文化语言学作业

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语言学作业

一个国家的语言文字包括了该国家的所有人文现象、风土人情甚至是民俗习惯。

换句话说，语言是文化的综合体，是文化的结晶，另外一方面，语言具有意义与语言存在的语境也是焦孟不离。

文化背景、语言、语境，三者是分不开的。

于我看来，“她嫁错了人”与“she has married the wrong man”所要表达的意义是不一样的。

按照句子的成分进行分析，“她嫁错了人”中，她”是主语，剩下的成份“嫁错了人”都是谓语。

所以，通俗一点分析，这句话所要表达的意思是“她遇人不淑，以至于嫁错了并导致了一场悲剧式的婚姻。

也就是说，错的、该抱怨的根本不在于她嫁的那个对象，而在于她或者是是失败的婚姻本身。

矛头自然也就没有指在“她”的丈夫身上。

但是在英语中，“she has married the wrong man”，要表达的意义是与不相同的。

还是从句子的成分入手，我们可以把句子进行剖析。

这句话中，“she”是主语，“married”是谓语，“the wrong man”自然就是宾语了。

由此可见，“she”是没有错的，错的是she“married”的对象即是“the wrong man”。

在我看来，这两句话具有差异是因为中西方之间的文化差异。

语言学中谈及到语言与文化是“intrinsically dependent on each other, have evolved together through the history.”也就是说，语言与文化相互联系、相互依赖，在历史发展中共同演变。

因此，对这两句话的分析，我们可以把侧重点放在文化层面上。

一般人听到“她嫁错了人”这句话，很自然都会联想到句中“她”的悲惨命运，在过去的中国文化中，女性处于比较低下的地位。

通常来说，如果按照固有的传统思维模式出发：一个女人嫁错了人并且安于天命的现象非但没有错，反倒却是很合情合理的。

从上面的句子成份分析我们可以得出的结论是，“she has married the wrong man”这个句子里面错误的源头是那个“man”而不是中文里的“她”，也不是“she”与“man”之间”married”这一特定行为产生了错误。

语言学概论在线作业答案

语言学概论在线作业答案语言学概论1.根据词的来源特点，我们可以把词分为（）。

• A 基本词汇和一般词汇• B 古语词、方言词、外来词• C 单纯词、合成词• D 阶级习惯语、隐语、禁忌语正确答案:B单选题2.现在一般认为，人学习语言的最迟临界点是在（）左右，就是说在这个年龄之前如果不接触语言，此后就几乎无法学习语言了。

• A 一岁• B 三岁• C 十二岁• D 十八岁正确答案:C单选题3.下列关于文字起源的说法正确的一项是（）。

• A 结绳记事• B 图画和契刻• C 刻漏记事• D 以上说法都错正确答案:D单选题4.下面几个句子中，（）是有歧义的。

• A 她明天要去学校• B 校长给她安排好的工作• C 她只吃了一碗饭• D 小狗累了正确答案:B单选题5.下列词语意义演变过程中，指称范围转移的是（）。

• A 江• B 河• C 闻• D 脸正确答案:C单选题6.下面对话说显示出的会话含义是违反（）原则而产生的。

问：你看，经理太太的衣服真漂亮啊。

答：今天的酒味道不错。

• A 质的准则• B 量的准则• C 关系准则• D 方式准则正确答案:C单选题7.[p、t‘、b、k]在发音方法上的共同点是（）。

• A 清音• B 不送气音• C 塞音• D 擦音正确答案:C单选题8.下面句子中的预设，（）不是通过词语手段实现的。

• A 她今天又来了• B 盟军再次取得了胜利• C 她的爸爸来看她了• D 我明天还要说正确答案:C单选题9.下列文字中，属于自源文字的是（）。

• A 汉字• B 日文• C 英文字母• D 希腊字母正确答案:A单选题10.已有的自源文字，从字符跟语言中什么样的语言单位相联系的标准来归来，都是（）。

• A 音节文字• B 词语文字• C 音位文字• D 语素文字正确答案:B单选题11.当词义所概括的界限不明确时，我们将它称为词义的（）。

• A 概括性• B 民族性• C 层次性• D 模糊性正确答案:D单选题12.语音是（）。

语言学作业

锦州市店名、街（路）牌中文用字、外文译写情况调查——基于2013中国锦州世园会语言文字规范标准研制的调查从街牌名看语言学摘要：语言遍布于世界，有人烟的地方就有语言的存在，人们靠他来传递信息、抒发感情。

语言学也随着语言的传播遍布于我们的生活之中，随着人们的交谈，文字的书写而不断发展壮大。

语言是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具，人们通过语言交流和沟通。

为了应对2013年锦州世园会的开展，我和同学对锦州市街牌名和店牌名进行了调查和研究。

语言具有人文性，在作为交际工具和思维工具的同时，也是人类文化的重要组成部分，是人类文化的主要载体，从调查到的街牌名可以看出，很多街牌名都具有文学性，看起来很舒服，有一些用的都是成语和一些优美的典故。

文中还分析了街牌名的结构和蕴含在其中的语言学知识，语言的功能和本质，以及具体从锦州市街牌名中分析出来的各种语言学理论知识。

关键词：语言的功能语言的本质街牌名语言规划法国著名作家莫里哀曾经说过：“语言是赐予人类表达思想的工具。

”的确，语言出现在社会上的任何角落，人们用语言来抒发自己的情感，快乐时和他人分享快乐，忧伤时和他人一起分担痛苦，这都离不开语言。

语言不是单一表达的，人们用说话来表达语言，用文字来表达语言，不会说话的人也可以用文字来表达，即使不会写字也可以用肢体语言来表达。

像这次对街牌名进行的调查与研究，就是由店牌、街路牌和广告牌上的文字所表达出来的语言。

2011年11月的一个礼拜天，我和同寝室的同学约好一起去调查记录一下我们班的街路牌名和店牌名包括桥上或者公寓围栏上的广告牌。

我们班的调查范围是在环路与科技路之间，南桥以西的距离。

我们从早上9点开始出发，直到下午5点回来，我们两个以左右分工，走同一条街，我记左面的部分，她记右面的部分我们走了很多弯路，有的路一面全是墙，没有店铺。

另外，还有像是“复印打字”、“中国福利彩票”等等的几乎每条街都会有的店铺我们就都省略不记了。

中午挑了半天，决定在“美国加州牛肉面大王”家吃了中午饭，下午又逛了半天，最后，我们每个人抄写了50个左右，回寝室后又抄写了对方的店牌名，对店牌名的调查就这样结束了。

语言学史作业

1、现代汉字是否都可以用六书来分析？答：不可以。

“六书”是传统汉字学分析汉字构造所总结出的六种方法，东汉学者许慎在他的《说文解字》中用“六书”来分析汉字的结构类型。

“六书”包括象形、指事、会议、形声、转注、假借，实际上，前四种是造字法，后两种只能看作汉字的使用方法。

现代的一些新字的产生一般不再使用象形、指事的方法，新造的会意字虽然也有些，如：“耷、夯”但不如用形声的方法多。

另外，一些简化字也用了形声的方法来简化。

还有一些简化字采用了草书楷化的方法。

新造字中还出现了跟传统的六书不一致的造字法，如字“甭”用的是切音合形合义的造字法。

由于现代汉字符号性越来越强，分析字形可以采用构字笔画部件分析法。

传统上对汉字字形的分析采用的是偏旁分析法，即用偏旁来分析合体字的构成。

偏旁分意符（也叫形旁、形符）和音符（也叫声旁、声符）两种。

会意字只有意符，形声字既有意符，又有音符。

所以说现代汉字更适合采用构字笔画部件分析法。

2、汉字的音义之间的关系应该如何认识？汉字是记录汉语的语素的，语素包括语音和语义两个方面。

所以汉字的字音就是它所记录的语素的语音。

汉字记录的语音单位是汉语的音节，汉字和音节之间并不是一一对应的，一个音节往往对应多个汉字（同音字），有的汉字也可能对应多个音节（多音字）。

3、中国历史上有哪些汉字注音方法1）譬况法，是具体描写某个字的发音情貌的方法。

例如《淮南子·地形训》“其地宜黍，多旄犀”。

注“旄”时说：“旄”，读绸缪之缪，急气言乃得之。

”2）读若法，也就是用音近的字来注音，不加以描写。

东汉许慎《说文解字》的注音全是读若法，例如“媪”，女老称也，读若奥。

3）直音法，盛行于汉代，是指用一个比较容易认识的字来标注跟它同音的字的方法，如“盅，音古”“毕，音必”“畔，音叛”。

杨雄《方言》“所以刺船谓之篙”，“篙”，音高。

直音法注音有弊病，有的字很简单，却用很生僻的字来注音，反而不得其音。

另外还出现循环互注的现象。

中国社会文化语言学参考答案要点.

中国社会文化语言学参考答案要点1．物质文化，制度文化、心理文化2．陆路、海路3．军屯移民4．物质要素生活环境5．隐语6．洋泾滨语、克里奥尔语7．它是女青年中存在的一种语音现象，黎锦熙先生早在20世纪20年代就提到当时北京劈柴胡同(今称辟才胡同)，北京师范大学附属女子中学的学生把[t ]、[t ]、[ i]读成[tsi]、[ts i]、[si]，他称这种女学生特有的读音为“女国音”。

8．语文规划泛指有计划地管理与改进现有语言和文字的活动。

语言规划则是语言政策的具体化。

它包括语言选择、语言协调、语言规范化，文字改革、文字创制等方面的内容。

中国的汉字简化等便属于语文规划。

9．使用一种语言时，夹杂有另一种语言的成分，这另一种语言成分多是词或短语，包括它们的语音形式。

例略。

10．（1）社会的需求。

文字的发生有待于社会文明的发展和需求的触发。

（2）巫术的发展。

（3）思维的发展。

原始记事方法的研究显示，蕴含着符号的可视性、储存性、单位性、能产性、组合性和平面化、线条化、书写化，都为文字创制原理的成熟提供了准备，而图形及一些刻划记号则可能成为最初的文字符形。

11．（1）吴语的源头可追溯到3000多年前先周太伯、仲雍的南迁。

发展到西晋，江南已是吴语的天下。

（2）“永嘉之乱”大规模的移民运动。

这次大移民的结果是：进入江西的北方移民所带来的北方话成为客家话的先声；（3）江西土话与北方话接触融合而形成了赣语的早期形式。

（4）湘语源于古楚语。

南迁楚人从中原带来的华夏族语言后来演变成楚语。

在湖南境内的古楚语后来逐步演化成古湘语。

（5）粤方言的源头可以追溯到秦汉。

秦始皇派任嚣、赵佗平定百粤，占领岭南地区，留下50万人戍守岭南三郡。

这些守卒所带去的当时的中原汉语才是今日粤语的先声。

（6）三国以前，闽越地区主要接受吴越语的直接传播和影响，同时还吸收了许多南方楚语的语言成分。

此外，还有当地民族语言的沉积成分。

这三个方面汇合成汉魏以前的闽方言。

文化语言学语言与文化

5. Intercultural Communication
5.1 Definition

Also known as cross-cultural communication, is frequently used to refer to communication between people from different cultures.
3. Case studies
3.1 Cultural Difference (p154)

Greetings How are you? 你吃过了吗？到哪去啊？ Terms of address Ms, 同志，师傅，主任，Uncle: 叔父伯父舅父姨父姑父 Thanks and compliments： I’m glad to be of help. 不客气。Thank you. 哪里哪里？ Colour words Green eyes, blue blood, green hand, 扫黄，红军，
al Overlap and Diffusion

Cultural overlap 文化重合爸爸，妈妈，Professor，Have daddy told you that? Cultural diffusion 文化扩散你OUT了。Happy去。唱KTV。Call我。借我Copy一下。 CCTV, MTV, 3D, IE[网络]，汉堡包，tofu, hold不住...
termusedsocialscientistspeople?swholeway人们普遍的社会习惯如衣食住行风俗习惯生活方式行为规范等
English Linguistics: An Introduction

《语言与文化》新平台第一次作业.doc

I. select the best answer from the four choices given. 40%1.In its narrow sense, culture is C .C. life way of a population2.In English culture, the introduction rule " D "s correct.D. When introductions are made, start with first names,ａnd add somedescriptive notes.3.Whentwo strangers are introduced to each other in the ., they usually startwhat is called DD.introductory talk.4. One of the main functions of nonverbal communication is A.A. regulating5.American scholars generally trace the ｏ rigin of interculturalcommunication to_ Aanthropology.6. Whenyou enter an American home and hear "Let me take your coat",youshould know that D .A. it's extremely hot indoors.B. your coat must be wet.C. wearing a coat indoors is uncomfortable.D. it's an American custom to take off one's coat in this situation.you want to learn about someone's family relationship with another person,you may ask D .A. Are you relativesB. Are you family membersC. How are you calledD. How are you related8.If someone says, " What a big house you've got." , the complimented might respondDA. "Thank you, it's just so so."B. "No, it is quite small."C. "Really I think it's not big enough to live in."D. "Thank you. It's quite big, I was lucky to be able to get it."9. Communication between two speakers of the same cultural background iscalled BA. intercultural communicationB. interpersonal communication.C. intracultural communicationD. intrapersonal communication10. The explanation for " to move heaven and earth to do something" is B .A. "to understand the nature of one's work and be competent in the performance of them"B. " to lose the opportunity to do something"11.Some nonverbal messages are consistent with accompanying verbal message, whichis the A function of nonverbal message.12.The English speaking people are direct, so CA.they reason from the particular to the general, from parts to the whole, or fromthesmall to the bigB.they reason from the general to the particular, from the whole to the part or fromthebig to the smallC.they prefer the information structure in which the more important informationprecedes the less important information.D. they prefer the information structure in which the less important informationprecedes the more important information.13. Language is an instrument used in the D of thought.A. patternsB. structureC. functionD. communication14. Americans tend to open gifts in the presence of the giver.This shows that C .A. they are greedy.B.they are eager to have them.C. they are ready to express gratitude.D.they are impatient with guests.15.When you want to leave your host's home, you, as a guest, can say BA. I must leave now, I have something important to do.B.I'm afraid I must go now, it is too late.C.I'm afraid I must be leaving now, for I have something important to do.D.I must be leaving now, for I have something important to do.16.When an American man makes a chair ready for his wife to be seated,the wife will most likely say A .A. Thank you.B. nothingC. You're very kind.D. Let me do it myself.17. Whenyou ask strangers in English-speaking countries to show you theright way to a certain place, you can use_ BA. Sir or Madam.B. Mr. Or Mrs.C. Ms. Or Missd. .or Professor18. Sentence " A" is correct.A. He lives in 25 Robertson road , Perth, Australia.B. He lives in Perth, 25 Robertson Road, Australia.C. He lives in Australia, Perth, 25 Robertson Road.D. He lives in Perth, Australia, 25 Robertson Road.19. The expression "he shakes hands like a dead fish" refers to a limphandshake , a sign in the American culture of AA. a weak characterB. a strong characterC. a flexible characterD. a moral characteryou see an American friend having dinner, you can greet him by sayingAA. Hello. Have a nice dinner.B. So, you're havingdinner.C. How much do you have for dinnerD. How do you enjoy itII. Multiple Choice. Each of the following incomplete statements isfollowed by four alternatives. Decide which of the four alternatives best complete the statement. There might be more than one correct answer. 10％1. The most common English replies to thank are “ cd . ”a. It is nothingb. It is my dutyc. Not at alld. It is my pleasure2. When English speaking people part, they usually say “ ad . ”a. Good-byeb. It's nice to meet youc. Walk well, pleased. So long3. When responding to compliment" you look very nice in this dress",you should say “ cd . ”a. Thank you, but it is just so sob. No, it is quite ordinaryc. Thank you, I'm glad that you like itd. Do you really think so I was not sure whether it suits me4.Paratactic relations refer to construction which are linkedthrough abd .a. juxtapositionb. punctuationc. conjunctiond. intonation5. Which of the following questions would offend speakers of English abcda. Do you go to churchb. Are you married or singlec. Who will you vote ford. May I know your ageSection III Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for each true statement and F for each false one. 10%1. Whenever someone responds to the behavior or the behavior residue of another person, communication has taken place. （T）2.In the ., it is a compliment to tell someone that he or she hasput on some weight. （F）3.In the United States, the extended family, rather than the nuclearfamily, is considered the family.（F）4. North Americans prefer to sit where they are side-by-side to one another.（T）5. To initiate conversation with an Englishman, you can say It''s raining today, isn''t it（F）IV. Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression. 40％1. Nonverbal messages that are used to emphasize distinct points in verbal messages serve the function of _accenting__.2.Hypotactic relation at the sentential level refer to constructions whose components are linked through the use of conjunction.3. When one offersｏr urges another person to be first in going througha door, the normal expression is After you.4. Cultures that allow people to interact at a close distance are referred to as contact cultures.5. The English speaking people say " Excuse me " when they need to passin front of others, to answer the phone or a door bell while talking with others.6.It is often said that English is a hypotactic language and Chinesea paratactic one.7. The English functional equivalent for“这是我应该做的”is It’s my pleasure .8. In Western culture, individualism is one of the central themes. Incontrast,the central theme of traditional Chinese culture was environmentalism or collectivism.9.The study of meanings, usage, and communication of place is__chronemics_.munication without feedback is called _one-way__ communication.。

文化语言学第四章课后题

文化语言学第四章课后题第一部分基础知识一、用“”划去下列词语中不恰当的字。

脱(朝潮) (底高)头八十(有载柏树裁)而归属于沙(滩摊) (拣捡)贝壳兴奋(极级急)了二、给加点的字挑选恰当的读音。

似(sìshì)乎兴(xīngxìng)奋逃走(cuànchuān)暑假(jiàjiǎ)三、根据意思写出课文中相应的词语。

1、海边的人在涨潮时，至海边回去抓取或丢弃海鱼、海蟹之类的东西。

( )2、到处逃跑乱窜。

( )3、比喻无法逃脱或无力抵抗。

( )三、照样子，写句子。

每当我唱出这一支歌，便想到童年伯德角的事。

每当……便……第二部分写作认知拾贝壳我一向讨厌贝壳，吵着必须阿姨带我去滚贝壳，阿姨应允了。

我们来到海边，啊，这里的景色真美，浪花轻轻拍打着海岸，发出“哗哗哗“的响声;蓝色的海面上航行着小小的帆船和”突突突“的`汽艇。

我望着无边无际的大海，心情十分舒畅。

在海滩上我们划破裤管放低身子举起贝壳去这里到处就是五颜六色的贝壳再有的大的细长的圆的施明德的各种形状各种色泽真实千奇百怪它们在阳光下闪闪发光忽然，阿姨叫道：“小红，快来，这个贝壳多好看!“我跑过去一看，果真是一个好贝壳，它有小碗那么大，身上印着一条一条棕色花纹，和老虎身上的花纹一样。

我急忙接过来，掏出手帕，小心翼翼地把它包好。

渐渐地，大篮子装进了贝壳，我们高高兴兴地准备工作回家。

离开海滩时，我不时回过头去，啊!我爱美丽的贝壳，我爱金色的沙滩，我更爱祖国蓝色的海洋!1、照样子，写下几个则表示声音的词。

哗哗哗2、给第3自然段中画“”的地方加之最合适的标点符号。

二3、阅读短文后填空。

(1)“我”和阿姨回去滚贝壳，先走进，再走进，最后返回。

(2)阿姨说这是一个好贝壳，是因为第三部分开拓提升1、小朋友，回忆一下，哪次活动你玩得最开心?你能先说给爸爸、妈妈听一听，再写成一段话。

好吗?12、荷花第一部分基础知识一、看看拼音写下汉字。

[答案][福建师范大学]2020秋《语言与文化》在线作业二

1.I called Hnnah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her brother _____ on the phone all the time!A.was talkingB.has been talkingC.has talkedD.talked答案：A2.() refers to some words or expressions which are to be avoided because tradition or social customs strongly frowns on their use and some topics which are to be avoided.A.HonorificsB.Terms of humilityC.EuphemismsD.Verbal taboos答案：D3.寒舍 is equivalent to () in English.A.my homeB.my humble homeC.my cold houseD.my shabby hut答案：A4.--I think you’d better type this letter again before Mr. Smith see it. --Oh, dear! ()A.Who cares?B.No problem.C.I don’t mind at all.D.Is it as bad as that?答案：D5.I have no doubt ________ he will overcome all his difficulties.A.ifB.thatC.as toD.whether答案：B6.While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television ______ the newspaper completely.A.replacedB.have replacedC.replaceD.will replace答案：D7.His wife had only her husband’s interests _________.A.on her heartB.on heartC.at her heartD.at heart答案：D8.() relations at the sentential level refer to construction whose components are linked through the use of conjunctions.A.HypotacticB.ParatacticC.GrammaticalD.Branching答案：A9.Then the speaker ______ the various factors leading to the present economic crisis.A.went afterB.went forC.went intoD.put up with答案：C10.--Do you have any problems if you ______ this job? --Well, I’m thinking about the salary ….A.offerB.will offerC.are offeredD.will be offered答案：C11.A major-party nominee has the critical advantage in the campaign for the presidential election _______ he has the support from the party-faithful.A.in thatB.in whichC.for whichD.for that答案：B12.Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried _____ alone, but she didn’t like it and moved back home.A.livingB.to liveC.to be livingD.having lived答案：A13.A completely new situation will ______ when the examination system comes into existence.A.ariseB.riseC.raiseD.arouse答案：A14.When you see an American friend having dinner, you can greet him by saying ().A.Hello. Have a nice dinner.B.So, you’re having dinner.C.How much do you have for dinner?D.How do you enjoy it?答案：A15.He made a request _______ immediate help.A.atB.forC.onD.by答案：B16.Mass advertising helped to ____ the emphasis from the production of goods to their consumption.A.varyB.shiftyD.moderate答案：B17.____ refers to some words or expressions which are to be avoided because tradition or social customs strongly frowns on their use and some topics which are to be avoided.A.HonorificsB.Terms of humilityC.EuphemismsD.Verbal taboos答案：D18.() thinking refers to thinking in which images are particularly attended to.A.AbstractB.LogicalC.ArtisticD.Dialectic答案：C19.“Red tape ” means____.A.a red cassetteB.the rigid unnecessary official rules and regulationsC.the necessary of official rules and regulationsD.a red string答案：B20.You are responsible for the work _______.A.for a wholeB.on the wholeC.as a wholeD.on a whole答案：C21.The house is very _____, and furthermore, it’s too far from the town.A.neatB.spaciousC.expensiveD.fashionable答案：C22.The word “workaholic ” is often used to refer to ().A.AfricansB.AmericansC.ChineseD.Koreans答案：B23.No matter how frequently ______, the works of Beethoven alwaysattract large audiences.A.performingB.performedC.to be performedD.being performed答案：B24.A word processor is much better than a typewriter in that it enables you to enter and ____ your text more easily.A.registerB.editC.proposeD.discharge答案：B25._______ that this small town was exposed to various kinds of dangers.A.In 2003B.The year of 2003C.It was 2003D.It was in 2003答案：D26.We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we ______ him.A.would have telephonedB.must have telephonedC.would telephoneD.had telephoned答案：A27.Man’s greatest energy comes not from his physical strength _______ his dreams.A.except fromB.yet fromC.however fromD.but from答案：D28.It is recommended that the project ______ until all the preparations have been made.A.is not startedB.will not be startedC.not be startedD.is not to be started答案：C29.When someone compliments you on the watch you are wearing, you should, in the United States, ().A.say Oh, this cheap thing? It’s not worth much.B.give it to him.C.say Would you like to have it?D.say Thanks and smile.答案：D30.English is often referred to as a () language because it uses frequently connectives to indicate the relation between linguistic elements.A.paratacticB.hypotacticC.branchingD.linear答案：B31.To her disappointment, her best friend did not _______ at her birthday party.A.turn overB.turn aroundC.turn upD.turn in答案：C32.It is only recently _________ astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.A.whenB.so thatC.thatD.which答案：C33.He is fond of jazz, rock _________.A.and so likeB.and the likeC.and likeD.such likes答案：B34.It took him several months to ______ the wild horse.A.tendB.cultivateC.breedD.tame答案：D35.____ is the name given to a young man or young woman who rejects authority, existing institution and conventional attitudes towards morality, style. of dress, etc.A.DukeB.CowboyC.HippieD.Knight答案：C36.On your way to the school cinema, you happen to meet Professor Jones walking to the cinema, too. You can greet him by saying You’re going to see the film, aren’t you? ()A.错误B.正确答案：A37.To initiate conversation with an Englishman, you can say It’s raining today, isn’t i t? ()A.错误B.正确答案：A38.In the U.S., it is a compliment to tell someone that he or she has put on some weight. ()A.错误B.正确答案：A39.In English-speaking countries you usually first introduce a man of higher social status to one of low social status, not the other way round. ()A.错误B.正确答案：A40.Whenever someone responds to the behavior. or the behavior. residue of another person, communication has taken place. ()A.错误B.正确答案：B41.Monochronic time systems are characterized by several things happening at once. ()A.错误B.正确答案：A42.Instructors of intercultural communication believe that the process of communication under conditions of cultural differences can be analyzed and the knowledge about the process of IC and related skills can be taught. ()A.错误B.正确答案：B43.Thanksgiving Day is on the fourth Saturday of November. ()A.错误B.正确答案：A44.It is a Chinese way of showing hospitality to insist on people accepting offers of drinks and cigarettes. ()A.错误B.正确答案：B45.Stereotyping has its practical uses and limitations, because it helps us better understand what appears to be a mess and at the same time any generalization is very often an overgeneralization. ()A.错误B.正确答案：B46.On your way to the school cinema, you happen to meet Professor Jones walking to the cinema, too. You can greet him by saying You’re going to see the film, aren’t you? ()A.错误B.正确答案：A47.In the United States, the extended family, rather than the nuclear family, is considered the family. ()A.错误B.正确答案：A48.When an Americans says I thought it was quite reasonable in response to your inquiry about the price of something he has just bought, you can rightly assume that he is willing to tell you its exact price. ()A.错误B.正确答案：A49.In certain situations body action contradicts what is being said. ()A.错误B.正确答案：B50.Given name or forename has recently replace Christian name in many English form, because religious beliefs are very much a matter of privacy. ()A.错误B.正确答案：B。

语言与文化第一次作业

第一次作业I. Translate the following terms into Chinese and then define each of them in English. 70%1.culture 文化Culture is the unique style and custom which a nation forms in the history of its own developmentmunication 交流，沟通Communication may be defined as that which happens whenever someone responds to the behavior or the residue of the behavior of another person.3. one-way communication单向交流Communication without feedback is called one-way communication.4.ethnocentrism .民族优越感，民族中心主义Ethnocentrism is a kind of psychological trend ,that is to interpret or to judge all other groups , their environments and their communication according to the categories and values of our own culture.5.privacy 免受不受欢迎的侵扰的自由、私事权freedom from undesirable intrusions6.tips 小费Th e word“tips”is the abbreviation of the phrase“to insure prompt service”service charge7.vocalics 副语言V ocalics refers to anything that that is spoken and heard except for words, including tone , pitch , volume , speed ,emotion etc....vocalics is the study of the nonverbal elements of the voice.II. Answer the following questions in English. 30%1.What are the differences between Chinese and English compliments?In English people exchange compliments each other: father to son, husband to wife, friend to friend, etc. But there are cultural differences between English and Chinese. Firstly cultural differences exist in who can be complimented. In English speaking countries one can praise members of one’s own family. A woman can talkabout how hard her husband works and how well he has done in his career, and shemight do the same about how well her children do at school. But Chinese people do not praise members of their own families. They consider it bad taste.Secondly, cultural differences exist in what can be complimented. It is quite common for a male English speaker to compliment females on their good looks, while it is almost a taboo in Chinese culture.2.What is the rule of introduction in the United States?In the United States the general rule is to introduce a man to a woman, the young to the old, the guest to the host, an individual to a group, a less important person is to an important person, the lower position people to the higher position people, an unmarried woman to a married woman.3. Compare Chinese and English "thanks".There are differences between Chinese and English "thanks". Firstly differences lie in what to thank for. English speakers thank others for many reasons and on many occasions such as borrowing a pencil, asking for directions , requesting someone to pass on a message, receiving mails for others, calling a person to the phone and so on and so forth, and this seems to be unnecessary and sometimes even hypocritical to many Chinese people. On the other hand, the Chinese people tend to thank the one who has done them a major favor several times, this may seem excessive, empty or insincere to English speakers and therefore make them uncomfortable.Secondly differences also lie in whom to thank. In English culture a male thanks his wife, a female thank her husband, a father thanks his son and close friends thank each other for having done anything. That is because people are treated as individuals and the kindness they have shown in whatever may should be appreciated explicitly. But in China, most of the polite expressions are reserved for stranger and casual friends. Family members and close friends never thank each other, for the Chinese attitude is that the appreciation is understood and need not be expressed among close friends and family members. However, this attitude may be taken forrudeness or lack of consideration by English speakers.福师《语言与文化》在线作业一二试卷13春总分：100 测试时间：--单选题多选题判断题14 、单选题秋（共30 道试题，共60 分。

2022年春季学期语言学概论(本)第1次平时作业-1

2022年春季学期语言学概论（本）第1次平时作业-1
总分：100 分
单选题多选题判断题问答题名词解释论述题
一、单选题（共5题，共20分）
得分：20分
1、下列说法不正确的一项是（）。

A :
语言系统中把语言材料组织起来的规则可以说是无限的。

B :
说话时遵循什么样的规则不是个人决定的。

C :
语言规则具有强制性，个人必须无条件遵守。

D :
一个人处在什么样的社会，就会使用什么样的语言。

【正确答案】：A
2、从心理学的角度看,（）是知识的认知、获取和运用的过程，是一个信息加工的过程。

A :
语言
B :
思维
C :
专语语言
D :
社会语言
【正确答案】：B
3、语言功能区主要存在于（）。

A :
左半球
B :
右半球
C :
心脏
D :
脊柱
【正确答案】：A
4、语言成分按线性次序组合起来所形成的关系是（）。

A :
层级关系
B :
组合关系
C :
聚合关系
D :
主谓关系。

《语言与文化》新平台第一次作业

《语言与文化》新平台第一次作业I. select the best answer from the four choices given. 40%1. In its narrow sense, culture is C .C. life way of a population2. In English culture, the introduction rule " D "s correct.D. When introductions are made, start with first names, ａnd add somedescriptive notes.3. When two strangers are introduced to each other in the ., theyusually start what is called DD. introductory talk.4. One of the main functions of nonverbal communication isA .A. regulating5. American scholars generally trace the ｏrigin of intercultural communication to_ Aanthropology.6. When you enter an American home and hear "Let me take your coat",you should know that D .A. it's extremely hot indoors.B. your coat must be wet.C. wearing a coat indoors is uncomfortable.D. it's an American custom to take off one's coat in this situation.you want to learn about someone's family relationship with anotherperson, you may ask D .A. Are you relativesB. Are you family membersC. How are you calledD. How are you related8. If someone says, " What a big house you've got." , the complimented might respondDA. "Thank you, it's just so so."B. "No, it is quite small."C. "Really I think it's not big enough to live in."D. "Thank you. It's quite big, I was lucky to be able to get it."9. Communication between two speakers of the same culturalbackground is called BA. intercultural communicationB. interpersonal communication.C. intracultural communicationD. intrapersonal communication10. The explanation for " to move heaven and earth to do something" is B .A. "to understand the nature of one's work and be competent in the performance of them"B. " to lose the opportunity to do something"C. " to do something without proper material"D. " to make every effort to achieve or obtain something"11. Some nonverbal messages are consistent with accompanying verbal message, which isthe A function of nonverbal message.A. complementingB. contradictingC. regulatingD. accenting12. The English speaking people are direct, so CA. they reason from the particular to the general, from parts to the whole, or from thesmall to the bigB. they reason from the general to the particular, from the whole to the part or from thebig to the smallC. they prefer the information structure in which the more important informationprecedes the less important information.D. they prefer the information structure in which the less important informationprecedes the more important information.13. Language is an instrument used in the D of thought.A. patternsB. structureC. functionD. communication14. Americans tend to open gifts in the presence of the giver. Thisshows that C .A. they are greedy.B. they are eager to havethem.C. they are ready to express gratitude.D. they are impatientwith guests.15.When you want to leave your host's home, you, as a guest,can sayBA. I must leave now, I have something important to do.B. I'm afraid I must go now, it is too late.C. I'm afraid I must be leaving now, for I have somethingimportant to do.D. I must be leaving now, for I have something important to do.16. When an American man makes a chair ready for his wife to beseated, the wife will most likely say A .A. Thank you.B. nothingC. You're very kind.D. Let me do it myself.17. When you ask strangers in English-speaking countries to showyou the right way to a certain place, you can use_ BA. Sir or Madam.B. Mr. Or Mrs.C. Ms. Or Missd. . or Professor18. Sentence " A " is correct.A. He lives in 25 Robertson road , Perth, Australia.B. He lives in Perth, 25 Robertson Road, Australia.C. He lives in Australia, Perth, 25 Robertson Road.D. He lives in Perth, Australia, 25 Robertson Road.19. The expression "he shakes hands like a dead fish" refers toa limp handshake , a sign in the American culture of AA. a weak characterB. a strong characterC. a flexible characterD. a moral characteryou see an American friend having dinner, you can greet him bysaying AA. Hello. Have a nice dinner.B. So, you're havingdinner.C. How much do you have for dinnerD. How do you enjoy itII. Multiple Choice. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Decide which of the four alternatives best complete the statement. There might be more than one correct answer. 10％1. The most common English replies to thank are “ cd .”a. It is nothingb. It is my dutyc. Not at alld. It is my pleasure2. When English speaking people part, they usu ally say “ ad .”a. Good-byeb. It's nice to meet youc. Walk well, pleased. So long3. When responding to compliment" you look very nice in this dress",you should say “ cd .”a. Thank you, but it is just so sob. No, it is quite ordinaryc. Thank you, I'm glad that you like itd. Do you really think so I was not sure whether it suits me4. Paratactic relations refer to construction which are linked through abd .a. juxtapositionb. punctuationc. conjunctiond. intonation5. Which of the following questions would offend speakers of English abcda. Do you go to churchb. Are you married or singlec. Who will you vote ford. May I know your ageSection III Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for each true statement and F for each false one. 10%1. Whenever someone responds to the behavior or the behavior residue ofanother person, communication has taken place. （T）2. In the ., it is a compliment to tell someone that he or she has put on some weight.（F）3. In the United States, the extended family, rather than the nuclear family, is considered the family. （F）4. North Americans prefer to sit where they are side-by-side to one another.（T）5. To initiate conversation with an Englishman, you can say It''s raining today, isn''t it （F）IV. Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression. 40％1. Nonverbal messages that are used to emphasize distinctpoints in verbal messages serve the function of _accenting__ .2. Hypotactic relation at the sentential level refer to constructions whose components are linked through the use of conjunction.3. When one offers ｏr urges another person to be first in going through a door, the normal expression is After you .4. Cultures that allow people to interact at a close distance are referred to as contact cultures.5. The English speaking people say " Excuse me " when they need to pass in front of others, to answer the phone or a door bell while talking with others.6. It is often said that English is a hypotactic language and Chinese a paratactic one.7. The English functional equivalent for “这是我应该做的” is It’s my pleasure .8. In Western culture, individualism is one of the central themes. In contrast, the central theme of traditional Chinese culture was environmentalism or collectivism.9. The study of meanings, usage, and communication of place is __chronemics_.10. Communication without feedback is called _one-way__ communication.。

语言学概论平时作业练习

语言学概论平时作业练习1．_______和_______是语言发展的两个突出的特点。

2．汉语的七大方言是_______、_______、_______、_______、_______、_______、_______，其中_______是现代汉民族共同语的基础方言。

3．从语言谱系来分类，汉语属于_______语系，英语属于_______。

4．共同语规范的主要对象是_______。

5．语言发展变化的基本条件是______。

6．社会方言和地域方言实际上是语言发展______特点的具体体现。

7．一种语言的共同语一般都是在某一种______的基础上建立起来的。

8．______是从同一种语言分化出来的几种独立的语言，彼此具有同源关系。

9．“河”原来特指黄河，现在泛指江河，词义的这种变化叫做______ 。

10．语言的各个构成成分的发展是不平衡的，其中______发展最快。

11．现代汉语有七大方言，例如上海属于______区，河北省属于______区，______，以长沙话为代表。

12．古代汉语中的单音节词在现代汉语中大多变成了双音节词，例如“龟、蝇”变成了“乌龟、苍蝇”。

这种变化是词语的______。

13．______不同于洋泾浜之处是它被孩子们作为母语来学习使用。

14．语言融合的方式可分______和______两种。

15．词汇的变化主要体现在_____________、_______和_______三个方面。

16．词义的演变主要有词义的_______、_______和_______三种情况。

二、判断正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉）1．语言发展的根本原因是语言中的各种因素相互影响。

（）2．语言的发展变化是逐渐发生的，没有突变。

（）3．语言的分化和统一都与社会的发展密切相关。

（）4．行业用语不能被全民语言吸收而发展成为日常交际用语。

（）5．世界上最通用的语言是英语。

（）6．任何一种语言的共同语，都是在某一种方言的基础上形成的。

语言学作业（Linguisticshomework）

语言学作业（Linguistics homework）1章。

邀请语言学对于每个问题，答案有四种选择。

在某些情况下，只有一种选择是正确的，而在另一种情况下，应该选择一种以上。

选择所有正确的。

1。

下列哪一项是语言的设计特征？任意性b二元性C.人际关系D.位移2。

我们说的_____因为语言有其双重性和递归性。

任意性B创造性C. C.人际关系D.位移三.“我可以引用孔子虽然他2000年前死的。

”这说明语言具有_____设计特点。

任意性b.创造性。

4。

移位性赋予人类的力量来处理_____。

任意性和创造性B.概括和抽象C.人际关系D.施为功能5。

下面哪一个不是关于语言起源的理论？弓理论C.“他和他”理论。

6。

下列哪一种理论认为语言的起源是痛苦、愤怒和欢乐的本能声音？弓理论C.“他和他”理论。

7。

关于雅各布森语言功能框架，下列哪个陈述是正确的？参考功能是为了自己而沉迷于语言。

情感功能是传递信息和信息。

C.意动功能是清楚的意图，词汇和意义。

D.寒暄功能是建立与他人的交流。

8。

在韩礼德的语言功能理论中，下列哪一项是正确的？概念关系。

9。

对于纯粹的喜悦的语言使用说明语言具有_____功能。

A. B. C. D.元信息娱乐表演10。

_____研究词语的内部组织。

音系学B形态学C语义学d句法11。

_____关注治理结构规则，分布和序列的语音。

A.语音学B.形态学C.语用学D.音韵学12。

_____在语境中研究意义。

语义学B.语用学C.社会语言学，心理语言学13。

在第十八世纪，研究_____是所有主要的欧洲语言。

A. B. C. D.描述性规范的同步性14。

“不要结束句子介词。

“这是_____规则的一个例子。

A.说明性B。

15。

语言和言语的区分是由_____提出。

布卢姆菲尔德·B·索绪尔·C·乔姆斯基·D·韩礼德。

16。

能力与绩效之间的区别是由_____。

A.布卢姆菲尔德B.索绪尔C.乔姆斯基D.海姆斯17。

语言学概论作业3、4答案

一、概念解释（10分，每小题1分）1．词类词类是根据词的语法功能划分出来的词的类别。

2．直接成分所谓直接成分就是每一层次中直接组合起来构成一个更大的语法结构单位的两个组成成分。

一个复杂的结构，往往是由许许多多的成分构成的，这些成分按照一定的层次逐级构成。

3．语法形式语法形式是语法意义在语言中的外部表现，是语法意义的外部标志，表现语法意义的形式就是语法形式。

4．复合词复合词就是完全由词根语素与词根语素结合构成的词。

5．语法范畴语法范畴是通过词的变化形式表现出来的语法意义概括出来的类别.二、填空(25分，每空1分）1．(语法规则）是大家说话的时候必须遵守的习惯，不是语言学家规定的.2．语法的（组合规则）和（聚合规则）构成一种语言的语法规则。

3．句子按其语气可以分为陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等不同的类型，例如“什么书他都喜欢看”是（陈述句）.4．从意义和作用看，词可以分为（实词）和（虚词)两大类。

5．语法研究通常以词为界，词以上的规则叫（句法）,词以下的规则叫（词法）。

6．根据在词中的不同作用，一般把语素分成(词根）、(词缀)、（词尾）三类，例如“学习"中的两个语素是（词根），being”中的ing是（词尾）,“reader"中的er是（词缀）. 7．（词尾）的主要作用是改变一个词的形式，但不能构成新词。

8．根据语素在词中的不同作用，把词根和词缀叫作（构词语素）语素，把词尾叫作（变词）语素.9．由词根语素按一定的规则组合起来构成的词，称为(复合词）。

由词根语素和词缀组合起来构成的词称为(派生词）,其构词规则又叫作(派生构词法），或叫（附加法)。

10．(主谓结构）、(述宾结构）、（述补结构）、（偏正结构）、（联合结构）是语言里最基本的结构格式。

11．直接组合起来构成一个更大的语法单位的两个组成成分叫做（直接成分）。

12．从语法结构角度分类,一般把世界上的语言分为（孤立语)、（屈折语）、（粘着语）、（复综语）四种类型，汉语属于（孤立语）。

语言学概论作业答案

语⾔学概论作业答案语⾔学概论作业答案导⾔、第⼀章、第⼆章⼀、名词解释1、历时语⾔学——就各种语⾔的历史事实⽤⽐较的⽅法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的，叫历时学。

2、语⾔——语⾔是⼀种社会现象，是⼈类最重要的交际⼯具和进⾏思维的⼯具。

就语⾔本⾝的结构来说汇和语法构成的系统。

3、符号——符号是⽤来代表事物的⼀种形式，词这样的符号是声⾳和意义相结合的统⼀体。

任何符号都是由声⾳和意义两⽅⾯构成的。

4、语⾔的⼆层性——语⾔是⼀种分层装置，其底层是⼀套⾳位；上层是⾳义结合的符号和符号的序列，这⼀层⼜分为若⼲级，第⼀级是语素，第⼆级是由语素构成的词，第三级是由词构成的句⼦。

5、社会现象——语⾔是⼀种社会现象和⼈类社会有紧密的联系。

所谓“社会”，就是指⽣活在⼀个共同的地域中，说同⼀种语⾔，有共同的风俗习惯和⽂化传统的⼈类共同体。

语⾔对于社会全体成员来说是统⼀的、共同的；另⼀⽅⾯，语⾔在⼈们的使⽤中可以有不同的变异、不同的风格。

⼆、填空1、结构主义语⾔学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语⾔学三个学派。

2、历史⽐较语⾔学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语⾔学⾛上独⽴发展道路的标志。

3、⼈的⼤脑分左右两半球，⼤脑的左半球控制语⾔活动，右半球掌管不需要语⾔的感性直观思维。

4、⼀个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有声⾳，我们就⽆法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。

5、⽤什么样的语⾳形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使⽤这种语⾔的社会成员约定俗成。

6、语⾔符号具有任意性和线条性特点。

7、语⾔的底层是⼀套⾳位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若⼲级，第⼀级是语素，第⼆级是词，第三级是句⼦。

8、语⾔系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，⼜可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合。

9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合是指符号在性质上的归类。

四、问答题1、语⾔的作⽤是什么？同社会有什么样的联系？语⾔是表达思想、进⾏交际的⼯具，是⼈类最重要的交际⼯具。

奥鹏2020年6月福师《语言与文化》在线作业二_2.doc

1.When thanked, the Chinese public servants customarily reply“____”.A.朋友之间，何需客气B.说谢就见外了C.一家人何需客套D.没什么，这是我应该做的【参考答案】: D2.American scholars generally trace the origin of interculturalcommunication to____.A.cultural anthropology.B.sociolinguistics.parative educationD.philosophy【参考答案】: A3.His wife had only her husband's interests_________.A.on her heartB.on heartC.at her heartD.at heart【参考答案】: D4.Scientists say it may be five or ten years______it is possibleto test this medicine on human patients.A.sinceB.beforeC.afterD.when【参考答案】: B5.Jack often complains_______able to communicate with hisparents.A.of being notB.of not beingC.being notD.not being【参考答案】: B6.In the Mediterranean seaweed is so abundant and so easily harvested that it is never of great____.A.fareB.paymentC.worthD.expense【参考答案】: C7.The speaker lectured in_______a way that some people found it hard to understand him.A.soB.asC.suchD.that【参考答案】: C8.Humor is a most_______, yet frequently neglected means of handling the difficult situations in our lives.A.affirmativeB.affectionateC.efficientD.effective【参考答案】: D9.Americans don't like being inquired about their choice of voting, because( ).A.they don't want others to know about itB.they are afraid to being murderedC.they don't want others to support their choice ofvoting D.they are not sure of their own choice of voting【参考答案】: A10.Then the speaker______the various factors leading to the present economic crisis.A.went afterB.went forC.went intoD.put up with【参考答案】: C11.Some research workers completely____all those facts as thoughthey never existed .A.ignoreB.leaveC.refuseD.miss【参考答案】: A12.If we_______everything ready by now, we should be having aterrible time tomorrow.A.hadn’t gotB.didn’t getC.wouldn’t have gotD.wouldn’t get【参考答案】: A13.While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news,it is unlikely that television______the newspaper completely.A.replacedB.have replacedC.replaceD.will replace【参考答案】: D14.“Red tape” means____.A.a red cassetteB.the rigid unnecessary official rules and regulationsC.the necessary of official rules and regulationsD.a red string【参考答案】: B15.Isn’t it amazing how the human body heals ____ after an injury?A.himselfB.himC.itselfD.it【参考答案】: C16.I called Hnnah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her brother _____ on the phone all the time! A.was talking B.has been talking C.has talked D.talked【参考答案】: A17.I’d like to go to the cinema, but I’m_______to.A.enableB.disableC.unableD.able【参考答案】: C18.It is recommended that the project______until all thepreparations have been made.A.is not startedB.will not be startedC.not be startedD.is not to be started【参考答案】: C19.When you meet an American friend of yours who are just off aplane in the airport, you can greet him by saying( ).A.You must have had a tiring journey.B.Did you have a goodtrip? C.How long did it take you to get here? D.So you are here finally!【参考答案】: B20.I wish you_______me how to swim last year.A.taughtB.have taughtC.were taughtD.had taught【参考答案】: D21.When there are small children around, it is necessary to putbottles of pills out of______.A.reachB.handC.holdD.place【参考答案】: A22.Only after class_______to raise the question.A.did he allowedB.was he allowedC.he was allowedD.did he allow【参考答案】: B23.Although he had looked through all the reference material onthe subject, he stil found it hard to understand this point andher explanation only______to his confusion.A.extendedB.amountedC.addedD.turned【参考答案】: C24.Do you think we should accept that offer? -- Yes, we should,for we ___such bad luck up till now, and time __ out.A.have had; is runningB.had; is runningC.have; has beenrun D.have had; has been run【参考答案】: A25.____are defined as “ a class of grammatical forms used inspeaking to or about a social superior.”A.HonorificsB.Terms of humilityC.EuphemismsD.Taboos【参考答案】: A26.In his composition there were no other errors_______a fewmisspelled words.A.besideB.exceptC.thenD.than【参考答案】: D27.____is the inherent quality of the ass, as seen by nativespeakers of English or Chinese.A.TimidityB.StupidityC.StubbornnessD.Strength【参考答案】: B28.The news has just____that the president is going to visit Chinanext month.e downe upe oute about【参考答案】: C29.Radio, television and press_______of conveying news andinformation.A.are the most three common meansB.are the most common three meansC.are the three most common meansD.are three the most common means【参考答案】: C30.When you form an “O” with your thumb and forefinger whilestretching out the other three fingers, you mean( ).A.victoryB.Everything is OKC.good luckD.I'm full【参考答案】: B31.We don’t know why so many people in that region like to wear dresses of such____colors.A.lowB.humbledD.dull【参考答案】: D32.The study of meaning, usage, and communication of time is( ).A.hapticsB.proxemicsC.chronemicsD.oculesics【参考答案】: C33.She had to_______after the first round because she sprained her wrist.A.run outB.drop outC.draw oute out【参考答案】: B34.Hardly had he arrived at the airport_______he was told that the flight had been cancelled.A.thanB.whenC.beforeD.then【参考答案】: B35._______the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky.A.Except forB.BesidesC.ExceptD.Other than【参考答案】: A36.Monochronic time systems are characterized by several things happening at once.A.错误B.正确【参考答案】: A37.In certain situations body action contradicts what is being said.A.错误B.正确【参考答案】: B38.Thanksgiving Day is on the fourth Saturday of November.A.错误B.正确【参考答案】: A39.（）In the United States, the extended family, rather than the nuclear family, is considered the family.A.错误B.正确【参考答案】: A40.It is a Chinese way of showing hospitality to insist on people accepting offers of drinks and cigarettes.A.错误B.正确【参考答案】: B41.“Promises” like Why don't we get together one of these days? , though frequently made by Americans, are no commitment.A.错误B.正确【参考答案】: B42.In the U.S., it is a compliment to tell someone that he or she has put on some weight.A.错误B.正确【参考答案】: A43.Whenever someone responds to the behavior or the behavior residue of another person, communication has taken place.A.错误B.正确【参考答案】: B44.Given name or forename has recently replace Christian name in many English form, because religious beliefs are very much a matter of privacy.A.错误B.正确【参考答案】: B45.Some anthropologists refer to custom, rituals and, in a word, the total life way of a people as popular culture.A.错误B.正确【参考答案】: B46.Americans expect an invitation to a dinner or a request fora date or for any other social event to be offered reasonably far in advance.A.错误B.正确【参考答案】: B47.When an Americans says I thought it was quite reasonable in response to your inquiry about the price of something he has just bought, you can rightly assume that he is willing to tell you its exact price.A.错误B.正确【参考答案】: A48.In English-speaking countries you usually first introduce a man of higher social status to one of low social status, not the other way round.A.错误B.正确【参考答案】: A49.On your way to the school cinema, you happen to meet Professor Jones walking to the cinema, too. You can greet him by saying You're going to see the film, aren't you?A.错误B.正确【参考答案】: A50.Stereotyping has its practical uses and limitations, because it helps us better understand what appears to be a mess and at the same time any generalization is very often an overgeneralization.A.错误B.正确【参考答案】: B。

福师大在线作业语言与文化

语言与文化作业（一）I. Translate the following terms into Chinese and then define each of them in English. 70%1. culture 文化Culture is the unique style and custom, which a nation forms in the history of its own development.2. communication 交际Communication may be defined as that which happens whenever someone responds to the behavior or the residue of the behavior of another person.3. one-way communication 单向沟通Communication without feedback is called one-way communication4. ethnocentrism 民族中心主义，民族优越感Ethnocentrism is a kind of psychological trend ,that is to interpret or to judge all other groups , their environments and their communication according to the categories and values of our own culture.5. privacy 私事权freedom from undesirable intrusions6. tips 小费The word“tips”is the abbreviation of the phrase“to insure prompt service”7. vocalic 非言语交际Vocalics refers to anything that that is spoken and heard except for words.II. Answer the following questions in English. 30%1.What are the differences between Chinese and English compliments?In English people exchange compliments each other: father to son, husband to wife, friend to friend, etc. But there are culturaldifferences between English and Chinese. Firstly cultural differences exist in who can be complimented. In English speaking countries one can praise members of one’s own family. A woman can talk about how hard her husband works and how well he has done in his career, and she might do the same about how well her children do at school. But Chinese people do not praise members of their own families. They consider it bad taste.Secondly, cultural differences exist in what can e complimented. It is quite common for a male English speaker to compliment females on their good looks, while it is almost a taboo in Chinese culture.2.What is the rule of introduction in the United States?In English culture the general rule is to introduce a young person to an older one, a man to a woman, an inferior to a superior, the guest to the host, an individual to a group. And be sure to mention first the name of the person we wish to honor. When introducing a man and a woman, mention the woman’s name first unless the man is much older than the woman or very famous. When introducing two males or two females, put the older person’s name first.When people are introduced, people normally shake hands in formal or business situations. In this occasion, men usually take off their gloves before shaking hands, but women do not have to. When a man and a woman are to shake hands, it is the woman who extends her hand first.pare Chinese and English "thanks".Differences lie in what to thank for. English speakers thank others for many reasons and on many occasions such as borrowing a pencil, asking for directions , requesting someone to pass on a message, receiving mails for others, calling a person to the phone and so on and so forth, and this seems to be unnecessary and sometimes even hypocritical to many Chinese people. On the other hand, the Chinese people tend to thank the one who has done them a major favor several times, this may seem excessive, empty or insincere to English speakers and therefore make them uncomfortable.Differences also lie in whom to thank. In English culture a male thanks his wife, a female thank her husband, a father thanks his son and close friends thank each other for having done anything. That is because people are treated as individuals and the kindness they have shown in whatever may should be appreciated explicitly. But in China, most of the polite expressions are reserved for stranger and casual friends. Family members and close friends never thank each other, for the Chinese attitude is that the appreciation is understood and need not be expressed among close friends and family members. However, this attitude may be taken for rudeness or lack of consideration by English speakers.语言与文化作业（二）I. Fill in each underlined space with a proper expression. 40％1. Nonverbal messages that are used to emphasize distinct points in verbal messages serve the function of accenting.2. Hypotactic relation at the sentential level refer to constructions whose components are linked through the use of conjunction.3. When one offers or urges another person to be first in going through a door, thenormal expression is After you .4. Cultures that allow people to interact at a close distance are referred to as__contact_ cultures.5. The English speaking people say "__Excuse me____" when they need to pass infront of others, to answer the phone or a door bell while talking with others.6. It is often said that English is a _paratactic _ language and Chinese a paratactic one.7. The English functional equivalent for “这是我应该做的”is _It’s my pleasure .8. In Western culture, individualism is one of the central themes. In contrast, thecentral theme of traditional Chinese culture was__environmentalism or collectivism _.II. Multiple Choice. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Decide which of the four alternatives best complete the statement. There might be more than one correct answer. 30％1. The most common English replies to thank are “_____CD________.”a. It is nothingb. It is my dutyc. Not at alld. It is my pleasure2. When English speaking people part, they usually say “____AD________.”a. Good-byeb. It''''s nice to meet youc. Walk well, pleased. So long3. When responding to compliment" you look very nice in this dress",you should say “______CD________.”a. Thank you, but it is just so sob. No, it is quite ordinaryc. Thank you, I''''m glad that you like itd. Do you really think so? I was not sure whether it suits me4. Paratactic relations refer to construction which are linked through___ABD_____.a. juxtapositionb. punctuationc. conjunctiond. intonation5. Which of the following questions would offend speakers of English?a. Do you go to church?b. Are you married or single?c. Who will you vote for?d. May I know your age?III. Define the following term in English and then translate it into Chinese. 30%《语言communicative competenceCommunicative competence - knowledge of not only if something is formally possible in a language, but also the knowledge of whether it is feasible, appropriate, or done in a particular speech community.交际能力的知识不仅有正式的语言，同时也知道它是否是可行的，适当的，或在特定语言环境。

语言学作业Word版

2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?答： The major branches of linguistics are:(1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication;(3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words;(4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;(5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?答： First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what thesymbol stands for.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?答：The main features of human language are termed design features. They include:1) ArbitrarinessLanguage is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.3) DualityLanguage consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.4) DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what “displacement” means.5) Cultural transmissionWhile human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme?答： A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark [?], clear [l], etc. which are allophones of the phoneme /l/.4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.Sue moves in high-society circles in London.A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.答：(1) the third person singular(2) the past tense(3) the present perfect(4) the present progressive4. How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which category does each of the following pairs of antonyms belong?north/south vacant/occupied literate/illiterate above/belowdoctor/patient wide/narrow poor/rich father/daughter答：They can be gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and relational oppositeGradable antonyms: literate/illiterate wide /narrow poor/richComplementary antonyms: vacant/occupiedRelational opposite: north/south, doctor/patient, father/daughter, above/below5. Identify the relations between the following pairs of sentences:Tom's wife is pregnant. My sister will soon be divorced'Tom has a wife. My sister is a married woman.He likes seafood, They are going to have another baby.He likes crabs. They have a child.答：“Tom's wife is pregnant” presupposes “Tom has a wife.”“My sister will soon be divorced” presupposes “My sister is a married woman.”“He likes seafood” is entailed by “He likes crabs.”“They are going to have another baby” presupposes “They have a child.”8. Try to analyze the following sentences in terms of predication analysis:The man sells ice-cream. Is the baby sleeping? It is snowing. The tree grows well.答：The man sells ice-cream.MAN, ICE-CREAM (SELL)Is the baby sleeping?BABY (SLEEP)It is snowing.(SNOW)The tree grows well.TREE (GROW)4. Try to think of contexts in which the following sentences can be used for other purposes than just stating facts:a) The room is messy.b) Oh, it is raining!c) The music of the movie is good.d) You have been keeping my notes for a whole week now.答：a) A father entered his son’s room and found it is very messy. Then when he said, “The room is messy,” he was blaming his son for not tidying it up.b) A son asked his father to play with him outside. So when the father said, “Oh, it’s raining”, he meant they couldn’t play outside.c) Two persons just watched a movie and had a discussion of it. One person said, “The story of the movie is very moving”, so when the other person said, “The music of the movie is good”, he meant he didn't think the story of the movie was good.d) A person wanted his notes back, so when he said, “you have been keeping my notes for a whole week now”, he was demanding the return of his notes.8. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?答： Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes asfollows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity① Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange).② Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality① Do not say what you believe to be false.② Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.(4) The maxim of manner① Avoid obscurity of expression.② Avoid ambiguity.③ Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).④ Be orderly.5. What is register as used by Halliday? Illustrate it with an example of your own.答： According to Halliday, “Language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.” The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. Halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.For example, a lecture on linguistics could be identified asField: scientific (linguistic)Tenor: teacher — students (formal, polite)Mode: oral (academic lecturing)2. What do you think of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Give examples or proof to support your point of view.答： The studies have shed new light on our understanding of the hypothesis: people tend to sort out and distinguish experiences differently according to the semantic categories provided by their different codes.Here is an example. English-speaking culture teaches its people to name what is practical, useful and important. In a general sense, the important things take on specific nameswhile the less important things have general names that must be modified through additional words to become specific. A good illustration of this point is the word snow in Eskimo and English.2. Explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic.答：The evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic. This is because every language or language variety can express all ideas that its native speakers want to express. That is to say, language and language variety are equal in expressing meaning. For example, the much-prejudiced Black English can be used by the black people to communicate with each other without feeling any hindrance. But many other people think Black English is not pure English because it does not conform to their grammar and not adopted by educated people. As a result, many people feel shameful to use Black English. From this example we can know that the evaluation of language is social, not linguistic.2. Among the language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why.答： The language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter have different emphasis on different aspects. Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects, the innatist accounts most plausible in explaining children's acquiring complex system, and the interactive description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language appropriately from their environment. In my opinion, behaviorists view is more reasonable and convincing because language acquisition is a process of enforcing and reinforcing. Only through this process can a person learn a language well.友情提示：本资料代表个人观点，如有帮助请下载，谢谢您的浏览！。

语言学作业汇总

EX11. Define the following terms:design feature: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals.prescriptive: denotes normative practices on such aspects of language use as spelling, grammar, pronunciation, and syntax. It includes judgments on what usages are socially proper and politically correct. Its aims may be to establish a standard language, to teach what is perceived within a particular society to be correct forms of language, or to advise on effective communication. The schoolbook approach to language is typically prescriptive. It tries to tell you how you should speak and write.descriptive: it tries to explain things as they actually are, not as we wish them to be. When we study language descriptively, we try to find the unconscious rules that people follow when they say things like sentencesynchronic: It is the study of a language system at one particular point in time, for example, the sound system of Modern British English.diachronic: It is an approach to linguistics which studies how a language changes over a period of time, for example the change in the sound system of English from Early English to Modern British English.arbitrariness: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning duality: The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organizationdisplacement: Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.2. Can you think of some words in English which are onomatopoeic?creak: the sound made by a badly oiled door when it opens.cuckoo: the call of cuckoo.bang: a sudden loud noise.roar: a deep loud continuing sound.buzz: a noise of buzzing.hiss: a hissing sound.neigh: the long and loud cry that a horse makes.mew: the noise that a gull makes.bleat: the sound made by a sheep, goat or calf.3. Do you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning?No matter you say "Yes" or "No", you cannot deny that onomatopoeia needs arbitrariness. Before we feel a word is onomatopoeic we should first know which sound the word imitates. Just as what is said in Chapter One, in order to imitate the noise of flying mosquitoes, there are many choices like "murmurous" and "murderous". They both bear more or less resemblance to the genuine natural sound, but "murmurous" is fortunately chosen to mean the noise while "murderous" is chosen to mean something quite different. They are arbitrary as signifiers.4. A story by Robert Louis Stevenson contains the sentence “As the night fell，the wind rose.”Could this be expressed as “As the wind rose，the night fell?” If not，why? Does this indicate a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order? (Bolinger, 1981:15)Yes. It is a case in point to illustrate non-arbitrariness about word order. When the two parts interchange, the focus and the meaning of the sentence is forced to change, because clauses occurring in linear sequence without time indicators will be taken as matching the actual sequence of happening. The writer’s original intention i s distorted, and we can feel it effortlessly by reading. That is why systemic-functionalists and American functionalists think language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.5. Does the traffic light system have duality? Can you explain by drawing a simple graph? Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’ calls.ANSWER:Red→stopGreen→goYellow→get ready to go or stop6. What do you think of Bertrand Russell’s observation of the dog language: “No matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot tell you that his parents were poor but honest”? Are you familiar with any type of ways animals communicate among themselves and with human beings?When gazelles sense potential danger, for example, they flee and thereby signal to other gazelles in the vicinity that danger is lurking. A dog signals its wish to be let inside the house by barking and signals the possibility that it might bite momentarily by displaying its fangs.EX21. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.2. How do you understand competence and performance?American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mothertongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.3. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?Although Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.EX31.Define the following termsPhonetics:Phonetics is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech and provides methods for their description, classification and transcriptionArticulatory Phonetics: is the study of the production of speech sounds.Acoustic Phonetics : is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory Phonetics : is concerned with the perception of speech soundsPhonology: is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.It aims to ‘discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur’.Speech Organs: It is also named as VOCAL ORGANS, are those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech. The organs involved in the production of speech: lung, trachea (windpipe), throat (larynx),nose,mouthIPA: It is the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 on the basis of the phonetic alphabet proposed at the time. Since then it has undergone a number of revisions.The manner of articulation:It refers to ways in which articulation can be accomplished.The place of articulation:It refers to the point where a consonant is made. Practically consonants may be produced at any place between the lips and the vocal folds.2.[p] : voiceless bilabial stop 不带声双唇塞音[b]: voiced bilabial stop 带声双唇塞音[s] : voiceless alveolar fricative 不带声齿龈擦音[z]: voiced alveolar fricative 带声齿龈擦音[m]: bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音[l] : alveolar lateral 齿龈边音EX4I. Choose the best answer to each question1. Pitch variation is known as _____A_____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a ____C______ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme2.An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ____D______ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation? AA. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]5. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ____D______.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones6. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels? BA. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]7. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating? BA. VoicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantⅡDecide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true, “F” for false.1. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound. T2. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T3. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop. F4. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. F ⅢFill in the blanks1.Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are broughtclose together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing ___friction__.2. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the ____tongue_____ and the lips.3. In English there are a number of _dipthongs___, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.4. Consonant sounds can be either ___voiced_____ or __voiceless____, while all vowel sounds are voiced.5. _Pitch___ variations which can distinguish meanings like phonemes.Ⅳ.根据下列语音描述给出国际音标符号1.不带声唇齿擦音f2.带声齿龈后擦音33.硬腭通音j4.不带声声门擦音h5.不带声齿龈塞音t6.中高前展唇元音i7.高央圆唇元音8.低前圆唇元音Ⅴ. 根据国际音标做出语音描述1.[t]不带生齿龈塞音2.[d]带声齿龈塞音3.[m]双唇鼻音4.[i:]高前展唇紧元音5.[u]高唇圆唇松元音6.[a]低后展唇紧元音EX5I.Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the secondelement receives secondary stress F语言学家认为，复合词有不同于词组重音的“复合词重音”（compound accent），即复合词具有一个单一的重音在第一个词基上，如′space rocket(航天火箭)，或者第一个词基有一个重音，第二个词基有一个次重音，如ˊdark room(摄影用的暗室)；而词组重音则在中心词上，如a dark ˊroom(黑暗的房间)。

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