英语语法+英语语法的主要内容

英语语法+英语语法的主要内容
英语语法+英语语法的主要内容

美联英语提供:英语语法的主要内容

关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里

https://www.360docs.net/doc/7f3753276.html,/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0

第一讲:英语语法的主要内容

一、英语语言的特点

在不同的语言中,句子内部连接或外部连接几乎都使用三种手段:句法手段、词汇手段、语义手段。用前两种手段连接称为“形合”,用后一种手段连接称为“意合”。

从英语的语法特点来看,英语注重“主谓”结构;语法关系主要是通过词本身的形态变化以及虚词、词序等手段来表示的;英语句子除了主、谓、宾(表)这个主干外,还往往携带有从句、短语或独立结构等各种修饰成分(附加语),其定语和状语可以一环套一环,修饰中另有修饰或限定,形成了错综复杂的结构;英语句子是通过严整的结构交待清楚各板块之间的相互关系,就其本身结构的词序而言,英语句子存在着违反逻辑思维自然顺序的现象。英语的所谓“形合”是由该语言的各级语言单位及其组合的结构形式决定的。

汉语是以“意合”为主的语言,注重“主题+说明”结构,汉语各级语言单位的组合,不靠形态的变化,而是依靠语序和虚词由小到大的层层组合。两个或两个以上的语言单位只要在语义上能搭配得拢,在逻辑事理上讲得通,符合语言习惯,就可以组合。由于省略的成分较多,句子结构关系而变得既复杂严密,又简练经济等;语法上的主语通常就是逻辑上的主题。

二、英语语法的主要内容

词法和句法

词法:

1、词类的划分:

汉英在划分实词和虚词的标准上可以说是一致的。

实词, 就是在句中能单独作句子成分的词。虚词, 就是在句中不能单独作句子成分的词。汉语:(实词)名词动词数词量词代词形容词;(虚词) 副词介词连词助词感叹词英语:(实词)名词动词数词代词形容词副词;(虚词) 冠词介词连词感叹词

2、词类的转化

汉英语的词类都可以相互转化,名词和动词可以相互转化,形容词和副词可以相互转化,而英语就不行。因为英语每一个句子成分都有严格的形式要求,即什么位置就有什么形式。对比:

1) 政府工作报告the report on the government

.报告政府工作to report the government’s work

2) 快车 a fast train

.不要读得这么快. Don’t read so fast

3、词形的变化

英语的实词都有词形变化,并具有语法意义。

1) 动词的词形在句中随人称、数、时态、语态和语气发生变化。

2) 名词有单复数和所有格的变化。

3) 代词有人称、格、性和数的变化。

4) 形容词/副词有原级、比较级和最高级的变化。

4、英语独有的词类

冠词是英语独有的词类。冠词虽然是虚词,但其在句中的作用是很大的,它的用法既有规律性也有特殊性。因此,在写作中,必须根据它的功能,上下文的关系以及习惯用法,来准确地使用冠词。如:

这位外科医生正在给两天前送这里的那位病人作手术。

The surgeon is operating on the patient sent here two days ago.

5、词序

在句法上,汉语的词序是重要的语法手段,词与词的结合比较自由,即结构关系往往不用形态标志来表示,成分省略较多才,使句子结构关系既复杂严密,又简练经济等;而英语句子除了主、谓、宾(表)这个主干外,还往往携带有各种修饰成分(如从句、短语或独立结构等),其定语和状语可以一环套一环,修饰中另有修饰或限定,形成了风回路转、错综复杂的结构。如:

The war to turn China into a U.S. colony, a war in which the United 战争变中国为美国殖民地一战争其中

States of America supplies the money and guns and Chiang Kai-shek the men to fight

美国供给钱和枪炮以及蒋介石(供给) 人去打仗

for the United States and slaughter the Chinese people, has been an important

为美国并屠杀中国人民已经是一个重大的

component of the U.S. imperialist policy of world-wide aggression since World War

II.

部分美国帝国主义政策属于全世界侵略自从世界大战二次。

战争变中国为美国殖民地一战争其中美国供给钱和枪炮以及蒋介石人去打仗为美国并屠杀中国人民已经是一个重大的部分美国帝国主义政策属于全世界侵略自从世界大战二次。

句法:

英语的基本句型、时态、语态、语气、人称变化、单复数变化、直接引语和间接引语、倒装、主从复合句等。句法离开不了词法,词法也离开不了句法,词法和句法在表达中相互制约、相互作用。

英语表达的思维特征

1. 英汉语抽象与具体(抽象名词)1

汉民族的思维是具体、直观的,汉语中尽可能地动用具体的词义来传递思想和信息;英语的思维则是抽象、概括的, 其倾向于使用抽象词义来表达观点,即英语单词的词义多用于抽象, 而汉语则习惯用于具体。由于这两种语言的差别, 在很多时候英语中所包含的单词、词组和句子含义十分抽象, 为方便读者阅读, 消除有可能造成的歧义, 这时候就需要将原本抽象的含义具体化, 确保原文的可读性。将其含义具体化符合事理的逻辑和汉语的表意习惯, 更能给读者一个完整的印象。

如:

Tess sat up in bed, lost in a vague interspace between a dream and this information. Tess 1sat up in bed, 2lost in 3a vague interspace between 4a dream and 5this information.

*苔丝从床上坐了起来, 迷失在梦和这个信息的茫然空隙之中。(过于抽象,甚至晦涩到根本不能理解的程度)

*苔丝从床上坐了起来, 一听这个话, 一半朦胧, 一半清醒, 一时不知如何是好。(逻辑错误)句中包含了5个事件:

1sat up in bed从床上坐了起来

2lost in迷失在之中

3a vague interspace处在……之中

4a dream她在做梦或梦中

5this information她听到消息

按照时空逻辑重新排序为:

4a dream她在做梦或梦中

5this information她听到消息

1sat up in bed从床上坐了起来

2lost in迷失在之中

3a vague interspace 处在……之中

苔丝从床上坐了起来,由于还没睡醒,迷迷糊糊的,所以听了这话,一时也没反应过来是怎么回事。

2. 英语主语突出,汉语主题突出

主题是语用上的概念,而主语是语法上的概念。从对比的角度看,汉语是主题突出的语言,而英语是主语突出的语言。

主题突出的语言是指句子的基本结构是信息单位话题和评说的语言;主语突出的语言是指在该语言里主语和谓语是句子的基本结构,句子中通常都要有主语和谓语。如:

这把刀我以来切肉。With this knife I slice meat.

我用这把刀切肉。I use this knife to slice meat.

切肉我用这把刀。To slice meat I use this knife.

这把刀我切肉用。This knife is used to slice meat (by me).

我这把刀切肉用。I slice meat with this knife.

3. 英语长句,汉语的短句

逻辑顺序,即语序,是英汉语表达时的差异主要差异之一。一般来说英汉语的语言顺序是:英语语序:先出主语+ 最主要的部分(谓语或宾语或补语), 其他如定语、状语、插入语等不重要的成分再按照语法形式各归其所分别添加上去)。

主要是“主谓(宾)结构”。

汉语语序:先出主语(或宾语)+ 状语+ 最主要的部分(谓语或宾语或补语), 定语成

分不管有多少一般都按照其可变性的大小依次放在名词前面。

主要是“主题+述题(说明)”。

More probable is transported by birds, /either externally, /by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers, /or internally, /by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds.

*更可能的是被鸟类运输,要么外部,通过偶然的羽毛对种子的黏附,要么内部,通过水果的吞食和随后的排泄。

更可能的是由鸟类运输,要么是通过外部途径,即由于种子偶然黏附在羽毛上;要么是通过内部的方式,即由于鸟类吞食果子并将种子排泄出来。

4. 英语的被动,汉语的主动

主动与被动体现主语和谓语动词之间的语法关系。所谓主动,是指行为的发出者在句子里是主语,即施事;而被动是指充当句子主语的是某一行为作用的对象,即受事。

5. 英语的静态,汉语的动态

静态表达是英语中最常见的现象

The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily.

The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.

医生迅速到达,并非常仔细地检查了病人,因此病人很快就康复了。

6. 主体意识和客体意识

西方主张的是理性,前提是将客体与主体分离,对事物进行理性的分析思考和判断,从而形成概念;中国人主张主体(人)参与和溶入自然界,去感受和领悟世间万物。这两种不同的思维方式势必会使言语的形式产生差异。如英语的无灵主语句(it主语、时间/地点主语、there + be结构)、被动句(比汉语多)、名词(物)化主语句(包含宾语名词化)、含有一个名词的短语动词、等。

主体指的是有认识和实践能力的人;客体指主体以外的客观事物,是主体认识和实践的对象。主体意识是指在意识上强调以主体为主,以人为本;客体意识指在意识上强调以客体为主。英语以客体为主,而汉语以主体为主。

1)The thought of returning filled him with fear.

想到回去让他心里充满了恐惧。

想到回去让他感到非常害怕。

想到还要回去,他害怕极了。

一想到还要回去,他心里就害怕。

2)During the meeting there were many silences.

会议期间,有很多次大家都没说话。

3)We were misled by the extravagances of the travel brochure.

旅游指南夸张不实,我们上当受骗了。

7. 语法分析与理解

Had she found Jane in any apparent danger, Mrs. Bennet would have been very miserable; but being satisfied on seeing her, that her illness was not alarming, she had no wish of her recovering immediately, as her restoration to health would probably remove her from Netherfield. She would not listen therefore to her daughter's proposal of being carried home; neither did the apothecary, who arrived about the same time, think it at all advisable. After sitting a little while with Jane, on Miss Bingley's appearance and invitation,the mother and three daughters all attended her into the breakfast parlor. Bingley met them with hopes that Mrs. Bennet had not found Miss Bennet worse than she expected.

如果班奈特太太发现简真的会有什么危险的话,那么她真的会很难过了。但是看到简的病并没那么严重,她也就高兴了起来,因此也就不希望简马上康复,因为,一旦康复了,她就很可能得离开内瑟菲尔德了。所以,她女儿提出要她带自己回家时,她听也不听。况且那位差不多和她同时赶到的医生,也认为最好不要回去。她们陪简坐了一会儿,宾利小姐便来请她们吃早饭,于是母亲和三个女儿便随着宾利小姐一块儿来到了餐厅。见到她们过来时,宾利先生说,希望班奈特太太看到了班奈特小姐的病没有她想象中的那么严重。

四、英语构词法

英语单词一般是由词缀和词根构成的。

ac, fact, fect, fic,f ig=make, do, 表示“做,制作”

facile a 容易做的(fac+ile能…的)

facilitate v 使容易(fac+ilitale能够→使能够做→使容易)

facility n 便利;便利设备(容易让人做事)

factor n 要素;动力(fact+or→促使人做的东西→要素;动力)

benefactor n 捐助者;恩人(bene好+fact+or→做好事的人)

benefaction n 善事;恩惠(bene好+fact+ion)

malefaction n 罪恶,犯罪(male坏+fact+ion)

facsimile n 复写,传真(fac+simile相同→做出相同的东西→传真)

faction n 宗派,小集团(fact+ion→[一帮人]做→小集团)

factious a 搞派别的(faction的形容词)

factitious a 人为的,不自然的(fact +itious…的→做出来的,不自然的)manufacture a 制造(业)(manu手+fact+ure→手做→制造业(机器发明前用手做))前用的手做))

affect v 影响;感动(af使+fect→使人做→影响)

affected a 受感动的;假装的(affect 影响+ed→被影响的→被感动的)

affection n 感情;友情(affect+ion→感动→感情)

affectation n 假装(affect+ation→做出的感动→假装)

affectionate a 充满感情的(affection 感情+ate)

affective a 令人感动的(affect感动+ive表示主动的形容词→令人感动的)

confection n 糖果(con共同+fect+ion→混在一起→糖果)confectionery n 糖果店(confection糖果+ery→糖果店)

defect n 缺点,缺陷;变节(de坏+fect→做坏了→缺陷)

defection n 叛党,变节(de坏+fect→做坏事→叛党)

disaffect a 使…感情疏远;不满(dis分开+affect感情→感情分开→疏远)disaffected a 不满的;背离的(disaffect+ed)

effect v 实施;生效;效果(ef出+fect→做出来→生效;效果)effective v 有效的(effect +ive)

effectuate v 使…有效(effect+uate表示动词)

infect v 传染;感化(in进入+fact→做进去→传染进去)

infection n 传染;感化(infect+ion)

infectious a 传染性的(infect+ious)

perfect a 完美的;完全的(per全部+fect→全部做完→完美的)perfection n 完全;完美(perfect+ion)

sacrifice v 牺牲n. 牺牲品(sacri神圣+fice→为神做的东西→牺牲品)efficacy n 功效,功能(ef出+fic+acy→做出来的结果→功效)efficacious a 有效应的(efficacy.y 变成I,再加ous)

efficient a (做事)有效的(ef出+fic+ent→能做出事来→有效率的)proficient a 精通的,熟练的(pro前+fic+ient→以前做过→熟练的)proficiency n 精通,熟练(pro+fic+inecy)

suffice v 使满足,充足(suf在下面+fice→在下面先做好→充足)

sufficient a 足够的,充分的(suffice+inet)

profit n 利润;利益(pro前+fit[=fict]→先做的好处→利益)

profitable a 有利润的(profit+able)

fiction n 虚构;小说(fict+ion→做出的故事→小说)

fictitious a 虚构的(fict+itious)

feat n 功绩,事业(feat=fact做大事→功绩)

feature n 面貌;特征(feat+ure→做事的状态→做事特征)

feasible a 可行的;可能的(feas做+ible→能够做的→可行的)

malfeasance n 不法行为(mal坏+feas+ance→做坏事)

defeat v 打败,摧毁(de向下+feat→做下去→打下去)

defeatism n 失败主义(defeat +ism)

figment n 虚构的事物(fig+ment→做出的东西→虚构)

figure n 形象,人物(fig+ure →做出的状态→形象)

transfigure v 使变形;使改观(trans改变+figure形状)

configuration n 结构;形状;配置(con共同+figure形象+ion→形象放在一起→总结构)fashion n 时髦,风气(fash[=fac 做]+ion→做出的东西→时髦)

fashionable a 时髦的,流行的(fashion+able)

关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里

https://www.360docs.net/doc/7f3753276.html,/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0

语法缩略语

英文语法名称缩略1 语法成分:grammatical elements 1.1词素:morpheme 1.2.词:word 1.3.短语:phrase 1.4.分句:clause 1.5.句子:sentence 2.动词的种类:type of verb 2.1.动词的特征: 2.1.1时态的变化tense, 2.1.2.语态的变化voice,语态voice:分为主动语态action voice和被动语态passive voice 2.1.3语气的变化mood.大致分为三类: 2.1. 3.1.陈诉语气indicative mood 2.1. 3.2.祈使语气imperative mood 2.1. 3.3.虚拟语气subjunctive mood. 2.2动词的分类 2.2.1.限定动词finite verb和非限定动词non-finite verb 2.2.1. 1.限定动词有时态的变化,并且要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。

2.2.1.2.非限定动词指-ing分词(-ing participle,-ing分词分为动名词gerund 和现在分词present participle)、-ed分词(-ed participle)和动词不定式(infinitive),它们不受时态、人称、数和语气的影响。 2.2.2.主动词main verb(也称实义动词lexical verb/notional verb)和助动词auxiliary verb(又可以分为基本助动词primary auxiliary;情态助动词modal auxiliary) (情态动词modal verb属于助动词。) 2.2. 3.连系动词linking verb和及物动词transitive verb和不及物动词intransitive verb 2.2.4.状态动词stative verb和动态动词dynamic verb 2.3.动词的基本句型(有五种) SVCs:主语+连系动词+主语补足语 SV:主语+不及物动词

初二英语语法总结

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