英美概况复习总结(英国部分)
英美概况考试重点复习材料(英国部分)
英美概况考试重点复习材料〔英国部分〕Chapter 1第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称与其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠与北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛〔较大的一个〕和爱尔兰岛，与成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wale大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
英美概况括考前知识点总结
英国概况1，英国名称：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)2，地理位置：Great Britain is the largest island of the British Isles, the largest island in Europe and theeighth-largest island in the world. It lies to thenorthwest of Continental Europe, with Ireland tothe west, and makes up the largest part of theterritory of the state known as the United Kingdomof Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It issurrounded by over 1,000[citation needed]smaller islands and islets. 或者回答 Britishmainland western Europe from Great Britain andIreland, north-east and many nearby islands，Sheeast by the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean to thewest, up to the North Atlantic off Iceland,Yugoslavia and the European continent, separatedonly by a strip of water, the English Channel 3, 英国首都：London4,组成部分：England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 5,民族：England Welsh、Scotch、Irish6, 英国国旗：the Union Flag英国国歌：God Save The Queen 天佑女7，三次外族入侵：ⅠRoman Conquest； 43AD, the roman empireⅡAnglo-Saxon Conquest ；the late 8th century,Scandinavia, created a certain culturaldivide between northerners and southernersin EnglandⅢ Norman Conquest ；1066, Normans, Williamtook the English throne, and becameWilliam the First4, 英国主要河流：River Thames泰晤士河 River Severn塞文河8，政府组成部分：Monarch，Parliament，Cabinet君主制时间：5th century AD君主的职能：Presided over the opening of parliament , Order in Council approved the signed of an Act of Parliament and meet the Prime Minister and the Queen stands for the British in the world . Such as receiving foreign ambassadors and high commissioners, receiving visiting heads of state, and and accessing overseas countries , the United Kingdom and other countries to support diplomatic and economic rerelations.君主现处地位：皇宫：Buckingham Palace现代君主：Elizabeth II9，议会历史：Magna Carta组成部分：Queen\King ,house of lords , house of commons 如何成为两院的议员：To be house of lords: appointed by the Queen\KingTo be house of commons: general election主要职能：pass the law10，内阁首脑：Minister成员：the members of parliament职能：to persuade parliament to pass laws and vote for taxes\carry out the functions of policy-making11，英国普选对象：voters and candidates选举人：候选人：成为首相的人选：the leader of the governing party主要执政党派：the conservation party \the labour party现任英国的执政党：the labour party如何成为执政党：The party wins the majority seats in the house of commons12，英国经济工业革命之父：瓦特（James Watt）发明：蒸汽机（steam engine）13，英国的教育3个阶段：primary education，secondary education，higher education2大分支：public education，private education大学教育中的学位：bachelors degree，doctor degree，master degree14，英国文学：1．英语发展的三个阶段:①Old English(6th—11th):the anglo-saxon language②Middle English(11th--15th):the combination of English and French③Modern English(15th—now)2.英国最早的一部作品及内容：Beowulf3.英国第一个诗人及其代表作：诗人：Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟).代表作：The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事集)4.伊丽莎白时期的作家及其代表作① William Shakespeare:悲剧 Hamlet, Othello, King Lear,Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet喜剧Twelfth Night, The Tempest, A Midsummer Night’s Dream,The Taming Of The Shrew②Christopher Marlowe : The Tragical History of DR Faustu5.弥尔顿的三部曲：Paradise Lost , Paradise Regained, SamsonAgonistes15，英国媒体最早的报纸：The Observer报纸分为那两类：broadsheets(quality press)\tabloid(gutter press)BBC的含义：The British Broadcasting Corporation16，英国的节日圣诞节的含义：to commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ 感恩节的含义：to commemorates the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ美国概况：1，名称：the United States of America2，地理位置(geographical position)：The country is situated mostly in central North America , and lies between thePacific and Atlantic Ocean , bordered by Canada to thenorth and Mexico to the south.4，临国(neighboring countries): Canada, Mexico.5，主要河流(major rivers)：The Mississippi River ,the Colorado River ,the Columbia River , the Yukon River ,the Missouri River6，五大湖(Great Lakes)：Lake Superior ,Lake Michigan ,Lake Huron ,Lake Erie ,Lake Ontario.7，首都：Washington8，独立战争（American Revolutionary War/American War of Independence）：1、双方：It began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen British colonies in North America , and ended ina global war between several European great powers.2、领导者：George Washington.3、起止时间：Sep 19,1775---Sep 3,17839，独立宣言（United States Declaration of Independence）：1、起草者(drafter)：Thomas Jefferson2、时间：July 4,17763，被通过的时间：4th July,17764，主要内容：We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.10，美国的政治体制三权分立：Legislative Branch is made up of elected representativesfrom all of the states, and is only branch that can make federal taxes, declare war or put foreign treaties into effect. 立法机构所属机构为参议院（the Senate）和众议院（the House of Representative）；the Executive branch的所属机构有president, vice-president, cabinet and 13 departments.The Judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution.职能：Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases arising out of the Constitution; laws and treaties of the United States ; maritime cases; issues involving foreign citizens or governments; and cases in which the federal government itself is a party.三权分立的核心：checks and balances联邦条款：Articles of Confederation.这是1777年11月国会通过的美国第一部宪法性文件，规定了联合新独立的13个州松散的邦联政府的职能。
英美概况 英国地理小结
英美概况英国地理小结英美概况-英国地理小结? 大不列颠?地理特征和人口1.thebritishislesaresituatedinthenorthwestpartoftheeurope.2.英国统治着世界人民的1/4帝国nations英联邦.4.官方名称：大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国。
5.大不列颠和英国的关系：大不列颠+northernireland=theuk6.theuk―capital:london苏格兰是伟大英国的象征首都：爱丁堡。
威尔士在英国首都：加的夫7.northernirelandisthefourthregionoftheuk.---capital:belfast.8.英国地势：--risinginnorth-westcauseshighlands--东南部下沉导致低地9.英国地势优点advantage:nopartofbritainisveryfarfromthecoastandit提供有价值的资源。
英国的海岸线很长，有很好的深水港。
SeaRoute向内陆延伸，提供廉价的运输。
10.最重要的河流：最著名的河流最长河：theseverncthelongestriver最高的山：贝内维斯（苏格兰）-最高的山最大的山：彭尼内斯彭尼内斯（英格兰）pennines:thebackboneofengland11.苏格兰：首都爱丁堡1)the2ndlargestofthe4nations2)famousforitsgreatcastle3）威尔士：首都：加的夫威尔士人是凯尔特人(celt)的后裔，会讲celtic(凯尔特语).13.英国气候:maritimeclimate海洋性气候14.伦敦：世界第四大城市，世界三大经济和金融中心之一，政治、经济和文化中心标志性建筑：buckinghampalace,bigben,londoneye,toweroflondon,towerbridge15.自1973年以来，联合王国一直是欧洲联盟的成员，英国现在是一个多民族社会，产生了20多个非欧洲民族的人口。
英美概况知识点总结归纳
英美概况知识点总结归纳英美概况是指英国和美国的文化、历史、政治、经济、教育等各方面的概况。
这两个国家在世界上具有重要的地位，对世界文化和政治产生了深远的影响。
下面将对英美概况的各个方面进行总结归纳。
一、文化概况1. 英国文化英国是一个拥有悠久历史的国家，其文化底蕴深厚。
英国文学自古至今在世界范围内具有重要地位，莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯丁等众多文学家的作品至今仍然备受人们喜爱。
英国音乐、戏剧、电影等领域也有着丰富的传统。
2. 美国文化美国是一个移民国家，因此其文化融合了来自世界各地的元素，呈现出多元化和包容性。
美国文学、音乐、电影等在世界上具有很大影响力，如杰克·伦敦、海明威、福克纳等作家的作品、爵士乐、摇滚乐、好莱坞电影等都深受人们喜爱。
3. 英美文化交流英美两国之间的文化交流十分频繁，互相影响。
英国音乐、戏剧、文学等在美国具有很大影响力，而美国的流行音乐、电影、文化现象也在英国广受欢迎。
二、历史概况1. 英国历史英国历史可以追溯到古代，罗马、盎格鲁-撒克逊、诺曼底人等不同民族和文化在英国留下了深远的影响。
英国从16世纪开始成为世界上的帝国大国，殖民了大量领土。
20世纪初，英国逐渐衰落，但仍然在政治、文化方面占有重要地位。
2. 美国历史美国历史相对年轻，但是却是一个充满传奇色彩的国家。
美国独立战争后成为独立国家，并在19世纪成为世界上最强大的国家之一。
20世纪，美国在两次世界大战后成为世界超级大国，对世界政治、经济产生了深远影响。
3. 英美历史关系英国曾是美国的殖民地，双方有着深厚的历史渊源。
美国革命后，两国保持了密切的关系，经济、文化、政治等方面有着广泛的交流合作。
三、政治概况1. 英国政治英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首是君主，首相是政府首脑。
英国的政治体系成熟稳定，经过数百年的发展，形成了一套完善的议会制度和法律体系。
2. 美国政治美国是一个总统制国家，总统是国家元首和政府首脑。
英美概况英国部分整理
EnglandOrigin of the countryIntroduction:1. prehistoric period: Iberians2. Celts (Britons): 8th -5th BC3. Roman Occupation (55 BC/ 43 AD-410 AD)4. Anglo-Saxons Conquest and Heptarchy (5th -8th c.)5. The Danish and Viking Invasion (8th c.-1066)6. Norman Conquest (1066)详细介绍：1.Between 3000 and 2000 BC, the first known settlers on the British Isles were the Iberians,relics they left was Stonehenge, which was built about 3500 years ago(2000BC) on the Salisbury Plains, Wiltshire.2.The name of Britain—Britons (tribe of Celts)Moved to Great Britain in about 700 BC (8th century)The Celts in Britain are believed to be ancestors of the Highland Scots,the Irish and the Welsh people.3.Roman Britain (43 AD—5th Century)First invasion—In August 55 BC, Julius Caesar invaded BritainSecond—Caesar's second raid in 54 BCThird and final—In 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of Britain [recorded in Caesar’s diary which begun the written history of Britain]; drove the Celts into Scotland and WalesInfluence of Roman Occupation---Romans built towns, cities, temples, theaters, fine buildings “Every road lead to Rome.”---systematic city government: e.g. Manchester, Leicester, Wiltshire, etc. London, York, Bath, etc.---religion: ChristianityIn 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine to England to convert English people to ChristiansRomans Leaving BritainLeft in 410 AD1) Germanic attack in Rome;2)Invaders (Picts or Scots)4.The Anglo-Saxons (446-871) and HeptarchyJutes: KentSaxons: Essex, Sussex and WessexAngles: East Anglia, Mercia and NorthumbriaEngland: the land of the Anglesancestors of English: Anglo-SaxonsHeptarchy: these seven kingdomsWessex: dominantInfluence of Anglo-Saxons1)Brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain.The names Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday respectively derive from their gods.—Tiu—god of war—Woden—king of heaven—Thor—god of storms—Freya—goddess of peace2)The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state.1) divided the country into shires.2) established the manorial system.3) created the Witan5.Danish Invasion (8th Century—1066)8th century, the Vikings (from the Scandinavian countries: Norway, Denmark and Sweden) invaded Britain.A peace treaty: the eastern half of the island was to be subject to the Danish law and come to be known as the Danelaw.Edward the Confessor(because of his intense personal religious piety) (1042-1066)Built Westminster Abbey6.The Norman ConquestIn 1066, Edward chose Harold of Wessex to be King in his place.Duke William, often referred to as William the Conquer, challenged Harold’s succession, won the Battle of Hastings. Crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of York on Christmas, 1066Influence of Norman Conquest1. marking the formal establishment of feudalism in England （the House of Norman was the first feudal house)2. a strong Norman government:1) confiscated all the land2) the administration of justice directly dependent on the crown3) replacing the English bishops with Normans4) building the Tower of London as a military fortress5) French and French civilizationTo sum up, we usually take Celts as the native settlers in Britain.Norman Conquest was the last time of England’s being invaded in its history.~ Medieval TimeHenry II and His Legal Reform 亨利二世与法律改革-- The House of Plantagenet金雀花王朝( the second feudal house)-- Reigned over 300 years from 1154 to 1485-- 15 kingsWilliam died in Normandy in 1087,1)EldestsonRobert（Normandy）2)secondsonWilliamtheRufus（England)3)thirdsonHenry(alargesumofmoney)HenryhadhimselfcrownedasHenryIinWestminsterabbeyinAugust1100In 1154, little Henry, the great grandson of Henry I became the English King known as Henry II.He was the founder of Plantagenet dynasty.Henry II ’s Legal ReformReason: Anglo-Saxon trial by ordeals and Norman trial by duelResult :1.the circuit courts and jury systemcircuit courts:itinerant(巡回) justicesJury:12 jurors2.the English common lawBased on the Anglo-Saxon tradition and custom,or precedentsReform of the courtHenry II insisted that all clerks charged with criminal offenses should be tried in the king’s courts instead of in the Bishop’s courtConflicts between King and Becket1)In 1162, HenryII appointed him Archbishop of Canterbury, thinking he would help him with the reform of the church court.2)Direct cause:different views of a murder charge of a clerk man3)Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164 to increase the jurisdiction(管辖权) of the civil courts at the expense of the church courts,Becket refused.Famous works about Becket:BOOK:Canterbury tales byGeoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400), an English poetDRAMA:Murder in the Cathedral (1935) modern poet T.S. EliotKing John and the Great Charter 约翰王与《大宪章》King John: Henry II 's third son (reign:1199-1216)Bad Reputation：-- Ganged up with careerists-- Tried to snatch the kingdom away from his brother Richard I-- Greedily collected money for himself-- Lost all the land in FranceBad Relationship with the Pope：Conflict over the candidate to be Archbishop of CanterburyKing John:Drove the monks out of the kingdom and took over the profits of their landPope:-- Closed all the churches in England and suspended public services.-- Intended to excommunicate King JohnBad Relationship with the Nobles：-- Increased taxes-- In 1213, he proposed to lead the nobles in a war to reconquer his lost lands in France, but the nobles refused to follow him.-- A number of barons met in 1214 and decided to compel the king to sign the charter they had prepared.June 19th, 1215, Magna Carta/ the Great CharterThe Great Charter: Most important document;corner stone of English history ;almost as important to the English as the Declaration of Independence to the Americans. (63 clauses条款)Significance of the Great Charter :1. the first step of constitutional experiment in England.2. protect the rights of the merchant class and thus promoted the development of commerce and handicraft,and laid the foundation for the rise of capitalist class3. set the basic rules for the English and American legal system: for life, property, and freedom4. limit the power of the king.5. the turning point in British history: challenge the feudal society.800th Anniversary in 2015 (All these rules, designed to protect the privileged class at first, were later extended to the broad masses of common people and established the basis for protection of human rights in the Western World)The Hundred Years’ War英法百年战争(1337-1453)A series of wars fought between England and France over territory, trade and the throne.Reason:Territory: The English were eager to regain Henry II's French land lost by King John.Trade: the English wanted to expand foreign markets.Throne: Edward III vs. Philip VI (Valois House in France)Stages of the Hundred Years’ War:At first:English (Edward III) were successful; won a land battle near Calais at Crecy and then took Calais; put the French King into prison.Later:After a long peaceful lull, English (HenryⅤ) won victory at Argencourt; Henry was recognized to French throne in 1420.(historical play, Henry V byShakespeare；movies，Argencourt and Henry V )After French King’s death:Joan of Arc drove the English out of France in 1453. By 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English.Significance of Hundred Years’ WarA blessing for both countries.1. English was established as the official language in Britain rather than French. [language]2. Development of woolen textile industry [commercial development]3. The rise of merchants and craftsman due to the need of money (the rise of middle class)4. Sped up the decline of feudalism and reduction of importance of knights because of gunpowder (the fall of the nobles)5. Two national states [Britain and France; not integrated]The Wars of Roses (1455—1485)A war for the throne between the House of York(white rose) and the House of Lancaster (red rose).Actually, they were both the branches of House of Plantagenet.Reason: After the Hundred Years’ War, nobles, driven out of France, wanted to gain wealth and power at home. Result:The House of Lancaster won and their leader Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of the House of Tudor (1485-1603).~ Transitional PeriodRenaissance in England英国文艺复兴House of Tudor (1485-1603). Henry VII, 1485The Tudor Monarchy-- Strengthened and developed rapidly-- Secure its peace by careful diplomacy and graceful isolationism-- Built navy to protect and promote the development of trade and industryGreat Events Witnessed in Tudor Monarchy1.Discovery of American Continent in 14922.Renaissance (it was during this monarchy that the Renaissance spread into England)3.Reformation宗教改革Renaissance 文艺复兴Literal meaning: “rebirth”, rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultures in Northern ItalyModern meaning: variety of changes which Europe underwent politically, economically and culturally between the middle of 1350-1600The period of 5th and 15th centuries were called the Middle Ages.Ottoman Empire vs.East Roman EmpireCause: In 1453, Ottoman Empire (Turkey) took Constantinople and overran Greece and the Balkans. Greek scholars fled with manuscripts of classics.The three Italian writers and their works（Literary Masters) 文学三杰Dante with his Divine Comedy 但丁《神曲》Boccaccio and his Decameron 博伽丘《十日谈》Petrarch and his sonnets 彼得拉克《十四行诗》Three Italian Artists: 艺术三杰Leonardo da Vinci (Mona Lisa,The Last Supper)Michelangelo (David,Genesis创世纪）Raphael （大量圣母像；The Sistine Madonna西斯廷圣母；School of Athens雅典学院）1.Believe that men could achieve wonders through their own efforts2.No longer regarded this life as a mere penance to be endured by good Christians3.Men had the right to enjoy the beauty of this life and strive to enrich it4.humanists/ humanismRenaissance in EnglandWhy late: endless wars in Britain and geographic locationWhen: House of Tudor, 1485catalyst: printing technique by William Caxton in 1476Elizabethan drama:1) Christopher Marlowe: Tamberlaine, Dr. Faustus, The Jew of Malta, Edward II.2) Ben Johnson: Volpone, The Alchemist, Bartholomew Fair3) William Shakespeare:William ShakespeareShakespeare's birthplace: Stamford-upon-Avon, Warwick shireWrote 37 plays : comedies, tragedies and historical playsComedies 四大喜剧The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》As You Like It《皆大欢喜》Twelfth night《第十二夜》Tragedies 四大悲剧:Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, King Lear;Poet:Sonnets: Sonnet 18 “Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?”Other Literary AchievementsPoet: Edmund Spencer: The Faerie QueenPoet: John Milton: Paradise LostHumanist: Thomas More: UtopiaStatesman and philosopher : Francis Bacon: EssaysReformation in England and Queen Elizabeth I’s Time英国宗教改革及伊丽莎白时期Major churches in the worldIn Middle East: In the Far East:1) Judaism 1) Hinduism2) Christianity 2) Buddhism3) IslamismChristianity in EnglandNearly 1000 years from 597 AD since St. Augustine landed and built the first monastery in CanterburyBenefits besides religious belief:---Latin language and ancient classics---church schools, e.g. Oxford, Cambridge---early techniques: masons and glass-makers---Roman cultureThe Catholic Church in the Middle AgesThe Catholic Church: dominant in the Middle Ages: either believer or paganProblems:1. Power abuse: put the pagans to death2. Corruption:a) tithe (a regular tax, one-tenth of the farm produce);b) selling indulgences and church postsRevolt of the ProtestantsPioneer in religious reformation: Martin Luther from Germany-- A monk, priest, professor of theology and iconic figure of the Protestant Reformation.-- He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money.-- Justification by faith “因信称义”(to read the Bible instead of listening to what the Pope said)ProtestantismProtestants/ Puritans: to purify the Catholic church by getting rid of bishops and the old ritualsBelief:---Predestined---Prepare for grace by reading the Bible, and by living as good and decent life as they could---Advocated a strict moral code---Stressed the virtues of self-discipline, thrift and hard workHenry VIII' s Reformation in England 亨利八世的改革Reasons:1) Encouraged by the success of Martin Luther2) The privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented by many people3) Henry VIII believed the monarchy would establish an absolute power without the Pope’s interference Immediate cause: Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Argon because she could not produce a male heir for him.Process1. Declared churchmen guilty agents of the Pope and not forgive them until they acknowledged him head of the Church of England.2. Suppression of the monasteries and plunder of properties of church3. Married Anne Boleyn4. Parliament passed two acts:1)1534 Act of Succession; 2) 1535 Act of SupremacyResults1.Henry VIII got the title of Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1535.2.also increased the importance of Parliament3. power to appoint high English churchmen and enjoy all the income which was formerly given to the Pope.4. Catholicism declined and Protestantism became a major branch of Christianity.Queen Mary-- After Henry VIII’ s death，he religious conflict between Catholicism and Protestantism was beyond reconciliation-- Catherine's daughter，a Catholic-- Persecuted Protestants--“Bloody Mary”Queen Elizabeth IAnne Boleyn's daughterPro-Protestant from the startCompromise: not persecute CatholicsFrom her, England maintained Protestant ever since.执政时期：1. Foreign policy: made use of the contradictions between two Catholic powers: France and Spain2. Economy: charter companies（granted charters to English merchants）（ex，East India Company）3. War with Spanish Armada西班牙无敌舰队in 1588:4. Social life: brick and stone houses; pillows; carpets; carriages;5. Literature: esp. drama6. Travel and adventureElizabeth I was regarded as the foundation layer of the British Empire.the Oscar award-winning film Elizabeth I~ Modern TimeThe Two Kings of the House of Stuart 斯图亚特王朝二国王Elizabeth died in 1603 without an heir to succeed her, her nephew, James VI of Scotland, became the English king known as James I, which was the beginning of the House of Stuart.James I (reign: 1603-1625)Religious Controversy: repressed both Protestants and Catholics1. Puritan ask for further Reformation; but James declared “No Bishop, No King”2. James I suspected as a secret Catholic.James I's Policy: “make them conform or harry them from the land”James I took drastic measures to make the Puritans to conform to the Church of England, otherwise, they would be persecuted. Many Puritans fled England.In 1620, a group of 102 Puritans, called the Pilgrim Fathers, sailed from Plymouth in the ship Mayflower to America.King James I: Protestant VS Guy Fawkes: CatholicReason：The Catholics in England were opposed to James I and his succession to the throne since he came from Scotland, a pure Protestant countryGunpowder Plot, Nov. 5th（failed）Guy Fawkes Day, annual celebrationPolitically 詹姆士一世-- Believe in “Divine Right of Kings”-- Ruled without Parliament for seven years-- Academically King James Bible （the translation of James I）Charles I (reign: 1625-1649) （James I ‘s son）not capable as his father-- Believed in “Divine Right of Kings”-- Continuous religious controversy-- Bad relationship with the Parliament---e.g. 1. conflict over monopolies---e.g. 2. 1st Parliament in 1625: conflict over import revenue; dissolved Parliament（He started collecting import duties and raising forced loans without the agreement of the Parliament.）---e.g. 3: 3rd Parliament in 1628: Petition of Right（the second Magna Carta）, which echoed the Magna Carta and further limited the military power of king---e.g. 4: force the Scots to accept the textbook of Church of England; led to warsummoned for money and dissolved the Parliament in 1640Known as Short Parliament（only two weeks）---e.g. 5: was defeated in the war with Scotstreaty: ₤850 a day to Scottish armysummoned (for money )the 5th Parliament in 1640Known as Long Parliament (1640-1653)This Parliament existed for more than ten years during the English Bourgeois Revolution until Cromwell dissolved it in April 1653.The Militia Bill: deprived military command from the CrownThe Great Remonstrance: limited the King's religious powerReplaced the King’s counselors by ministers approved by ParliamentThe English Civil War and the Time After It 英国资产阶级革命及革命之后Conflicts: Church( reformed in the Reformation)king vs parliamentNobles(most perished during the Hundred Years’ War and the Wars of Roses)Development of Parliament：1265 formed;Simon de Montfort↓Developed in the House of Tudors, esp. Henry VIII's time↓Rivaled against the King James I and Charles ITrigger of War（reason）Charles I marched to the House of Commons to arrest John Pym and other four radical MPs.Voices in the ParliamentRight Wing“no victory, no defeat”policyLeft Wingmore revolutionary;-- Charles I and his Royalists/ Cavaliers-- Parliamentarians/ Roundheads-- Oliver Cromwell and his New Model Army(These soldiers were mostly devout Protestants. They thought were fighting for God’s cause charged fearlessly, singing psalms. That’s why the Civil War was also called the Puritan Revolution.)-- In June ,1645,Cromwell and Fairfax defeated the royalist army.-- By autumn 1646,Parliament controlled most of England-- In May,1646,Charles I could no longer struggle and surrenderedIn 1646, Parliament won and Charles I gave himself to the Scottish armyIn 1647, Charles was transferred by Scots to Parliament for a payment of ₤400,000.In 1649, King was sentenced “Tyrant, Traitor, Murderer and public Enemy”and was executed.Charles I on the Scaffold 断头台After the Civil Wars(Taxes were increased to keep the army and Cromwell became tyrannical and unpopular.)Cromwell died in 1658, his son Richard succeeded him But abdicated.Restoration (1660): Charles II, son of Charles I 斯图亚特王朝复辟A new Parliamentary election was held in 1660. The new Parliament negotiated with Charles I’s son and asked him back to be the King under their limitation. The Republic was thus put to an end. The Restoration of the House of the Stuart.Glorious Revolution (1688):(Upon Charles II’s death,his brother, a Catholic,James II succeeded.He refused to give up his belief and the Protestant English couldn’t agree to.The leading figures invited William, the nephew and son-in-law of James II, and Mary, the daughter of James II to come back from Holland and rule England. They accepted the invitation and landed an army in England in November 1688. James II fled to France)Bill of Rights 1689-- Confirmed constitutional monarchy with parliamentary supremacy(guaranteed free speech within both houses of Parliament and excluded any Catholics from succession to the English throne.)Industrial Revolution in Britain 英国工业革命The Industrial Revolutions in Human HistoryThe 1st Industrial RevolutionDefinition: The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.Reasons:1. huge market:---domestic market---colonial markets in North America, India and other colonies(Britain won in the Seven Years War from 1756 to 1763)2.enormous wealth from the colonies: business trade and slave trade(East India Company:had a trading monopoly in India and parts of East Aida.The Royal African Company: involved in trade with Africa, the slave trade in particular. )3. Enclosure movement圈地运动Other factors:1) good location and near to seaports2) engineer had good training;3) inventors were respected;4) “Protestant work ethic”and laissez faire;5) broadened vision and aggressive spiritProcess of Industrial Revolution--- First began in the textile industry1) 1733, flying shuttle,飞梭John Kay, sped up hand weaving;2) 1766, spinning jenny, 珍妮纺纱机James Hargreaves, enabled to spin many threads at a time;3) 1784, power loom, Edmund Cartwright, enabled weaving to catch up with spinning;（established a great factory by applying power-driven mules and powerlooms in 1784and he became the Father of the Factory System in England.）EX:Spinning Jenny by James HargreavesPrepared the way for a new system of production: large-scale industry.Transportation industry1. In 1785, James Watt modified and improve Thomas Newcomer’s steam engine.2. In 1814, George Stephenson built the first steam locomotive.（Marked the beginning of a new stage of the Industrial Revolution.）3. In 1825, t he first railway was completed and by 1850, Britain completed its railway system nationwide.ResultsPositive1)“workshop of the world”2) mass urbanization: new cities like Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham and Sheffieldnegative1)simplified class structure; gap between rich and poor2)terrible working conditionThe serious problem of unemployment, over-population, bad living conditions and so on made the crime rates in London become the highest in the world.Literary works：Charles Dickens’ novels, such as Oliver Twist.~ Imperialist TimeQueen Victoria and the British Empire维多利亚与大英帝国的建立Britain after Industrial Revolution-- “workshop of the world”-- London---the financial center of world-- The English language was spread all over the worldThe British Empire was formed.(completely established)Queen VictoriaReign: 1837 to 1901Victoria's TimeShe encouraged further industrialization, the building of railways and the growth of trade and commerce.Sciencethe publication of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species in 1859“survival of the fittest适者生存”Victorian NovelsWilliam T hackeray萨克雷（Vanity Fair名利场）Charles Dickens狄更斯（A Tale of Two Cities双城记，Oliver Twist雾都孤儿，David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔，Great Expectations远大前程）Bronte sisters（Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄，Charlotte Bronte，Jane Eyre简爱，Anne Bronte）George Eliot乔治·艾略特Their works played an important role in pushing forward social reforms and promoting the development of British values.Victoria's Society-- strict discipline-- careful behavior-- harmonious relationship--“Victorian”: decency and morality, self-satisfaction based on wealth, and great industrial and scientific development. --"the polite society"The British EmpireLand:1/5 of the world’s dry land(1/4 of the world’s landmass):135 times as large as BritainPopulation:560 million;ten times as large as that of BritainForeign expansion and aggression:the sun-never-setting”empireThe Formation of the EmpireFoundation: Elizabeth I’s timeEstablishment: 18th and 19th c, Victoria.Processes: Aggression(侵略) against national states and annexation（合并，兼并）of uninhabited or sparsely-populated wild landSpearhead (先锋): Chartered Companies, e.g. East India CompanyMethod: “Flag follows trade”Aggression:Southeast AsiaIndia and ChinaIndia: The British government took over control of India in 1858 and Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India in 1876.China: Opium War in 1840; the Treaty of Nanking (1842): heavy indemnity, to cede to Britain the island of HK, to open five ports to foreign commerceAnnexation: North America and OceaniaAmerica: English colonists first in Jamestown,1607; westward movementCanada: defeat France in Seven Years' War (1756-1763);Australia and New Zealand: discovered by James Cook in 1770s---drove the nativesAmerica independent in 1783; the other three became dominions of the British EmpireAfrica1. Egypt: Suez Canal, 18822. 20C,occupied Gold Coast (now Ghana), Nigeria, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda and Zambia.3. South Africa: gold and diamonds4. After the Boer War,the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910,the 4th dominion of British EmpireThe Decline and Fall of the British Empire 大英帝国的衰落Decline of the British EmpireTime of imperialism帝国主义: expansion and invasionConflict: England was dominant in the world colonization, while other younger imperialist countries were eager to have a share.Military blocs:Central Powers：Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey（Ottoman Empire）the Allies：Britain, France, Russia, Italy（后来加入）, the United States (1917)Outbreak of WWI导火索：June 28, 1914, the Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo by a young Slav nationalistThe Process of the War1. German (ally of Austria-Hungary) declared war on Russia (ally of Serbia) on Aug. 1st and on France on Aug 3 since France rejected being neutral.2. German invaded Belgium and Britain felt German’s threat and went into war with Germany.3. Australia and New Zealand sent support in Gallipoli.The war finally ended in 1918 with the victory for the Allies.Paris ConferenceParis Conference, in Versailles on January 18th, 1919.The Allies divided the colonies of Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and imposed much indemnity on the defeated countries.Influence of WWI on BritainWinner but also loser1.Drained of manpower2.Britain lost 70% of its merchant ships and a large amount of money.（Britain lost the sea supremacy.）3.Changed from a creditor to a debtor nation4.London was replaced by New York as the world’s leading financial center.5.Foreign trade declined to about only half of the prewar total.6.Disillusionment of the soldiers: Lost Generation（Hemingway The Sun Also Rises）（Large-scale strikes and hunger marches caused political unrest which led to four general elections in just over five years. The general election of 1924 brought the Labor Party to power for the first time. ）Britain after WWI1920s: Roaring TwentiesEconomy downturn:---slack business---closed factories---soaring taxes---unemployment---The Great Depression (1929-1939)WWII (1939-1945)Continuation of WWIGermany: lost all colonies, disarmed, paid reparations;Great Depression归咎经济萧条于凡尔赛条约Adolf Hitlter（came to power in 1933）:aroused nationalism and racismBritain: foreign policy known as nonintervention and appeasementTogether with France signed the Munich Agreement with Hitler, planning to trade Sudetenland (other countries’ land) for peace.Outbreak of WWIISept.1, 1939, German's attack on PolandBritain in WWIIForced to declare war on Germany-- ill prepared and repeatedly defeated-- War Cabinet and Churchill as Prime Minister in1940-- War-time speeches(King’s speech)Nazi:Germany,Italy,JapanAnti-Nazi:Britain,France,Russia,America,ChinaEnd of WWIIGermany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945Influence of WWII on Britain1.London was repeated bombed by German planes and was nearly destroyed.2.357,000 people were killed or missing and 475,000 were wounded.3.Lost navy supremacy4.In deep debt to AmericaDisintegration of British Empire1.British colonies fought for independence one after another.2.More than 20 countries won their independence3.By the year 1970, Britain is now what it was before its foreign expansion。
英美概况复习总结(英国部分)
Iberians (3000BC-2000BC) the Stonehenge in WiltshireThe Beaker Folk (2000BC)The native Celts (700BC)Roman Britain (55BC-410AD) three invasions:55BC by Julius Caesar failed;54BC by Julius Caesar failed (the invasion marked the beginning of English recorded history for his diary)43AD by the Emperor Claudius,and driving many of the native Celts into mountainous Scotland and Wales (built the Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall against Scotland;Roman civilization; slave society)The Anglo-Saxon (446-871) there Germanic ethnic tribes:The Jutes from today’s Denmark (first landed in the country Kent )The Anglos(mid-6th century) just took possession of the whole EnglandThe Saxons established kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex)597 St.Augustine and his conversion of Archbishop of Canterbury from RomeWessex(829-1066)829 Egbert king of it and England ended Heptarchy,united the seven kingdoms8th-10th centuries invasion by the Vikings and Danes from North Europe871 Alfred the Great built a naval force “the Farther of the British Navy”1016 EdmundII,the Witan chose Canute,the Danish leader,as king of England ,three generations 1042 Edward had spent most of his life in Normandy, built Westminster Abbey1066 HaroldII against William in HastingsThe Norman Conquest and the House of Normandy(1066-1135)Originated from the Vikings’swooping down and other Northern from Scandinavia Peninsula into the northern of France. They captured Paris in 845 and settled in their country in 912.1066 William crowned in Westminster Abbey, built the Tower of London1085 Domesday BookEstablishment of feudalism,government systemThe house of Blois(1135-1399) Plantagenet dynastyHerryII(1154-1189) reform in Great Council (the chief one ,called Lord Chancellor, is now the head of the English judicial system, Present of the Upper House of Parliament ); the emergence of common law; church courts,failed.RichardI crusader inherit the king of England and the duke in France(the Hundred Years’war) John (1199-1216) 1215 the Great CharterHenryIII the beginning of parliamentEdwardI England conquered Wales.1284, the Statue of Wales placed Wales under English land the Hundred Years’War (1337-1453) EdwardIII(Duke and Garter)-RichardIIThe Black Death (1348-1349)EdwardIII 1351 the govn issued Statute of Labourers to limit the freedom of peasantsRichardII 1381the govn imposed a flat rate poll tax→the peasant uprising(Wat Tyler) Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury TalesThe house of Lancaster(1399-1461)HenryV 1415 renewed the war and won crushing victories1420 he was recognised to the French throne1422 the tide of the war was turned after the death of HenryVHenryVI Joan of ArcThe house of York(1461-1485)The Wars of the Ross(1455-1485) the ending of it was seen as the ending of the Middle Ages in European history and the beginning of the modern world history.The house of Tudor(1458-1603)&RenaissanceServed as the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism in English historyHenryVII(1485-1509) built up England’s navy and foreign trade;make marriage alliances HenryVIII(1509-1547) religion reformation &Renaissance1534 the Act of Succession barred Catholics from succession to the English throne1535 the Act of Supremacy passed,said the supremacy was with the king instead of the Pope EdwardVI(1547-1553) carried out drastic religious change, “The Reformation”ElizabethI(1533-1603) 1588 defeated the Spanish ArmadaThe house of Stuarts&Great Britain(1603-1714)JamesI(1603-1625) the wisest fool in Europe1605 Gunpowder Plot1620 a group of 201 Nonconformists sailed to North America --PilgrimsCharlesI (1625-1649) 1640 t he outbreak out civil war1643 the king’s army won some victories1645 the battle of Naseby,and the New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell won1647 the Scots surrendered CharlesI to Parliament for a payment of 400,000pounds1648 the Cavaliers revolted1649 CharlesI was beheaded in LondonThe Republic (1649-1660) Commonwealth;Cromwell, Lord Protector1660 CharlesIIwas restored to the throne by BourgeoisieIt was under his rule that the English colonists took over Manhattan Island from the Dutch and named it New York in honor of the Duke of York.He was succeeded by his brother JameII,who was inclined to revive Catholicism in England. England’first religious political partiesformer Cavaliers-Tories-Conservative;former Independent-Whigs-Liberal Party1688 Glorious RevolutionBritain built a modern,professional army during the reign of WilliamIII1689the Bill of Right&the constitutional monarchy1694 the founding of the Bank of England1707 Scots accepted the Act of Union,Great Britain was born -Queen AnneThe House of HanoverFrom the GermanicMid-18th,enclosure,the nationwide banking system was establishedEnd- 18th,the English peasant disappeared as a classThe Industrial Revolution(1850-1950)1733 flying shuttle by John Kay---speed up hand weaving1765 steam engine by James Watt --engineering force1766 spinning Jenny by James Hargreaves---enable one hand labor to spin many threads out 1770 powder----driven machinery,real”revolution’ in textile1776 Adam Smith and his The Wealth of Nations stressed the importance of free market1784 powder loom by Edmund Wright ---enable weaving catch up with spinning The pudding and rolling process by Henry Court---increase the production of high-quality iron 1814 the fist steam locomotive invented by Stephenson---mark the beginning of a new stage of the Industrial Revolution.Malthusianism emergence by Thomas Robert Malthus1850 Britain had completed the construction of its railway system1832 the Reform Bill was passed, the suffrage was extended to all citizens who owned or rented a house worth ten pounds a year in cities,such as renters and owners of lands in the countryside,still excluded from the broad mass of workers and farmhandsThe Chartist Movement(1836-1848)1837 the London Workingmen’s Association worked out The People’s Charter1838 the movement was official launched and divided two groups1839 a National Convention was held in London1842 the petition was sent to the Parliament for the second time,but rejected1848 the Chartist Movement experienced its third and last upsurge, but suppressedVictoria Age1837-1901)1859 Darwin published the Origin of Species in which he argues that the physical species are not fixed, but changing by natural selection in which the fittest ter on ,it turned into social Darwinism1871 the Trade Union of Act , legalized the trade unions and gave them financial security1876 gave the trade unions the right to exist as corporations ,paving the way for the rapid development of trade unions and the founding of the Labour PartySecret votingCompulsory education&universities admit women students。
英美概况大题知识点总结
英美概况大题知识点总结1. 位置与面积:- 英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成，是一个岛国，又称不列颠群岛。
- 美国位于北美洲的中北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，与加拿大和墨西哥为邻。
是全球第三大、北美洲第二大的国家。
2. 地形:- 英国地貌复杂，地势起伏。
苏格兰地区有高山，如本提高地、格兰特群山、高地等，英格兰和威尔士地势较低，北爱尔兰地区以丘陵地形为主。
- 美国地大物博，地貌多样。
东部大西洋沿岸是低洼平原，中部是多河流盆地、大草原和沙漠，西部有洛矶山脉、科罗拉多高原和内华达高原，阿拉斯加地区是冰川遍布的高山地区，夏威夷是火山构成的群岛，加利福尼亚州和华盛顿州有大片的森林。
3. 气候:- 英国气候温和，受海洋性气候和大西洋洋流的影响。
冬季不太寒冷，夏季不太炎热，年降水量较多。
- 美国气候多样，北部地区属于温带大陆性气候，南部地区属于亚热带气候。
阿拉斯加地区气候寒冷，夏威夷地区气候属于热带海洋性气候。
整体上，美国西部偏干燥，东部偏湿润。
4. 主要城市:- 英国主要城市包括伦敦、曼彻斯特、伯明翰、利物浦等。
伦敦是英国首都，也是英国最大的城市，世界上最重要的金融中心之一。
- 美国主要城市包括纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥、旧金山、华盛顿等。
纽约是美国最大的城市，也是世界金融中心之一，华盛顿是美国首都。
5. 自然资源:- 英国主要矿产资源包括煤炭、天然气、铁矿石和石油。
海洋渔业资源也非常丰富。
- 美国拥有丰富的煤炭、石油、天然气、铁矿石等矿产资源，以及广大的农业土地和丰富的水资源。
6. 语言和宗教:- 英国官方语言是英语，宗教主要是基督教，其中以英国国教会和天主教最为流行。
- 美国官方语言也是英语，宗教信仰多元，基督教、犹太教、伊斯兰教等都有一定的信徒。
英美历史概况:1. 古代历史:- 英国在古代分别由凯尔特人、罗马人、盎格鲁-撒克逊人和维京人等民族统治，1066年诺曼征服后建立了专制统治的王朝。
英美概况知识点总结英语
英美概况知识点总结英语1. Geography:The United Kingdom (UK) is located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe. It consists of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK has a diverse landscape, including rolling hills, mountains, and fertile plains. It is also known for its coastline and numerous islands.On the other hand, the United States (US) is a vast country in North America, with 50 states and a federal district. It is the fourth-largest country in the world by land area and has a diverse geography that includes mountains, plains, deserts, and coastlines, as well as the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River.2. Politics and Governance:The UK is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy. The Head of State is the monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, while the Prime Minister is the head of the government. The UK Parliament has two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The political system is based on the principle of parliamentary sovereignty.In contrast, the United States is a federal republic with a presidential system. It has a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The President is both the head of state and the head of government, and the Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The US political system is based on the principles of federalism and checks and balances.3. Economy:The UK has one of the largest economies in the world, with a focus on services such as finance, healthcare, education, and creative industries. London is a global financial center, and the UK has a strong manufacturing and technology sector as well. It is also a member of the European Union, although it recently departed from the bloc following the Brexit referendum in 2016.The United States has the world's largest economy, characterized by its diversity and innovation. It is a global leader in technology, finance, entertainment, and manufacturing. The US economy is driven by private enterprise and innovation, with cities like New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco serving as major economic hubs.4. Education:The UK has a well-established education system, including prestigious universities such as Oxford and Cambridge. Education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 16, and the system is divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary (higher) education. The UK is known for its high-quality education and research facilities.In the United States, education is decentralized, with each state responsible for its own education system. The US has a wide range of educational institutions, including Ivy League universities, public and private colleges, and community colleges. The US is also a popular destination for international students seeking higher education.5. Culture and Society:Both the UK and the US have rich and diverse cultural traditions. The UK is known for its literature, theater, music, and art, with a strong influence from its historical legacy. British culture has also been shaped by its multicultural population, with significant contributions from immigrants and diverse ethnic communities.The US is a melting pot of cultures, influenced by the traditions of Native American, African, European, Asian, and Latin American communities. It has made significant contributions to global popular culture, including music, film, and sports. The US is also known for its emphasis on individualism and the "American Dream," the belief that anyone can achieve success through hard work and determination.6. Healthcare:The UK has a public healthcare system known as the National Health Service (NHS), which provides free or subsidized healthcare to all residents. The NHS is funded through taxation and offers comprehensive medical services, including primary care, hospital treatment, and emergency services.In the United States, healthcare is provided through a combination of private and public systems. While public programs like Medicare and Medicaid offer coverage to specific groups, the majority of Americans are covered by private health insurance. The US has a complex healthcare system with varying levels of access and quality, and healthcare costs are a major issue for many Americans.In conclusion, the United Kingdom and the United States are two influential and diverse countries with distinct characteristics in terms of politics, economy, education, culture, and healthcare. Despite their differences, they share a common language and history, and they continue to have a significant impact on global affairs. Understanding the nuances of these two nations can provide valuable insights into the complexities of international relations and the modern world.。
英美概况考前知识点总结
英美概况考前知识点总结一、英国1.概况英国，全称为大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland），是位于欧洲西部的一个岛屿国家，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个地区组成。
首都为伦敦，是英国最大的城市，也是英国的政治、经济和文化中心。
2. 地理英国位于欧洲大陆西北部，主要由大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰岛组成。
英国陆地面积约为24.2万平方公里，辖区范围包括英国本土以及北爱尔兰地区。
英国地势起伏，有平原、丘陵和山地，包括英格兰北部的湖区和苏格兰的高地。
英国气候多变，主要受大西洋气候影响，冬季寒冷，夏季温和多雨。
3. 政治英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首为英国女王，目前由伊丽莎白二世担任。
英国议会由两院组成，包括由选举产生的下议院和由上议院成员组成的上议院。
英国政府由首相领导，议会制度是英国政治的核心。
4. 经济英国是一个发达国家，经济实力雄厚。
英国主要产业包括金融、保险、科技、汽车制造、机械制造、航空航天、医药等。
伦敦作为金融中心，对世界经济有着重要影响。
英国是欧盟成员国，但于2016年公投决定脱离欧盟。
5. 文化英国是文化底蕴深厚的国家，有着悠久的历史和传统。
英国文学、音乐、戏剧等领域拥有世界级的影响力，莎士比亚、狄更斯、爱默生等文学巨匠为世人所熟知。
英国还是摇滚乐的发源地之一，披头士乐队、皇后乐队等乐团享誉世界。
二、美国1.概况美利坚合众国（The United States of America），简称美国，是位于北美洲的一个联邦共和制国家，由50个州组成。
首都为华盛顿哥伦比亚特区，最大的城市是纽约。
美国是世界上最强大的国家之一，拥有世界上最大的经济、最强大的军事力量和最先进的科技。
2. 地理美国地处北美洲中部，东临大西洋，西临太平洋，北界加拿大，南濒墨西哥湾。
美国领土面积约为9.83万万平方公里，是世界第四大国家。
英美概况知识点总结
英美概况知识点总结英美概况是指英国和美国的综合概述，包括地理、历史、文化、经济等方面的内容。
以下将从不同角度对英美概况进行总结。
一、地理概况英国位于欧洲大陆西北部，包括大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰。
英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰是英国的四个组成部分。
英国是一个岛国，海洋对英国的经济和国际交流起着重要作用。
美国位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西靠太平洋，与加拿大和墨西哥为邻。
美国是世界第三大国家，拥有广袤的领土和多样的地理环境。
二、历史概况英国历史悠久，曾经是大不列颠帝国的核心。
英国是工业革命的发源地，对现代科技和工业发展做出了重要贡献。
美国的历史相对较短，于18世纪独立建国。
美国是一个移民国家，吸引了来自世界各地的移民，形成了多元文化的社会。
三、文化概况英国文化深厚，包括文学、音乐、戏剧等方面的成就。
莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯卡·王尔德等众多文化名人出自英国。
英国的摇滚乐、流行音乐也享誉世界。
美国文化的影响力也非常大，好莱坞电影、流行音乐、美式足球等都深受全球喜爱。
美国文学也有众多杰出作品，如马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》和弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》。
四、经济概况英国是世界上最发达的资本主义国家之一，金融业和服务业发达。
伦敦作为国际金融中心，具有重要的地位。
美国是全球最大的经济体，以市场经济为基础，拥有世界上最发达的科技和创新产业。
美国是世界上最大的农产品生产国和第二大制造业国。
总结起来，英美概况涵盖了地理、历史、文化和经济等方面的内容。
英国和美国都是世界上具有重要影响力的国家，对世界的发展有着重要的贡献。
两个国家在不同领域都有独特的优势和特色，值得我们进一步深入了解和学习。
英美概况知识点总结(一)
英美概况知识点总结(一)前言英美概况是学习英语文化不可或缺的一部分，它包括了英美两国的历史、地理、政治、文化等方方面面。
对于英语学习者来说，了解英美概况有助于更好地理解和运用英语，也能加深对这两个国家的了解。
本文将从几个主要的方面介绍英美概况知识点。
正文英国概况•地理位置：英国位于欧洲大陆西北部，由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和其他岛屿组成。
•首都与大城市：伦敦是英国首都，也是最大的城市。
伯明翰、曼彻斯特、利物浦等城市也是重要的经济和文化中心。
•政治体系：英国是君主立宪制国家，国王或女王是元首，首相是政府的首脑。
•历史背景：英国是一个历史悠久的国家，曾经是大英帝国的核心。
英国的历史包括了罗马时期、中世纪、工业革命等重要的时期。
•文化特点：英国有着丰富多样的文化，包括莎士比亚的戏剧、披头士乐队的音乐、茶文化、博物馆和艺术画廊等。
美国概况•地理位置：美国位于北美洲，从东海岸到西海岸横跨了大陆。
•首都与大城市：华盛顿特区是美国首都，纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥等城市是美国的重要城市。
•政治体系：美国是联邦共和制国家，总统是最高行政和国家元首，国会是立法机构。
•历史背景：美国是一个年轻的国家，从独立战争开始建立起来。
美国历史包括了西部拓荒、内战、种族平等运动等重要的事件。
•文化特点：美国文化多样，融合了来自世界各地的移民文化。
美国文化的代表包括好莱坞电影、音乐、篮球和美式足球等。
结尾通过了解英美概况，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语，也可以深入了解英美两国的历史和文化。
英国和美国虽然有相似之处，但也有自己独特的特点。
希望本文所提供的英美概况知识点对于英语学习者有所帮助。
前言英美概况是学习英语文化不可或缺的一部分，它包括了英美两国的历史、地理、政治、文化等方方面面。
对于英语学习者来说，了解英美概况有助于更好地理解和运用英语，也能加深对这两个国家的了解。
本文将从几个主要的方面介绍英美概况知识点。
正文英国概况•地理位置：英国位于欧洲大陆西北部，由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和其他岛屿组成。
大二英美概况知识点总结
大二英美概况知识点总结在大二的学习中，英美概况这门课程为我们打开了了解英美国家的一扇窗。
通过这门课程，我们对英美两国的历史、政治、经济、文化等方面有了更全面和深入的认识。
以下是对大二英美概况课程知识点的总结。
一、英国概况1、地理英国位于欧洲大陆西北面的不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。
英国的主要岛屿包括大不列颠岛、爱尔兰岛东北部和一些小岛。
其气候温和湿润，属于温带海洋性气候。
2、历史英国的历史悠久且丰富。
从罗马统治时期，到盎格鲁撒克逊人的入侵，再到诺曼征服，英国的政治和社会结构不断演变。
工业革命使英国成为世界上第一个工业化国家，拥有强大的经济和军事实力，建立了庞大的殖民地。
3、政治英国是一个君主立宪制国家，女王是国家元首，但权力主要由议会和政府行使。
英国议会分为上议院和下议院，政府由首相领导。
英国的政党制度主要有保守党和工党。
4、经济英国是世界上重要的经济体之一，其经济以服务业为主，特别是金融服务业。
伦敦是全球重要的金融中心之一。
制造业和农业在英国经济中也占有一定地位。
5、文化英国文化底蕴深厚，在文学、艺术、音乐、戏剧等领域有着卓越的成就。
从莎士比亚的戏剧到简·奥斯汀的小说，从披头士乐队到皇家芭蕾舞团，英国的文化影响力广泛。
此外，英国的教育体系也备受世界瞩目，拥有众多顶尖的大学。
二、美国概况1、地理美国位于北美洲中部，领土还包括北美洲西北部的阿拉斯加和太平洋中部的夏威夷群岛。
美国地形多样，有山脉、平原、高原和沙漠等。
气候类型丰富，从寒带到热带都有分布。
2、历史美国原为印第安人的聚居地，15 世纪末，西班牙、荷兰、法国、英国等相继移民至此。
通过独立战争，美国摆脱了英国的殖民统治，建立了联邦制国家。
美国在 19 世纪通过领土扩张和工业发展迅速崛起，成为世界强国。
3、政治美国是一个联邦制国家，实行三权分立的政治制度，行政权由总统行使，立法权属于国会，司法权属于最高法院。
英美概况考试题汇总
英美概况考试题汇总一、英国部分1. 英国的全名：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
国家元首：女王伊丽莎白二世。
国土面积：24.36万平方公里。
人口：6020万。
首相：戈登·布朗。
分四个部分：英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰、北爱尔兰。
首府分别为：伦敦、加迪夫、爱丁堡和贝尔法斯特。
大伦敦市下设一个对的金融城（City of London）和32个城区（London Boroughs）。
2. 英国最长的河流是：塞文河（354公里）；最重要的河流为泰晤士河，流经伦敦，全长346公里。
最大的湖泊讷湖，在北爱尔兰境内，面积396平方公里。
3. 英国的气候主要受北大西洋暖流的影响，属海洋性温带阔叶林气候。
终年温和多雨。
天气易变，难以预测。
4. 1707年英格兰与苏格兰合并，不列颠岛统一。
1801年又与爱尔兰合并。
1922年爱尔兰南部脱离英国统治，成立爱尔兰共和国。
5. 现代英国民族的基本成分是三个日耳曼部族，他们是：盎格鲁、萨克森和朱特。
6. 爱德华一世最后终于在1282年成功征服了威尔士北部和西部的最后一个当地的威尔士公国（大约是今天的安格鲁西郡、凯尔纳冯夏尔郡、麦里昂斯郡、塞勒狄琼郡和凯尔马瑟夏尔郡这块地区），并且在两年之后透过《罗德兰法令》（Statute of Rhuddlan）确立了爱德华一世对此地的统治。
为了平息威尔士人，爱德华一世出生于威尔士的儿子（后来的爱德华二世）在1301年2月7日这天被封为威尔士亲王。
这块直接在王室统治下的地区，便称作威尔士公国（1284年—1536年）。
将威尔士亲王这个头衔封给英国君主的长子便成为了传统，到现今都还持续实行中。
从1284年到1536年之间，英国君主只有对威尔士公国有直接的控制权，而其他边界地区的领主则独立于王权之外（他们统治有威尔士东部和南部地区）。
1536年颁布的《联合法案》才进一步完成了英格兰和威尔士在政治和行政上的统一。
这个联合法案将威尔士划分为13个郡，分别是：安格鲁西郡、布莱根郡、凯尔纳冯郡、卡尔狄更郡、凯尔马瑟郡、丹比夫郡、佛林特郡、葛莱摩根郡、麦里昂斯郡、蒙茅斯郡、蒙哥马里郡、彭布鲁克郡和拉德诺郡。
英美概况教程知识点总结
英美概况教程知识点总结英国和美国是世界上最具影响力、最发达的国家之一，两国在政治、经济、文化、教育等方面都具有举足轻重的地位。
了解英美的概况对于拓展视野、增进知识十分重要。
本文将对英美概况进行详细总结，希望能为读者提供全面的了解。
一、英国概况1. 地理位置英国位于欧洲西部，东临英吉利海峡，北面是北海，西北面是爱尔兰海，东北面是北大西洋。
英国主要由大不列颠岛和苏格兰、威尔士、北爱尔兰等岛屿组成。
2. 政治体制英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首是女王伊丽莎白二世，首相则是政府首脑。
3. 经济发展英国是世界第五大经济体，金融、汽车制造、航空航天、化工、制药等产业发达，是全球最大的外汇交易中心。
4. 文化英国是世界文化强国，文学、音乐、艺术、体育等方面都有深厚的底蕴，如莎士比亚、贝多芬、莫扎特等都是国际知名的文化巨匠。
二、美国概况1. 地理位置美国位于北美洲的中心地带，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北面和加拿大相邻，南面与墨西哥相接。
2. 政治体制美国是一个联邦制国家，国家元首是总统，实行三权分立的政治体制。
3. 经济发展美国是世界第一大经济体，工业、农业、科技、金融等方面都处于世界领先地位，是全球最大的出口国和进口国。
4. 文化美国是世界文化强国，好莱坞电影、流行音乐、时尚等文化产业对全球产生深远影响，美国文艺活动也具有世界性影响力。
三、英美概况对比1. 政治体制英国是君主立宪制国家，国家元首是女王，政治体制稳定；美国是联邦制国家，国家元首是总统，实行三权分立的政治体制。
2. 经济发展英国虽然是世界经济体，但经济规模和实力与美国相比仍有差距，尤其在科技、金融等方面美国更为发达。
3. 文化影响英国和美国在文化领域都有世界性的影响力，但美国的文化产业更加发达，对全球的影响力更广泛。
四、学习英美概况的重要性1. 拓展视野了解英美的概况可以帮助人们拓展视野，了解世界上其他国家的政治、经济、文化等情况，增强对世界的认识。
英美概况知识点总结高中
英美概况知识点总结高中英美概况是指英国和美国两个国家的基本情况和特点的总称，包括国家地理环境、政治制度、经济发展、文化传统、社会风貌等多个方面的内容。
作为世界上两个最具有影响力和历史底蕴的国家，英美概况的了解对于增进我们对这两个国家的了解和认识具有重要意义。
下面将进行英美概况知识点的总结，以便于大家更好地了解这两个国家。
一、英国概况1. 地理环境英国位于欧洲大陆西北面，是一个由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成的联合王国。
英国地处大西洋东部，地形多样，有山地、平原、丘陵和岛屿等地貌。
英国的气候受大西洋海洋性气候影响，冬季温和湿润，夏季凉爽多雨。
英国是一个发达的海岛国家，拥有丰富的自然资源和美丽的风景。
2. 政治制度英国的政治制度是君主立宪制，君主是国家元首，议会是最高权力机构。
英国议会分为上议院和下议院两个部分，议会具有立法和监督政府职能。
英国政府由内阁负责，内阁首相是政府首脑，由议会多数党派的领导人担任。
英国的政治体制稳定成熟，拥有悠久的历史传统和独特的民主制度。
3. 经济发展英国是一个发达的工业化国家，经济实力雄厚。
英国拥有发达的资本市场和金融服务业，是全球金融中心之一。
英国的经济以服务业为主，尤其是金融、保险、房地产、科技和娱乐等领域发展迅速。
此外，英国也拥有发达的制造业和农业，是世界上最重要的出口国之一。
4. 文化传统英国是文化名城，拥有丰富的文化传统和历史遗产。
英国文学、音乐、艺术、博物馆、剧院等领域都有重要影响力。
英国享有丰富多样的文化产业，包括电影、电视、出版、游戏等领域蓬勃发展。
英国还拥有众多世界知名的文化遗产，如巨石阵、温莎城堡、巴斯古城等。
5. 社会风貌英国社会多元包容，拥有多样的文化建制和生活方式。
英国是一个移民国家，吸引了来自世界各地的移民，形成多元的社会结构。
英国的社会福利体系完善，医疗、教育、社会保障等公共服务和福利都得到充分保障。
英国社会秩序良好，法治建设完善，民众享有相对安定和安全的生活环境。
英语国家概况复习整理精选全文完整版
可编辑修改精选全文完整版英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点：1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿：Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和 a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月，The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释：1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution，which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation，s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing the U.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much government intervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Partyfavors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism.monwealth of Nations（联邦国家）The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题：1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。
英美概况知识点总结
英美概况知识点总结一、地理位置英国位于欧洲西北部，由大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰岛两大部分组成，与法国相隔英吉利海峡。
美国则位于北美洲，南临墨西哥湾，东隔大西洋与非洲相望。
二、历史背景1. 英国历史悠久，是一个大英帝国时代曾经占领过大片海外领土的国家，也是现今英联邦的成员国。
2. 美国则是一个相对较新的国家，于1776年宣布独立，随后在19世纪迅速扩张，成为世界上最强大的国家之一。
三、社会制度1. 英国为君主立宪制国家，现为君主立宪制议会民主制国家。
2. 美国为联邦制共和国家，政府分为三个独立的机构，即行政、立法和司法。
四、宗教1. 英国是一个多元宗教国家，主要宗教包括英国国教（基督教）、天主教和伊斯兰教等。
2. 美国宗教信仰自由，主要宗教包括基督教、天主教、犹太教、伊斯兰教、佛教等。
五、文化1. 英国文化深厚，以莎士比亚、狄更斯等文学巨匠为代表，拥有世界上最古老的大学之一牛津大学。
2. 美国文化年轻活力，是全球娱乐文化的重要输出国，好莱坞产出大量世界级电影和音乐。
六、教育1. 英国的教育体系包括小学、中学、大学等，素有“教育王国”的美誉。
2. 美国教育分为幼儿园、小学、中学、大学等，大学中拥有世界一流的学府如哈佛大学、斯坦福大学等。
七、科技1. 英国拥有世界领先的科学研究机构和科技企业，如剑桥大学的科研实力备受赞誉。
2. 美国在科技领域有世界上最杰出的创新能力和科研机构，硅谷更是全球IT行业的中心。
八、经济1. 英国是一个高度发达的资本主义经济体系，金融业、制造业、服务业是主要支柱。
2. 美国是世界上最大的经济体，以先进的科技和创新，拥有全球范围内强大的影响力。
九、旅游景点1. 英国拥有众多著名旅游景点，如大本钟、温莎城堡、巨石阵等。
2. 美国也有众多旅游胜地，如纽约时代广场、大峡谷、好莱坞等。
十、社会福利1. 英国实行普遍医疗保险制度，居民享受国家提供的医疗服务。
2. 美国的医疗保险制度相对复杂，没有普遍的国家医疗保健计划。
英美概况知识点总结
英美概况1. 概述英美是指英国和美国，两个国家在历史、文化、经济等方面有着紧密的联系。
英国是位于欧洲的一个岛国，拥有悠久的历史和文化传统；美国是位于北美洲的一个大陆国家，是世界上最强大的经济体之一。
2. 历史背景2.1 英国历史英国的历史可以追溯到公元前1万年左右的旧石器时代。
公元43年，罗马帝国入侵不列颠岛，并建立了不列颠罗马省。
5世纪时，盎格鲁-撒克逊人开始从欧洲大陆迁徙至不列颠岛，建立了各个王国。
9世纪时，威塞克斯王朝统一了英格兰。
1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉一世在哈斯丁斯战役中击败了英格兰的哈罗德二世，并建立了诺曼底王朝。
14世纪后期，英法百年战争爆发，在这场战争中英格兰失去了大部分法国领土。
16世纪初，亨利八世发动宗教改革，英格兰成为新教国家。
17世纪中期，英国爆发了内战，最终奥利弗·克伦威尔夺取政权并建立了共和国。
1660年，英国恢复君主制。
18世纪后期至19世纪初期，工业革命在英国兴起，使其成为当时的工业中心。
19世纪时，英国成为世界上第一个工业化的国家，并在全球范围内建立了庞大的殖民帝国。
2.2 美国历史美洲大陆最早的居民是印第安人。
1492年，哥伦布发现了美洲大陆，并开启了欧洲人对美洲的探索和殖民活动。
17世纪初，英格兰开始向北美洲殖民，并建立了13个殖民地。
这些殖民地于1776年宣布独立，成立了美利坚合众国。
19世纪初至中期，美国经历了西部拓荒运动、南北战争等重要事件。
南北战争结束后，废除奴隶制度，美国逐渐工业化和现代化。
20世纪初至中期，美国崛起为世界上最强大的经济体之一。
两次世界大战后，美国成为超级大国，并在冷战时期与苏联展开了长达几十年的对抗。
3. 政治制度3.1 英国政治制度英国是一个君主立宪制国家，君主是英国的元首，但权力受到议会的限制。
议会分为上议院和下议院，下议院中的议员由选举产生。
英国政府由内阁和首相领导。
首相通常来自于执政党的领袖。
英国政治体系注重权力分立和民主原则。
英美概况知识点中英版本(精细整理)
英美概况知识点Part 1.英国的全称为：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland，这就是英国的英文全称，有时候也可以称：The United Kingdom。
一．英国四部分是英格兰（England），首都伦敦(London)，英格兰是英国面积最大、人口最多、经济最发达的一个部分。
（England is the largest, most populous and most economically developed part of Britain.）苏格兰（Scotland），首都爱丁堡(Edingburgh)威尔士（Wales），首都卡迪夫(Cadiff)北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）、首都贝尔法斯特（Belfast）。
英国人凯尔特人(凯尔特人)作为英国本土人。
凯尔特部落从公元前750年左右从欧洲穿越而来。
C、凯尔特部落的盖尔人主要定居在北方（现代苏格兰人和爱尔兰人的祖先）。
凯尔特人的英国人。
部落（现代威尔士人的祖先），生活在原始社会。
Celts(凯尔特人)taken_as the nativeșin Britain. The Celtic tribes crossed from Europe from about 750B. C. the Gaels of the Celtic tribes mainly settled in the north (the modern Scottish and Irish's ancestors). the Britons of the Celtic . tribes(the modern Welsh's ancestors ),living in primitivesociety.盎格鲁撒克逊人英国人的祖先。
盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人属于日耳曼部落，大约在5世纪来到英国。
英美概况英国部分复习重点
●The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland●Full name （Official Name）:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (U.K) ●Geographical name：The British Isles, Great Britain and England●Nick name ：John Bull●The Union Flag(米字旗) also known as the ―Union Jack ‖●The National Anthem----God Save the Queen (King)●The National Flower----Rose●Erithacus rubecula / Robin（知更鸟）Redbreast (红襟鸟)●British IslesGreat BritainEngland (S) -----The largest (60% & 85%) &most developed / Capital---LondonScotland (N) ------ The second largest (30% & 1/3) / Capital---EdinburghWales (SW) ----The smallest of the three (9% & 5%)/ Capital---Cardiff IrelandNorthern Ireland------Capital---Belfast●Position：Be Situated in Northwestern Europe, lying to the north of France and the west of Netherlands and Denmark.Be separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east●Geographic Features :The Highland Zone in the north and westThe Lowland Zone in the south and southeastThe dividing line runs from the mouth of the River Exe埃克斯河in the southwest to near the mouth of River Tees蒂斯河in the northeast●The Highland Zone:a) The Highlands of ScotlandBen Nevis本尼维斯山, the highest mountain in Britain, stands in North Scotlandb) The Central Lowlands (Middle Valley) of ScotlandEdinburghc) The Southern Uplandsd) The Pennies奔宁山脉The Backbone of Englande) The Lake District of CambriaThe home of Lake Poets 湖畔诗人,Three English poets-----Robert Southey, Samuel Coleridge, William Wordsworthf) The Welsh Massif 高地The Lowland Zone●Climate and Weather1.Maritime climate海洋性（Moderated by the Atlantic Ocean）2.Changeable weather3.More than one half of the days are cloudy. More rainy days, less sunny days. More fogs &smog in winter.●Inland WaterThe largest river---the Severn River塞汶河(empties into the Bristol Strait布里斯托尔海峡）The second largest river & most important river---the Thames River泰晤士河（London issituated on it）Clyde River克莱德河---in ScotlandLake District---most important lakes●PeopleA population of 59.6million (2001)Urban areas---90%Rural areas---10%●Invaders ContributionIberians ?Celts/Gaels Scottish and Irish race and cultureBritons Welsh race and cultureRomans. Latin alphabet and civilizationAnglo-Saxons English race and languageDanes Some peculiarities of dialect in North and East EnglandNorman Final unification of England. Great administrative progress.(French-speaking) Foundation of aristocracy贵族●English people (P11)Welsh --- WelshScottish --- Gaelic languageIrish --- Gaelic language & Irish●CharacterExclusivenessConservativenessPolitenessLove of PrivacyStiff Upper LipSense of Humor (self-deprecating)•Official language---English•Indo-European language family•The development of English1. Old English (5th-12th century)2. Middle English (12th-15th centuries)After the Norman Conquest in 10663. Modern English (15th century-now)●ReligionThe British law protests religious freedomMajority believe Christianity基督教The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597The state has two established churches:the Church of England( the Anglican Church)英国国教/圣公会The Church of Scotland●The British Government●The seat of the British government is in the Houses of Parliament, officially the New Palace ofWestminster. (built in the mid-19th century)●It is the founder of the system known as the constitutional monarchy君主立宪制.（the head ofthe state is a monarch with limited powers. The monarch reigns, but not rule.）●The real power of government is invested with Parliament and elective officials.●It is a unitary country with its government composed of 3 tires-the central government (themonarch, Parliament, the cabinet), the county government, and the district government.●Basic Structure of UK Central Government：Monarch (non-political)⏹Legislature---ParliamentHouse of Commons (political)下院House of Lords (semi-political)上院⏹ExecutivePrime Minister& Cabinet (political)Ministers& Civil service (non-political)⏹Judiciary (no-political)Supreme CourtCourt of Appeal●Monarch (Sovereign, Crown)⏹Head of state,Armed forcesJudiciaryEstablished Church⏹Hereditary⏹Reign but not rule⏹Not be a Roman Catholic or marry a Roman Catholic⏹On the death of a monarch, The oldest male heir⏹The national day---the birthday of the Sovereign●Queen’s duties1.Opening each new session of Parliament2.Dissolving Parliament before a general election3.Approving Orders and Proclamations through the Privy council枢密院4. A living symbol of national unity●Buckingham Palace：The official London residence of the Britain sovereign. (open duringAugust and September)●The Queen‘s husband can get the title known as Duke of Edinburgh●The first son of the Queen, whose title is Prince of Wales●Parliament：A place for argument and debateParliament is the highest legislative authority in the United Kingdom –the institution responsible for making and repealing UK lawAnd it is also responsible for checking the work of the Government.●Functions of Parliament ：1.To provide (by voting for taxation) the means of carrying on the work of government2.To check government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure支出3.To debate the major issues of the day4.To pass laws●Components of The Parliament：1. The monarch (King or Queen)2. The House of Lords (Upper House)3. The House of Commons (Lower House)Each parliament is five years which is divided into five sessions, each lasting one year.●The House of Lords：They are not elected, but appointedThey are only representing themselves not populationIt exercises the supreme judicial powerIt stands for the Aristocratic nobility贵族It composes of the lords temporal世俗的, the lords spiritual神职人员（26 church leaders）, the law lords高级法官.The full membership is 660.The person who presides over the debate of the house is known as Lord Chancellor●Currently there are 4 types of Lords:Life Peers(当世贵族、后封贵族) / Law Lords（chief judges) / Bishops(主教) / Hereditary peers(世袭贵族)●What do the House of Lords do?Making Laws / Checking the Government / Providing independent expertise专门知识/Carrying out judicial work●The house of Commons (Lower House)：1.The source of real political power2.The House of commons consists of 659 Members of Parliament (MPs) who aredemocratically elected by voters (the ‗electorate‘) to each represent an area of the UK known as a constituency选民or seat.3.The chairman who conducts debates in the Lower House is officially called Speaker, who iselected by the Commons4.The party that won the majority of seats in the House of Commons will form the government.5. A session of Parliament lasts for 5 years unless the prime minister dissolves Parliament.6.The political party which wins the most seats in the House of Commons at general election isknown as the government party and its leader becomes the Prime Minister. The second largest party is known as the Official. Opposition and its leader is the Leader of the Opposition. All other parties are known as opposition parties在野党(shadow cabinet) even though some of them will support the governing party.7.Theoretically the two Houses are equally important. But the upper house does not exercisethe dominant constitutional influence.8.The upper house has no power to prevent the passing of legislation or bills approved by theHouse of Commons.9.The work of Lords is largely complementary to that of the Commons: hold debates, putquestions to ministers, make proposals, examine and revise bills.●The Government & The Cabinet：Parliamentary government 议会政体Responsible to parliamentCannot govern without the support of the majority of parliamentNo. 10 Downing Street●The Cabinet：Members of the Cabinet are senior ministers chosen by the Prime Minister. Heads of government departments and senior figures such as the Lord Chancellor will be included in the Cabinet. There is no set number for the size of the cabinet but it must be large enough to include all senior ministers yet small enough to allow for constructive discussion.The Prime Minister lives and works in official residence, NO.10 Downing Street.The Cabinet: appointed by PMThe Cabinet Ministers: 15-20Shadow Cabinet: oppositionsCollective responsibility: the Cabinet acting unanimously全体一致的as a single unitMinisterial responsibility: the ministers responsible for the work of their own department and answerable负责to parliament about it（mistakes-resignation辞职）Cabinet ―reshuffles‖改组：PM reassigning responsibilities or dropping members●Civil Servants：Government employees. Permanent, well-educated elite精英，dominated byOxbridge(75%) & politically neutral●Three-tier system:Central government./County government (45)./District government●Local government:County郡level：education and social service (full-time specialist officials)District councils区自治会: rubbish collection, disposal (full-time specialist officials)Community or parish councils行政堂区委员会:may affect decisionsCouncilors议员:local council members（3years）Major: the chairman of a city council●Politics and Law●Political Parties：A two-party systemThe two major parties：the Conservative Party & the Labor PartyThe minor party●In the 1800s the Whigs merged结合with other parties interested in social reform to formthe Liberal Party自由党. The Tories took on the additional name of the Conservative Party 保守党in the 1830s in order to appeal to呼吁a broader electorate选区. The Liberal Party evolved into发展为the Liberal Democrat Party自由民主党, the third most popular party in Britain.●The Labor Party：Created by the growing trade union工会movement at the end of 19th century.The newest party and one of the two biggest partyA socialist party社会党(high taxes)They believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms, and the part of the role government i s to act as ―redistributive重新分配agent‖Also they see the government as the right body to provide a range of public services available to all, such as health, education and public transportation.●The Conservative Party：Spend most time in power (1979-1997)Protect the individual‘s right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose, and so favoring economic policies which businessmen prefer, such as low taxes.●The Liberal Democrats：The 3rd biggest partyA party of the ―middle‖, occupying the ideological意识形态的ground between the two main parties.Comparatively flexible灵活and pragmatics in their balance of the individual and the social.Emphasizing the need to make government more democratic民主and accountable有责任.●What is a general election?The election of all Members of Parliament (MPs) for each constituency (local area) is called a general election.●General elections have to take place at least every 5 years and are called by the Prime Minister(the leader of the Government).●Justice and the Law：There is no single system in the United Kingdom.The English law comprises three elements:Acts of Parliament,Common law习惯法,The European Union law●The court systemCivil branch民事criminal branch刑事Supreme Court最高法院↑↑Court of Appeal上诉法院Court of Appeal↑↑High court高等法院Crown court↑↑County court Magistrates‘ court地方法庭●Police ForceBobby‖ ―peeler‖The police service for the United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis. There are 43 police forces in England and Wales, 8 in Scotland and 1 in Northern Ireland.Scotland Yard苏格兰场（伦敦警察厅）or New Scotland Yard, is the headquarters of the London Metropolitan Police Service, responsible for policing Greater London.●National Economy and CitiesBy the 1880s, the British economy was dominant in the world, producing one third of the world’s manufactured goods, half its coal and iron, and half its cotton.But by 1900, the UK has been overtaken by both the United States and Germany.The second industrial revolution in the United States meant the US had begun to challenge Britain’s role as the leader of the global economy.The extensive war efforts of both World Wars in the 20th century and the dismantlement of the British Empire also weakened the UK economy in global terms, and by that time Britain had beensuperseded by the United States as the chief player in the global economy.From 1945 until the present, the story of the UK economy is usually thought of as one of decline.●North Sea oil and gas supply most of the UK’s energy needs●London is the world’s largest financial center with the London Stock Exchange, the LondonInternational Financial Futures and Options Exchange, and the Lloyd’s of London insurance market all based in the city of London.●London has the largest concentration of foreign bank branches in the world, with HSBC汇丰银行and Barclays巴克莱Bank relocating their head offices there.●The bank of England, the central bank of UK.●Cultural and Social Life●Traditionally speaking, the British culture has a reputation for its requirement of decency andcivility in doing things.●British society is considered to be divided into three main groups of classes:1.the Upper Class people with incomes from rents and property payments2.the Middle Class those who were educated and dealt with paper in business or in aprofession3.the Lower or Working Class those who did manual labour 体力劳动●The Upper Class：•The upper landed class----nobility & aristocracy•The lower upper class-----knights, squires, gentry & country gentlemen●The Middle ClassRelied on their knowledge and skills to make money, placed great emphasis on freedom an的the education of their children.●The British families patterns①the parents and married children live close together but in separate houses②the parents and married children live further apart③nuclear family— two adults and their unmarried children●Typical British family：It consists of a married couple. Neither of them has been married before.They have two or three children of their won. The husband works full-time but the wife probably does not. The wife does most of the housework although the husband may help occasionally. Lastly, all its members are happy.●According to the British law, no one is allowed to marry under the age of 16. Marriage between the age of 16 and 18 must have the parents’consent. But when one is over 18, he enjoys complete freedom of choosing a spouse.●British people like to drink tea.The laboring class-high tea with hot dishes at 5:00 pmMiddle class- light tea at 4:00 or 5:00 pm●British dinnerIt normally consists of three courses:•Soup and salad as a first course•Beef, mutton, carrots, peas and beans as the main course•The dessert or sweet as the last course.●The Literacy rate（识字率）in Britain is one of the highest in the world at over 99%.●Britain is the second largest exporter of intellectual property rights（知识产权）.●Britain's first Act providing for state-financed primary education was passed in 1870.●The education act of 1944 established free(完全免费) and compulsory(强制性) secondaryeducation.●The education reform Act passed in 1988 established a national curriculum(全国通用教材).●British education tends to segregate pupils on the basis of academic ability.【按学习能力分校】●British schools are required to provide religious education（宗教教育）and daily collectiveworship（日常礼拜）.●School-ages(5~16)●Those who get high marks in the “eleven plus”are admitted into grammar schools.●Grammar schools emphasize academic studies and require their students to study a wide range ofsubjects.●They have fine teachers and good equipment.●Grammar schools prepare pupils to get the GCSE at “A”level, which entitles them to highereducation.●Secondary Modern SchoolSecondary Modern Schools are suppsed to be of lower academic levels because the pupils are from among those who fail to get high marks in the “eleven plus”examination.They give students general education just as grammar schools do.They make a point of giving practical instructions.Then can legally leave school and look for full-time paid jobs.“A stream”aims to enable pupils to win the GCSE at “O”level (ordinary). Then students can transfer to grammar schools to study another two years to reach the “A”level.●Comprehensive Secondary SchoolsInstitutes before 1960, has developing rapidly.The “eleven plus”is no longer required.Then can legally leave school and look for full-time paid jobs.Then students can transfer to grammar schools to study another two years to reach the “A”level.●GCSE（普通中等教育证书）---General Certificate of Secondary Education●USA 公立学校public school私立学校free-paying school, private school●UK 公立学校state school, county school, council school私立学校public school （open to the public）●The old universities: Oxford & (founded before 1600)Cambridge※The four Scottish universities: the university of St. Andrews，Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh※The middle-aged universities: 1830-1930※The new universities：(founded after the Second World War)※Open universities●English universities are called private institutions.●The ratio of staff to students is about 1:9.●There are also many polytechnics.●Each university has its own governing council.●Chancellor who is usually prominent public person.●The effective chief is the Vice-Chancellor.●grants towards the cost of university education(大学教育费用资助金)●the university‘s halls of residence(大学生宿舍)●12 national daily newspapers●9 Sunday newspapers●More than 100 regional morning, evening & Sunday newspapers●Two types of national newspapers：Quality newspapers （broadsheets）严肃报纸、Popular●The Times --- the most famous & oldest /--- Conservative Party●The Guardian --- Labor Party●The Daily Telegraph --- Conservative Party●Daily Mirror --- Labor Party●Morning Star --- Communist Party●Financial Times --- Communist Party●The British Broadcasting Corporation (B.B.C)●The Independent Television Commission (I.T.C)●The Radio Authority●The BBC Broadcasts from: 2 national TV channels / 5 national radio services / 39 local radiostations / regional radio services in Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland●BBC World Service radio & TV●Sports: Cricket 板球– the most English House racing●Association football (soccer, football)英式足球●Rugby football橄榄Golf Fishing Shooting and Hunting●●●●●●●●Cave men & stone age men– Land bridge for Europe-(6000-5000B.C)Iberians- Mediterranean lands---(3000 B.C)Celtics- Europe- (750B.C)●The Native Celts：The Celts, who began to arrive about 750.BC, may originally have come fromeastern and central Europe including present-day France, Belgium and southern Germany.●The first – Gaels (750 B.C)盖尔人●The second – Britons (500 B.C) - numerous●The third – Gaul (100 B.C)高卢人Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh.●The Roman Occupation (55 B.C –410 A.D)：The Roman army commanded by Julius Caesar, invaded England in 55 B.C and 54 B.C.The successful invasion of England headed by the Emperor Claudius was in 43 A.D.They divided many of the native Celts into mountainous Scotland and Wales.They built two great walls, the Hadrian‘s Wall & the Antoine Wall.Significance：They introduced the Roman civilization into England.They introduced a system of organized government and built network of towns.They brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.●Anglo-Saxon Times(410-871) ：Jutes, Saxons, Angles are invited to defend against the Celts (Picts & Scots).King Arthur and the Excalibur圣剑Celts fled to Wales, Scotland and IrelandEngland – seven principal kingdoms –Heptarchy七国之乱829- Wessex- wonKing of Wessex (Egbert)- King of the EnglishSignificance：Increased the process of feudalismEstablished a strong monarchy in EnglandDoomsday Book: an extensive survey of the land and population (1086)Retained most of the old English customs of governmentBrought about changes in the churchFrench languageThe last invasion of England by foreigners●The Great Charter and Beginning of Parliament●Henry I (1100-1135)：Invaded FranceUnited Normandy and EnglandNo male heir●Henry II (1154-1189)：Henry I’s grandsonHis wife –a French princessFounder of the first king of the House of Plantagenet金雀花( House of Anjou)安茹王朝●Henry II’s reform：Strengthened the Great Council大议会Administrators & judgesChief member-ChancellorReplaced the traditional taxReform the law courtsEstablished Circuit Courts 巡回法院Established the Common LawEstablished the jury systemPlanned to reform the church courtsThomas Becket Archbishop of CanterburyChaucer-The Canterbury Tales●1189-1199 Richard I (Henry II’s son)：•Known as Richard the Lion-Hearted•Henry II’s eldest son•Crusader十字军战士•He was away in Europe leading the Crusades•Ruled for 10 years- but was only in England for 10 months●John I (Henry II’s youngest son)：John Lackland ―无地王约翰‖Most hated king in England history●1215.6.15-the Magna Carta (Great Charter)：Content：The Great Council of barons forced King John to sign the Magna Carta limiting his power.•The king was not to exact extra payments from the feudal vassals without their consent.•The laws were not to be modified修改by the arbitrary action of the king.•Should the king attempt to free himself from the law, the vassals had the right to force the king to obey it, by civil war or by otherwise.Significance：•The first step of constitutional experiment and rule of law•Tried to establish a legal relation between the king and his barons by defining their respective rights and obligations•Paved the way for new-born bourgeoisie to get political power•Laid down the basic rules for the English and American legal system•Represented a turning point in the development of English history●Henry III (John I’s 9-year-old son)•At first, controlled by noblemen. Later, took over the power and ruled in his own way. Like father, like son.•Tried to fight a war against France to regain his father‘s lost land but opposed by the Great Council because disobeying the Magna Carta.•In 1264, Simon de Montfort (King’s brother-in-law) fought with the King, the defeated his army, and imprisoned the King.●Beginning of Parliament1265 de Montfort and the Great Council made changes and established the first Parliament(called the All Estates各阶层Parliament)In addition to lords and nobles, 2 knights from each county and 2 citizens from each town wereinvited to join the discussionsLater they split into 2 groups Lords and Commons1295 Model Parliament Established2 Houses –House of Lords & House of Commons●Edward I (Henry III’s son )Long Shank (长腿爱德华) ,“苏格兰之锤‖, ―残忍的爱德华‖Conquered Wales 1284Gave his new-born son the title Prince of Wales●Decline of FeudalismFeudalism came into being in England with the Norman Conquest in the 11th century and showed clear signs of declining in the 14th century.The Normans mixed up with Anglo-Saxons.The English serf奴隶system came to an end.The English middle class (the bourgeoisie) grew strength.●The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)A war between France and England.Ups and downs for both sides.Ended in victory for the French.Cause: territorial disputes竞争/economic disputes /suspected France gave aid to ScotsDirect cause: the dispute over succession to the French throne.Edward III (grandson of Henry III)Claimed to be king of France because his mother was a sister of the late French King.The French nobles denied.England won the victories & naval victory1348 - the Black Death - almost ½of the population died- truce停战10years1356- England invaded again-put the French King into the prison1377- Edward died- English lost the land again- war stopped because both sides were exhausted.●the Black Death （1348-1349）Deadly bubonic plague 淋巴腺鼠疫Started in Italy then spread to the whole EuropeShortage of labour●1377-1399 Richard II (grandson of Edward III) became king at age of 11.●1381- Peasant Uprising- serf system came to an end●Causes: natural disasters and social problems●Wat Tyler-leader●1389- Made 15-year peace treaty with France and married King of France’s 7-year-old daughter.●1415- Henry V renewed the war●1420- he was recognized to the French throne●1422- turning point- Henry V died Good for France - Joan of Arc●1453- France had won back the land (with gunpowder火药)Significance:•Paved the way for the development of separate English and French national identities国家认同. Normans began to regard England as their home country & themselves as belong tothe English nation.•English as the official language.•Textile industry纺织业–more profitable•Sped up the decline of feudalism in England.●Wycliffe and the Lollards•Lollards (a group of Oxford reformers) Most are poor priests牧师and itinerant preachers 传教士•Wycliffe-leader-the equality of men before God•They produced the first English translation of the Bible and told believers to communicate with God by reading the Bible.•Pave the way for the appearance of Puritanism●The War of the Roses (1455-1485)Civil warsRival factions of nobles, returning from 100 Year War in France fight for powerHouse of Lancaster –red roseHouse of York –white roseMany nobles killedHouse of Tudor wonEnd of the Middle Ages & beginning of the modern world history●The Tudor Monarchy and The Rising Bourgeoisie●The New MonarchyThe Tudors (1485-1603)-a new monarchCapitalism replaces feudalismTextile industryEnclosure Movement-cheap laborForeign trade and colonialism growFound AmericaFound vacant land to plant new coloniesFought with Spain and Portugal over New World●Enclosure Movement: In the end of 15th century the manufacture woolen cloth in England becamean important source of wealth and major export. The cloth industry increased the value of wool.Raising sheep became more profitable. This encouraged the landlords to covert arable land and the ―Commons‖ into pastures牧草. Later some of land were fenced without any warning to the peasants.●Henry VII：First king of the Tudor MonarchForbad nobles to keep excessive powerGave England peace at home and abroadBuilt up navy and foreign tradeParliament – king had to consult if he wanted to get money●Henry VIII and The Reformation：Henry VIII-son of Henry VII (1509-1547)•Strengthened control over remote border areas and local government gentry---responsible to the king on friendly terms---France & Spain•Started the reform of the Church in England•The immediate cause-Henry VIII‘s divorce case●First Queen：•Marry Catherine of Aragon (1509)To maintain ties with SpainShe is his elder brother‘s widowAlso a Spain princess•Henry VIII decided to divorce Catherine.(she has given him only one child-a daughter (Mary).) he loves the 16 year-old Anne Boleyn who is the sister of his mistressSpain is becoming too powerful and he wants to team up with合作France VS. Spain●Founder of Church of England•1533-Ask pope for permission to divorce•The Pope is a friend with King of Spain (Catherine‘s uncle), so Pope refuses.•Henry issues Act of Supremacy最高权力法令Church of England is independent of Roman PopeKing of England is head of the Church of EnglandThe Catholic Church in England is reformed into the Church of England•As head of Church of England, Henry gave himself permission to divorce Catherine and marry Anne.●Second Queen:Marry Anne Boleyn in 1535They had a daughter (Elizabeth)。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Iberians (3000BC-2000BC) the Stonehenge in WiltshireThe Beaker Folk (2000BC)The native Celts (700BC)Roman Britain (55BC-410AD) three invasions:55BC by Julius Caesar failed;54BC by Julius Caesar failed (the invasion marked the beginning of English recorded history for his diary)43AD by the Emperor Claudius,and driving many of the native Celts into mountainous Scotland and Wales (built the Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall against Scotland;Roman civilization; slave society)The Anglo-Saxon (446-871) there Germanic ethnic tribes:The Jutes from today’s Denmark (first landed in the country Kent )The Anglos(mid-6th century) just took possession of the whole EnglandThe Saxons established kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex)597 St.Augustine and his conversion of Archbishop of Canterbury from RomeWessex(829-1066)829 Egbert king of it and England ended Heptarchy,united the seven kingdoms8th-10th centuries invasion by the Vikings and Danes from North Europe871 Alfred the Great built a naval force “the Farther of the British Navy”1016 EdmundII,the Witan chose Canute,the Danish leader,as king of England ,three generations 1042 Edward had spent most of his life in Normandy, built Westminster Abbey1066 HaroldII against William in HastingsThe Norman Conquest and the House of Normandy(1066-1135)Originated from the Vikings’swooping down and other Northern from Scandinavia Peninsula into the northern of France. They captured Paris in 845 and settled in their country in 912.1066 William crowned in Westminster Abbey, built the Tower of London1085 Domesday BookEstablishment of feudalism,government systemThe house of Blois(1135-1399) Plantagenet dynastyHerryII(1154-1189) reform in Great Council (the chief one ,called Lord Chancellor, is now the head of the English judicial system, Present of the Upper House of Parliament ); the emergence of common law; church courts,failed.RichardI crusader inherit the king of England and the duke in France(the Hundred Years’war) John (1199-1216) 1215 the Great CharterHenryIII the beginning of parliamentEdwardI England conquered Wales.1284, the Statue of Wales placed Wales under English land the Hundred Years’War (1337-1453) EdwardIII(Duke and Garter)-RichardIIThe Black Death (1348-1349)EdwardIII 1351 the govn issued Statute of Labourers to limit the freedom of peasantsRichardII 1381the govn imposed a flat rate poll tax→the peasant uprising(Wat Tyler) Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury TalesThe house of Lancaster(1399-1461)HenryV 1415 renewed the war and won crushing victories1420 he was recognised to the French throne1422 the tide of the war was turned after the death of HenryVHenryVI Joan of ArcThe house of York(1461-1485)The Wars of the Ross(1455-1485) the ending of it was seen as the ending of the Middle Ages in European history and the beginning of the modern world history.The house of Tudor(1458-1603)&RenaissanceServed as the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism in English historyHenryVII(1485-1509) built up England’s navy and foreign trade;make marriage alliances HenryVIII(1509-1547) religion reformation &Renaissance1534 the Act of Succession barred Catholics from succession to the English throne1535 the Act of Supremacy passed,said the supremacy was with the king instead of the Pope EdwardVI(1547-1553) carried out drastic religious change, “The Reformation”ElizabethI(1533-1603) 1588 defeated the Spanish ArmadaThe house of Stuarts&Great Britain(1603-1714)JamesI(1603-1625) the wisest fool in Europe1605 Gunpowder Plot1620 a group of 201 Nonconformists sailed to North America --PilgrimsCharlesI (1625-1649) 1640 t he outbreak out civil war1643 the king’s army won some victories1645 the battle of Naseby,and the New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell won1647 the Scots surrendered CharlesI to Parliament for a payment of 400,000pounds1648 the Cavaliers revolted1649 CharlesI was beheaded in LondonThe Republic (1649-1660) Commonwealth;Cromwell, Lord Protector1660 CharlesIIwas restored to the throne by BourgeoisieIt was under his rule that the English colonists took over Manhattan Island from the Dutch and named it New York in honor of the Duke of York.He was succeeded by his brother JameII,who was inclined to revive Catholicism in England. England’first religious political partiesformer Cavaliers-Tories-Conservative;former Independent-Whigs-Liberal Party1688 Glorious RevolutionBritain built a modern,professional army during the reign of WilliamIII1689the Bill of Right&the constitutional monarchy1694 the founding of the Bank of England1707 Scots accepted the Act of Union,Great Britain was born -Queen AnneThe House of HanoverFrom the GermanicMid-18th,enclosure,the nationwide banking system was establishedEnd- 18th,the English peasant disappeared as a classThe Industrial Revolution(1850-1950)1733 flying shuttle by John Kay---speed up hand weaving1765 steam engine by James Watt --engineering force1766 spinning Jenny by James Hargreaves---enable one hand labor to spin many threads out 1770 powder----driven machinery,real”revolution’ in textile1776 Adam Smith and his The Wealth of Nations stressed the importance of free market1784 powder loom by Edmund Wright ---enable weaving catch up with spinning The pudding and rolling process by Henry Court---increase the production of high-quality iron 1814 the fist steam locomotive invented by Stephenson---mark the beginning of a new stage of the Industrial Revolution.Malthusianism emergence by Thomas Robert Malthus1850 Britain had completed the construction of its railway system1832 the Reform Bill was passed, the suffrage was extended to all citizens who owned or rented a house worth ten pounds a year in cities,such as renters and owners of lands in the countryside,still excluded from the broad mass of workers and farmhandsThe Chartist Movement(1836-1848)1837 the London Workingmen’s Association worked out The People’s Charter1838 the movement was official launched and divided two groups1839 a National Convention was held in London1842 the petition was sent to the Parliament for the second time,but rejected1848 the Chartist Movement experienced its third and last upsurge, but suppressedVictoria Age1837-1901)1859 Darwin published the Origin of Species in which he argues that the physical species are not fixed, but changing by natural selection in which the fittest ter on ,it turned into social Darwinism1871 the Trade Union of Act , legalized the trade unions and gave them financial security1876 gave the trade unions the right to exist as corporations ,paving the way for the rapid development of trade unions and the founding of the Labour PartySecret votingCompulsory education&universities admit women students。