翻译

长句翻译不能一味地照顾译入语的表达习惯而 不重视原文作者句式安排的特殊目的或意图， 而要想看出原文作者的用意，就不能将目光局 限在一个句子中各部分间的逻辑关系上，而应 扩展到句群乃至语篇中。
The following are the major steps to translate a long sentence: Step 1 Find out the basic pattern(查明基本句型） Step 2 Find out the subordination (查明丛属结构) Step 3 Find out the meanings of words( 查明词义) Step 4 Find out the focus, temporal or logical sequences (查明重心、时间或逻辑顺序） Step 5 (Re)arrange various parts according to Chinese ways of thinking and modes of expression (按照中 国人的思维方式和表达习惯，安排或调整语序） Step 6 Revise, modify and polish the draft( 修订、润饰 初稿）
不过偶然也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨 上的好话。真的是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的父母，孝 顺的儿女，贤良的妻子，尽职的丈夫，他们家里 的人也的确哀思绵绵地追悼他们。(本句中的 good 并没有用"好"字来译。)
If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it. （顺译法）
It is quite obvious that the organization of such a computer becomes rather complex, since one must insure that a mix-up does not occur among all the various problems and that the correct information is available for the computer when it is called for, but if not, the computation will wait until it is available. （顺译法)
这是一个多重复合句，借助虚词和形态变化，按照英语的表 达习惯，先表态，后叙事，把八层意思连接起来，其语序几 乎与汉语的表达习惯相反。 这次周年纪念会应该是一个老老实实地评估我们过去失误 的时机，同时也应该是一个表达我们有同样决心要做好今 后工作的时机。这样，我们就可免遭挫折，并可把这次周 年纪念变成一种鼓舞和成就。当我讲这番话时，我相信—— 今天上午我们听到的发言也使我相信——我是代表联合国每 一位真诚和严肃的代表发言的。
长句翻译
长句的翻译首先要判断出句子的结构（如是简 单句，并列句，还是复合句），再找出句中的 主要句子成分，即主语和谓语动词，然后再分 清句中的宾语、状语、表语、宾语补足语、定 语等，最后还要弄清原文的表达模式特点。一 般说来，英语长句的翻译主要依原句的语义及 句子各部分间的逻辑关系而定，采取的方法就 是分译，而分译法大体又分为顺译法、逆译法、 综合法。
Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the maledominated culture. (顺译法） 译文：在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一 个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具 有个性的人;她们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文 化传统强加给她们的种种束缚。
I immediately stopped what was to me the almost incredible practice of having the President’s bed from the white House flown ahead whenever he traveled outside Washington so that he would never have to sleep in a strange bed. ( The Memoirs of Richard Nixon)
这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情 况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈, 是否必须有一定的湿度才行?” 到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高?”
逆译法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。例如: 例1. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. 分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从 句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中 心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: A. 铝直 到19世纪才被人发现; B. 由于在自然界找不到游离状态 的铝; C. 由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起; D. 最普遍 的是跟氧结合; E. 铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的 表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后, 这样, 我们可以逆着原文 的顺序把该句翻译成: 铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因 为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不 到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。
I believe that I speak for every sincere and serious representative in the United Nations---so I am encouraged to believe by the speeches to which we have already listened in the morning---when I say that the anniversary must be an occasion for an honest assessment of our failures in the past, matched by an equally determined will to do better in the future, so that we can escape from frustration and turn the anniversary into an inspiration and achievement. (from the United Nations documents) （逆译法）
I believe that I speak for every sincere and serious representative in the United Nations---so I am encouraged to believe by the speeches to which we have already listened in the morning---when I say that the anniversary must be an occasion for an honest assessment of our failures in the past, matched by an equally determined will to do better in the future, so that we can escape from frustration and turn the anniversary into an inspiration and achievement. (from the United Nations documents) （逆译法）
如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且 认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在发展珍贵 的观察力和独立的判断力的标志, 他们就不会感到 如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情 绪而把孩子推到对立面去。
This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?” （顺译法）
（顺译法） 我立即停止了一种在我看来几乎是难于置信的惯例：总统 离开华盛顿外出旅行，无论到什么地方，他在白宫睡的床要 事先用飞机运到，这样他就永远不必睡陌生的床了。
...yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stonecutter curves over his bones; who is good Christian, a good parent, child, wife or husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss;… （顺译法）
十分明显，这样一台计算机的结构变得相当复 杂，因为必须保证它在处理各种各样的问题时 不产生混淆，而且计算机所需的正确信息可随 要随有，如果一时没有，就要等到有了再进行 计算。
From the standpoint of the developing countries, the next decade should see a greatly accelerated program for scientific and technological cooperation, aimed at wide-spread dissemination of technology for meeting the basic needs of man, such as nutrition, shelter, communications, heLeabharlann Baidulth and sanitation. (from the United Nations documents) （顺译法) 从发展中国家的观点来看，下一个十年应有一 个大力加速科学技术合作的纲领，旨在广泛传 播技术，从而满足人们诸如营养、住宅、交通、 卫生保健的基本需要。