表达方法由于摘要的英文表达要求用词简明、层次清楚, 因此掌握一些特定的规范表达, 甚至建立一个适合自己需要的“句型库”(stock phrases), 对于摘要的撰写是很有帮助的。

3.1 引言部分3.1.1 回顾研究背景常用词汇有：review, summarize, present, outline, describe等。

如：We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues.3.1.2 阐明写作或研究目常用词汇有：purpose, attempt, aim等。

另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。

如：We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data.To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2's effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins.3.1.3 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围常用的词汇有：study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。

Here we study the dependence of apoptosis on p53 expression in cells from the thymus cortex.This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself.3.2 方法部分3.2.1 介绍研究或试验过程常用词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。

摘要--常见句型

常见的摘要句型有： 1）This paper deals with…… 2）This article focuses on the topics of （that，having，etc）…… 3）This eassy presents knowledge that…… 4）This thesis discusses…… 5）This thesis analyzes…… 6）This paper provides an overview of…… 7）This paper elaborates on …… 8）This article gives an overview of…… 9）This article compares……and summarizes key findings. 10）This paper includes discussions concerning…… 11）This paper presents up to date information on…… 12）This article covers the role of chemicals in…… 13）This paper addresses important topics including…… 14）This paper touches upon…… 15）This paper strongly emphasizes…… 16）This eassy represents the preceedings of …… 17）This article not only describes……but also suggests…… 18）This paper considers…… 19）This paper provides a method of …… 20）This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze…… 21）This paper offers the latest information regarding…… 22）This paper is devoted to examining the role of…… 23）This article explores…… 24）This paper expresses views on…… 25）This paper reflects the state of the art in…… 26）This paper explains the procedures for…… 27）This paper develops the theory of …… 28）This article reviews the techniques used in…… 29）This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to…… 30）This article is about…… 31）This eassy is related to …… 32）This paper concerns…… 33）This paper gives an account of …… 34）This article tells of…… 35）This paper tries to describe…… 36）This paper provides an analysis of …… 37）This paper reports the latest information on …… 38）The author of this article reviews…… 39）The writer of this paper discusses…… 40）The writer of this eassy tries to explore…… 41）The aim of this paper is to determine…… 42）The purpose of this article is to review…… 43）The objective of this paper is to explore…… 破题⽤语，⼀般有： ①The author of this article reviews （or： discusses，describes，summarizes，examines）something…… ②This article reviews （or：reports，tells of，is about，concerns）something……。

英文摘要写作指南英文摘要中的常用句型及词汇

英文摘要写作指南——英文摘要中的常用句型及词汇1 介绍文章作者观点和研讨课题内容1.1 文章内容与作者观点present, describe, report, introduce, explain, illustrate, deal with1.2 文章研究课题study, consider, discuss, investigate, analyze, state, develop1.3 文章涉及范围contain, cover, include1.4 综述与概括review, summary, outline, abstract1.5 文章重点concentrate, place, give, be, pay,attention is concentrated on, there is a focus on, attention is paid to, the emphasis is on1.6 文章目的动词: seem to do sth, be aimed at; 名词: purpose for/of, aim of, objective of2 介绍文章成果2.1 成果的获取和开发provide for, develop, establish, give, be designed to do sth, solve, record, furnish, realize, achieve, produce, construct, improve, be deduced from, be derived from, be obtained for2.2 观察和证明show, observe, monitor, find, note, demonstrate, indicate, exhibit, point out2.3 运算和计量calculate, estimate, measure, determine2.4 应用与用途be used to, be applied to2.5 评估与比较evaluate, assess, compare, agree with2.6 试验与实验test, experiment on, be carried out, be designed to do sth2.7 论证与依据be based on, based on, be taken as reference2.8 推荐与建议be proposed for, suggest, suggestions be made for, recommend, recommendations are made2.9 结论It was concluded that, be arrived at3 介绍进一步研究的必要性、方向和关键问题need for, necessity to do sth, require, necessary, describe, expect, important。

英文摘要常见句型

Sentence patterns of abstract1.general situation(1)something has a long history, and now it has become…(2)in the past years, something …(3)recently, …2.focus(1)In this paper【example】The results of analyses carried out on the process waters generated during the hydrolysis of oil shale from Rundle, Australia via the Fischer assay retorting process are presented.对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对(2)(3)【example】The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and utility of tread ill exercise testing prior to the discharge of patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction.研究旨在对因急性心肌梗塞住院的患者在出院前进行踏旋器运动试验的安全性与效用做出评价。

(4)(5)【example】The present study has been carried out with a view to determine the feasibility of a recently suggested scheme for the economical detection and analysis of ultra-high energy cosmic shower.研究旨在确定最近推荐的一种对超高能量宇宙射线簇进行经济探测分析可行性的方案。

英文摘要常用短语（优秀范文五篇）

英文摘要常用短语（优秀范文五篇）第一篇：英文摘要常用短语英文摘要常用短语1.由。

合成了…………was synthesised from。

……has been synthesised starting from the。

in +steps and inoverall yield.2.考察了。

对****反应的影响The effect of。

on****was(were)examined.3.最佳反应条件为：The optimium reaction condition were(found)as follow:反应时间reaction time温度temperature真空度vacuum dree4.以。

为催化剂With。

as catalyst.5.收率高达？%The reaction yield was up to ？%6.产物结构经红外光谱证实。

The structure of product was ident ified by IR….The product was charavterized by IR and 1H NMR.7.。

and ……的关系曲线Relation Curve betweenand8.。

对…..的影响Effect of。

on….第二篇：优秀英文短语先进的词汇1.科学发展观the Outlook of Scientific Development2.倡导公正、合理的新秩序观call for the establishment of a new just and equitable order3.以平等互利为核心的新发展观new thinking on development based on equality and mutual benefit4.推动树立以互信、互利、平等和协作为主要内容的新安全观foster a new thinking on security featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination5.主张形成以尊重多样性为特点的新文明观foster a new thinking on civilization that respects diversity6.新能源观new thinking on energy development有关先进文化的词汇1.古为今用、洋为中用旧译 let the ancient serve the present, let the foreign serve the national现译 draw from past and foreign achievements2.文艺工作cultural and art work;work in the cultural field3.牢牢把握先进文化的前进方向firmly keep to the direction of an advanced culture/cultural advancement4.文化与经济和政治互相交融interaction between cultural work, and economic and political activitiescultural elements/factors intermingle with economic and political factors5.民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化a socialist culture that is distinctly Chinese, pro-science and people-oriented6.弘扬主旋律，提倡多样化promote mainstream values and uphold cultural diversity7.以科学的理论武装人，以正确的舆论引导人，以崇高的精神塑造人，以优秀的作品鼓舞人Equip/empower people with scientific theories, guide them with correct opinions/ convey to them right messages/provide them with correct media guidance, imbue them with a noble spirit and inspire them with excellent/fine works8.具有中国气派的社会主义文化Chinese-style socialist culture;socialist culture with Chinese appeal9.越是民族的，越是世界的The pride of a nation is also the pride of the world.What's unique for a nation is also precious for the world.When you are unique, the world comes to you.10.文艺应当贴近群众，贴近生活，贴近实际。

论文的英文摘要范文

论文的英文摘要范文
1.Background(背景)∶介绍论文研究的背景，描述前者研究存在哪些问题，为自己进行这个研究是为了尝试解决前者存在的这些问题做好铺垫。

2.Method(方法)︰介绍研究中所使用了哪些研究方法，需要注意的是∶因为摘要字数有限，所以Method只是需要简单介绍一下即可，不要花太多篇幅介绍。

3.Results(结果)∶这部分直接写实验得到了什么结果，如果没有实验的就只需要阐述文章研究目的和结果。

4.Conclusion(结论)∶论文相对前者的研究有什么创新或独到见解都要阐述在这里。

Abstract其实就是对整篇英文论文浓缩之后的精华部分。

其目的就要让读者就算没有阅读全文，也能从Abstract中知道这篇论文的核心内容。

所以，摘要的写作一定要在论文的开始就把整篇论文的研究目的或要解决的问题呈现给读者。

说完了Abstract的主要写作内容之后，那么我们来看看好的摘要到底该怎么写:
这里EasyEssay告诉大家一个写摘要的'万能模板——PARI。

对于留学新生们来说特别适用，当大家在国外写英文论文多了之后就会有自己的写作方法，但是在不会写之前，可以先参考一下下面这个写作方法︰
PARI摘要写作方法∶
P=Problem:提出文章需要解决哪些问题
A=Approach:解决提出的问题是用的什么方法
R=Results:解决了提出的问题之后得到了什么结果l=lmpacts:这些结果有什么具体或者实际的影响。

医学论文英文摘要部分的常用句型

01
Sleep disorder heredity
02
hormone level receptor levels
03
Sleep disorder is related to heredity, hormone level, central neurotransmitter and receptor levels, etc. By exploring the basic and clinical research of sleep and sleep disorder, this paper aims to study its causes and prevention and treatment.
Results: Delivery pain was markedly relieved in the laughing gas group; mild adverse reactions such as dizziness and drowsiness were reported in individual patients, but they subsided with(消失) the discontinuation of laughing gas inhalation.
疗效好：good therapeutic/curative effect
5）研究结果的表达
01
结果表明：The result showed that…
03
我们观察到：It was observed that/ we observed that…
02
（我们）发现：It was found that …/we found that…
摘要部分的常用句型

英文摘要常用句型集

Group Eight:
It is known that…我们、大家知道……
It is well known that…众所周之……
It is said that…人们说,据说……
It is reported that …据报道……
It is believed that …据信……
It can be seen that …可以看出……
the graph/plot of the dependence of A on B
the graph/plot of the variation of A with B
4、这个理论来源于……
The theory comes/stems/emerges/originates from …
The theory is obtained/provided/furnished from …
2、已知……,我们就能求出……
Given …, we can find out …
Knowing …, we can find out …
3、现有的数据
the data available
the data we have/possess
the existing data
the current data
A comparison of A with/and B shows that…
4、我们必须……
It is necessary for us to do …
We must do …
5、我们能够……
It is possible for us to do …
We can do …
We are able to do …
These data enable us/lead us to conclude that …

英文论文摘要参考词汇和句型

5. This paper is devoted to assessment of…
6. This paper is concerned with the analysis of…
7. This article looks at…
8. This paper presents a mathematical model of a circuit breaker with random variation of parameters.
英文论文摘要参考词汇和句型
摘要层次
常用的词汇和句型
课题
consider, discuss, investigate, study, etc.
1. This article discusses the reasons for… and offers an insight into…
2. This paper analyzes some important characteristics of…
3. Recommendations are made regarding…
4. Suggestions were made for further study of…
5. The author proposes an approach to…
1. It is shown that…
2. Studies have shown that…
3. New evidence indicates that…
4. In this paper, the authors show how…
5. In this paper, it is demonstrated that…
1. One of the purposes of this study is …

(完整word版)写英文摘要常用句型

1.句型归纳扩展1.1 总述文章的论点及研究内容1）This paper is mainly devoted to an automatic frequency tuning system which is one of the most important parts of the buncher.本文主要研究频率自动调谐系统，这是聚束器最重要的组成部分之一。

2）This study investigates/ discusses/ examines/ reviews/ outlines/ presents/ reports/ surveys/ measures the fitting of a class of generalized proportional hazards models, termed linear transformation models, to interval-censored data.本研究调查（探讨、审查、复查、简述、呈现、报道、观察、测量）了一种广义比例风险模型，线性变换模型和区间截断数据的关系。

3）In this paper we focus on the classification of colour texture images.本文中我们着眼于彩色纹理图像的分类。

4）This paper deals with the history of the use of hydrogen as a combustible or shielding gas in welding.本文研究焊接中使用的氢气作为易燃保护气体的历史。

5）In this paper，mathematical models for calculation and prediction of melting rate in arc welding with a triple-wire electrode are described.本文描述了计算和预测三丝电极弧焊接融化率的数学模型。

英文摘要写作[1]

英文摘要写作
Abstract
• • • • • Reading by many people---Advertise! Summarize paper Self-contained Brief(100~200words) No figures or references
一、英文摘要的类型
• 指示性（概括性）摘要：多用于理论性较强的论文，主要概括论文的主要观点、研究范围、分析过程、内容梗概和结论，并不定量报道其具体内容，如具体数据等。
example 4
• 本文通过实验的方法对中温辐射条件下受体温度的测量，利用能量守恒方程及斯蒂芬-波尔茨曼定律通过和黑体黑度的比较将实际物体的黑度计算出来，从而得出中温辐射时物体的黑度是随温度的升高而增大的规律，并对实验进行模拟，得出了实际物体在中温条件下的函数关系，并粗略的对误差进行分析和改进。
• 【摘要】本世纪以来，城镇化快增长成为我国发展的主旋律，与此同时，国家通过政策积极引导城镇化的健康发展。 • Since 21st Century, the urbanization has become the main theme of China economy development. Meanwhile, the government has been doing everything possible to ensure the harmonious development of urbanization.
• 信息性（报道性）摘要：多用于实验性和技术性较强的论文，主要报道论文的研究成果、数据和结论。
一、英文摘要的类型
Prof. Feng型摘要： • 1）background info； • 2）the subject matter& research purpose/objective; • 3) research methods; • 4) findings/results; 5) suggestion and proposed conclusion. • 6) No first person allowed

论文摘要中的英语句型

英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem anda detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the followingsections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。

英文摘要

1.说得委婉些：To put it mildly
2.很机灵，很精明，很有能力:have a lot on the ball
I know Li Ming has a lot on the Ball. But I'm not sure if he likes to work here.
我知道李明很能干,但我怀疑他是否真的愿意到我们这儿来工作.
3.首要的事情：on the top of my list
4.熟悉：familiarize with
familiarize sd with sth
familiarize oneself with sth.
You'll need time to familiarize yourself with our procedures.
你需要时间熟悉我们的程序。

5.手表：wrist watch
6.Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自寻烦恼。

7.trying adj. 令人难于忍受的；难堪的；令人厌烦的
v. 试图( try的现在分词)；试验，尝试；审讯
Learning a foreign language has been a most trying experience for me,but one that I would't trade for anything.
学习外语对我来说是无比艰辛的经历，但它又无比珍贵。

8.glossary n. （书尾的）词汇表，难词汇编。

英文摘要写作

Comparison of the blackbody and actual substance shows the emittance, which is based on conservation of energy and Stefan-Boltzmann law.
从而得出中温辐射时物体的黑度是随温度的升高而增大的规律，
When obtains the warm radiation object blackness is a rule which increases along with the temperature ascension.
The result was obtained that the emittance of actual substance increases with increasing temperature.
clarify … determine … establish… point out … demonstrate …
4. Our studies Their pioneer studies These investigations
aim to
clarify … determine … establish … demonstrate … provide evidence for bring out …
aim purpose object objective
of
the present study this investigation the research these studies
is (was/has been/will be)
to obtain … to evaluate … to find out … to establish… to asses …

0303-英语论文“摘要”的开头短语和句型

英语论文“摘要”的开头短语和句型1) This paper (article/thesis) presents (shows/expresses) …本文提出。

2) This paper (article) discusses (studies, concerns, deals with, tells of ) … 本文讨论（研究）。

3) This paper (article) introduces (reports, explains, analyses, emphasizes, summarizes) … 本文介绍（报告、解释、分析、强调、总结）。

4）This paper (article) argues (demonstrates) …本文论述（论证）。

5）This paper(article) explores (probes into) …本文探讨。

6）This paper(article) elaborates on (expounds) …本文详述（阐明）。

7）This paper includes(covers, touches on) …本文包括（涉及）。

8）This paper aims to (aims at) …本文旨在。

9）This paper focuses on…本文集中研究。

10）This paper tries(attempts) to (makes an attempt to ) …本文试图。

11）This paper makes a comparison of (makes a tentative study, makes a brief introduction to) …本文对。

作了比较（作了尝试性研究，作了简介）12）This paper offers(gives) a discussion of (an overview of , an analysis of) …本文探讨（综述、分析）。