(完整word版)英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译
英语国家社会与文化入门(上)翻译
兰格苏部外有�此因。洲澳或大拿加�国美�国英的外以兰格苏在富财的们他求寻人兰格苏 多许�化变的业农原高的少减口人致导纪世 81�是的要重更�登洛卡的面下于对。式方游旅 史历族家”的们他“或品念纪”呢子格“的们他售出过通手分钱的们他为因是要主这�在存 天今�候时个这了毁摧地效有化文�团集族家�族部地高兰格苏。 �兰格苏部北在战一后最的 上土领国英� 役战登洛卡的毁摧被在军义起 。应反事军的队军国英的酷残了致导这年 5471 在 。进迈队军国英与将后然�持支的兰格苏在集聚�国英�权治统的他建重图试位王国英�会 议国英的黜废被年 8861 在�人承继赔索特亚图斯的中其�年 5471 和年 5171 在�后乱叛次两 有。盟联了入加兰格苏�议协的会议兰格苏和兰格英由年 7071 在�而然。份身治政的立独其 持保兰格苏年百一过再但。座宝个两结团�一第斯姆詹的兰格英为成也他此因�届六第斯姆 詹的兰格苏是的位王来未合符及以�女子无亡死位首国英�王女白莎丽伊�是但�年 3061 在 。立独全完年 003 致导�役战本克诺班在�国胜战是�导领的斯鲁布特伯罗在�人 兰格苏�后年几仅仅但。事故的息平国英由是�年 8921 在义起的士莱华廉威诉告�心的敢勇 �影电坞莱好近最 。庭家的间之室王至甚 �婚通族贵个两的泛广间之国两 �系联的切密有 �突 冲管尽。突冲兰格苏英是果结�次 31 手易说据是愧不�后境边兰格苏国英今现的近附镇小兰 格苏 ehT.doirep 克里贝个这的置设中”白克麦“剧戏的亚比士莎廉威。争战的繁频间之者两 �素因键关的间时于关 �的治政兰格苏在是在存的国王的大强口门方南 �大较个这 。异奇家国 兰格苏的立独个一的一统是也兰格英逊克撒鲁格盎�时同的约有仅成形�力压的一统以�王 国兰格苏致导这�胁威的部外自来是它�击袭纪世九第在盗海验体始开兰格苏�兰格英欢喜 。 ”语尔盖“为 称被�语特尔塞老说人�国英除�区地原高在有至甚。处之同不的己自为认部南和部北兰格 英为式方的样同�天今的沟鸿化文的裂分个一是然仍兰格苏地低和地高的间之。区原高开离 但�泛广性产生非与们他�人特克皮为称�人特尔凯兰格苏原。家国化代现的称名其兰格苏 了给们他是正但�人兰格苏为称被们它。区地南西侵入兰尔爱北从人的�纪世六元公约�期 时一同这在�哥斯拉格在现了近靠领占被部南侵入逊克撒由所失离流人特尔凯国英。字名曼 耳日的堡丁爱�此因�立成南东在是度角的国英然虽�人逊克撒鲁格盎服征最兰格苏是不也 。着沿并到看以可 然仍度长的它�了毁然虽�间时的设建其在帝皇马罗�后之”城长良德哈“为称被它。它卫 保助帮并�缘边部北的域的们他念纪以�墙堵一了立建�国中像们他�海到海从�线条这着 沿。界边代现的间之兰格苏和兰格英于当相致大线到退撤们他致导�难困有治统的们他持维 �而然 。缘边的区原高部北于至间时段一了领占并 �试尝经曾们他但 �服征人马罗是不兰格苏 。来以纪世 51 从学大名知上际 国和的老古有拥都市城个两这。石岩的高的心中市在�堡城大的位地导主占其�美有的名著 是这。哥斯拉格离距的里英 04 岸海东在�市堡丁爱府首兰格苏。面西域区个这在�哥斯拉格 市城大最。区地地高的家国个两这越跨�舍宿活生口人的区地地低在�三。 �地高南�部南和 �地高兰格苏�区泊湖的部北和区山的少稀烟人是 �分部一的固坚最国英是兰格苏 �上体身在 。了立独己自象想兰格苏跃飞的大个一是不它�此 因。立独国英的家国一统为作件组国英的史历段一长当相了花前先它了语英非有只为因�一 之份身的己自心信有最是也这。域区理地和口人在是论无�家国个四的大最个二说传是不�功成的瑟亚管不
英语国家社会与文化入门 下册 第七单元翻译
Going to School in America Today每年秋季近50万青少年通过美国约10万小学和中学新学年开始学校的门口走。
从幼儿园教室灌装到12年级，他们参加为5小时，平均每天班，每周5天，直到第二年夏天开始。
这些学生中的一部分的教育历史上最雄心勃勃的承诺之一：美国的教育工作，整个国家人口。
我们的目标是和自共和国的最初几十年中一直对实现普遍扫盲，并提供必要的知识和技能，以便促进他们自己的个人福利以及个人的广大市民。
尽管这个目标尚未完全实现，但它仍然是对美国的教育系统是针对理想。
在已取得的进展，显见其范围和已在对实现这一目标过程中形成的教育方法。
约85％的美国学生参加公立学校（学校由美国纳税人的支持）。
另外15％参加私人学校，他们的家庭选择要特别出勤费。
5的美国私立学校都是由4个教堂，犹太教堂或其他宗教团体。
在这样的学校，宗教教义的课程，其中还包括阅读，数学，历史，地理和科学传统的学术课程。
（宗教教育的一部分，是在公立学校不给。
）两种教育系统，合并后的公共和私人开支，超过一千九万点零万美元一年。
从这个角度看，美国的教育是一个功能强大的消费。
谁决定如何数百万美元的这些人中许多应该用于教师工资，新的计算机或额外的书籍，每年？私立学校符合国家标准的使用费，他们收集他们认为最好的。
但是，在涉及公共税收，支出遵循教育委员会学校（决策者在国家）和/或地区的水平。
同样的事情也是如此对学校课程，教师标准和认证的决定，以及全面衡量学生的进步。
Education—A Local Matter从夏威夷到特拉华州，从阿拉斯加到路易斯安那州，在美国50个州都有其自己的法律规范的教育。
从国家与国家，有些法律是相似，有些则没有。
例如：所有的州都要求青年人上学。
（不同的年龄限制：32个州要求参加到16岁，8至18岁;等）因此，在美国每一个儿童都享有高达13年的教育。
这是真的，不论孩子的种族，宗教，性别，学习问题，肢体伤残或不能讲英语。
英语国家社会与文化入门
英语国家社会与文化入门（上）Unit 1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom IThe full name of the country of UK is the Untied Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.UK includes 4 parts: the island of Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland and Wales, and Northern Ireland.Different people who belong to different class will tend to read different newspaper, watch different television programmes, speak with a different accent, do different things in their free-time, and have different expectations for their children.Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people.In 43 AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire and England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.After Roman time, Britain was under threat from outside, this time from Germanic peoples: the Angles, and the Saxon.In the 5th century AD it is said that a great leader appeared, united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur, drove the Saxons back. This is the story of King Arthur. According to legend Arthur gathered a company of knights to him and conflict between his knights led to Arthur creating the famous “round table” at which all would have equal precedence.Anglo-Saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English, the founders of “Angle-land” or “England” as it has become know.From the late 8th century on raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain’s shores.The next invaders were the Normans, from northern France, who were descendants of Vikings.Under William of Normandy they crossed the English Channel in 1066.William took the English throne, and became William the First of England.Robin Hood was a Saxon nobleman oppressed by the Normans, who became an outlaw, and with his band of “merry men” hid in the forest of Sherwood in the north midlands of England and they went out to rob from the rich to give to the poor.Charles the First’ attempt to overrule parliament in the 1640s led to a civil war in which parliamentary forces were victorious, and the king was executed. And then England was ruled by parliament’s leader, Oliver Cromwell.The largest city of Scotland is Glasgow and the capital city is Edinburgh.Scotland was not conquered either by the Romans or the Anglo-Saxons.Like England Scotland began to experience Viking raid in the 9th century.Under the leadership of Robert the Bruce, the Scots were victorious at the Battle of Bannockburn, leading to 300 years of full independence.In 1603, Queen Elizabeth the First of England died childless, and the next in line to the throne was James the Sixth of Scotland, so he also became James the First of England, uniting the two thrones.In 1707 by agreement of English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.The Scotland Act 1998 provided for the establishment of the Scottish Parliament and Executive.Scottish writes have given the world such well-known work as Walter Scott’s romances of highland Scotland and “Auld Lang Syne” (by Robert Burns)The capital city of Wales is Cardiff.Unit 2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom IIThe capital city of Northern Ireland is Belfast.The most famous landmark of Northern Ireland is the “Giant’s causeway”, a rocky promontory made up of black hexagonal columns.From the time of Queen Elizabeth I the new settlers, loyal to the British crown and Protestant in religious persuasion, were granted land, position, and privileges which had been systematically take away from the indigenous, Roman Catholic population.“Great hatred, little room” was the way the modern poet W. B. Yeats described the situation. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”, not only “Northern Ireland”, because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain.The Easter Rising of 1916 was the most spectacular event, in which the rebels took over Dublin’s Post Office, forcing the British to retake it by military means.In 1919 a group calling itself the IRA (Irish Republican Army) expanded the fighting.In the end the conflict became too great to ignore, and as the Sinn Fein party, who were supporters of the Irish terrorists, gained most of the Irish seats in the British parliament, Irish independence became inevitable.In 1921 the southern 26 counties formed an independent “free state”, while the 6 north-eastern counties remained a part the UK.In 1969, the first British soldiers were seen on Northern Irish streets.The official IRA thought enough progress had been made that they could concentrate on a political process, and run candidates for elections, but a strong faction felt that armed force was the only way to get the British out, and separated from the officials, calling themselves the “Provisional IRA”.In 1971 the Northern Irish government took the desperate step of imprisoning terrorist suspects from both sides without trial, a policy known as “internment”, which targeted primarily Catholic men in the North.In 1972 468 people were killed in Northern Ireland and that day has now been mythologiesed as “Bloody Sunday”, an important symbol of British oppression.In 1973, an agreement was reached between the main political parties in Northern Ireland, and importantly, the British and Irish governments, which led to a new form for the Northern Irish Parliament, with a Power-Sharing mechanism.The Sinn Fein party spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of “The Bullet and the Ballot Box”.As a result of multi-party negotiations, aided this time by the intervention of the United States Senator George Mitchell, the Good Friday Agreement known also the Belfast Agreement, emerged on 10 April 1998.Unit 3 The Government of the United KingdomBritain is arguably the oldest representative democracy in the world, with roots that can be traced over a thousand years.The oldest institution of government is the Monarchy.The power of the monarchy was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the “divine right of kings”The opposition was so powerful the king finally granted a gang of feudal barons and the Church a charter of liberty and political rights, still know by its medieval Latin name of Magna Carta, which is still regarded as Britain’s key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.The civil war which brought the Roundheads to power in the 17th century was rooted in a dispute over the power of the king vis-à-vis Parliament.In 1689 Parliament passed the Bill of Rights which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.In 1832, when a system for choosing the House of Commons by popular election replaced the monarch’s job of appointing representatives, the modern political system was born.The party with the most supporters in the Commons forms the government, and by tradition, the leader of that party becomes Prime Minister.Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.British governance today is based upon the terms and conditions of the constitution.Israel and Britain are the only two countries without written constitutions of the sort which most countries have.The foundations of the British state are laid out in statute law, that is, laws passed by Parliament; the common laws, which are laws which have been established through common practice in the courts, not because Parliament has written them; and conventions, which are rules and practices which do not exist legally, but are nevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government.Parliament is supreme in the British state because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution.Strictly speaking, the Parliament today consists of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.The role of the monarchy today is primarily to symbolize the tradition and unity of the British state.There are 724 Lords and 646 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons.Unit 4 Politics, Class and RaceIn 1928 it reached the current level of about 99% can vote (those excluded are Lords, certain categories of convicted criminals, the legally insane, and resident foreign citizens – except UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic)After a government has been in power for 5 years it has to resign and hold a “general election”, in which all British adults are given the chance to vote again for their constituency’s MP.Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.There are three major national parties: The Conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But there is a third important party, the Liberal Democrats.The Labour party is the newest of these three, created by the growing trade union movementat the end of the nineteenth century.The Conservative party is the party that spend most time in power.The Liberal Democrats are the third biggest party, and to some extent may be seen as a party of the “middle”, occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties.Margaret Thatcher is the UK’s first woman Prime Minister.The car-worker probably reads a paper like The Sun: a newspaper with little heard news and more about TV soap operas, the Royal family, and sport. The university teacher might read The Guardian: a larger newspaper with longer stories, covering national and international news, “high” culture such as theatre and literature, and so on.Unit 5 The UK EconomyThe UK is now the world’s sixth largest economy.The UK is not only a member of the G7, G8, G20 major economies, but also a member of the World Trade Organization.Firstly, the country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the war, selling many of its accumulated overseas assets, and borrowing large amounts from the United States and Canada.Secondly, the ear of empire was over. India, popularly known as “The Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire, gained its independence in 1947.Thirdly, despite the relatively rapid and trouble-free process of decolonization, Britain has still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed.Fourthly, although Britain was quite badly damaged by German bombing during the war, its industry survived comparatively unaffected. This failure to invest sufficiently in industry also reflects a long-standing and continuing problem in the UK economy.National economies can be broken down into three main areas: “primary” industries, such as agriculture, fishing, and mining; “secondary” industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; and tertiary industries, often described as services, such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods.Britain’s agricultural sector is small but efficient, producing 58% of the UK’s food needs with only 2% of its workforce.Scottish ports land the majority of the fish caught.Three of the biggest ten companies in Britain are to be found in the energy sector: Shell, British Petroleum (BP), and British Gas.The World’s largest mining company, RTZ, is a UK company which operates mines all over the world.The British company Glaxo-Wellcome is the biggest drug company in the world.70% of the UK’s workforce are employed in the service sector.London is one of the top three financial centres in the world. It has the greatest concentration of foreign banks in the world, accounts for 20% of all international bank-loans, and is the world’s largest foreign exchange market. As well as banking, dealing in commodities and insurance are important processes in “The City”—the name given to the historic area at the centre of London where all this business is concentrated, at the heart of which is London Stock Exchange, one of the business share-dealing centres in the world.Aerospace is one of the UK’s highest value adding manufacturing sectors.Unit 6 British LiteratureThe major literature competition is the annual Booker Prize.Much early British writing was concerned with Christianity: Anglo-Saxons produced beautifully illustrated versions of the Bible: the most famous of these is the Book of Kells. One of the oldest of these early “Old English” litrary works is long poem from Anglo-Saxon times called Beowulf.One work from Norman Conquest times often studied today by middle school and college students is The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, who was the first court poet to write in English.There was a general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during the 15th and 16th century which is known as “The Renaissance”.Christopher Marlowe’s most famous play is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, the story of a man who sold his soul to the devil in return for power.William Shakespeare is probably the best-known literary figure in the world.The tragedies include Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.Among the comedies are The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Twelfth Night, and The Tempest.A permanent monument of English literature style commemorates James’s name. He ordered the translation of the Holy Scriptures known as the King James Bible(1611).The Essays of Frances Bacon made popular in English a literary form widely practiced afterward.The literary giant of the 17th century, John Milton was much bound up in Puritan Revolution. The most famous pamphlets is Areopagitica. During his retirement from public life he produced his masterpieces: Paradise Lost, its sequel, Paradise Regained, and the poetic tragedy Samson Agonistes.Johnthan Swift’s name is linked with the fanciful account of four voyages known to us as Guliver’s Travels.Scotland produced a much-loved poet, Robert Burns, who wrote in Scottish dialect.Daniel Defoe ‘s first and greatest novel appeared in 1719, which was Robinson Crusoe, the most famous tale of shipwreck and solitary survival in all literature.Two poets offered what had been called romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.” This was a volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads, written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.George Gordon, Lord Byron’s large body of work includes the partly autobiographical Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. Don Juan owed its title.John Keats’s art is nowhere greater than in the two pomes “Ode on a Grecian Urn” and ”Ode to a Nightingale.”Percy Bysshe Shelley’s writing has a wide range. The lovely musical quality of his work appears in the fine verses of “Ode to the West Wind” and “To a Skylark”The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel, notably in Mary Shelley’s (the poet Shelly’s wife) Frankenstein, the story of science gone wrong through the disastrous consequences of an arrogant scientist’s attempts to create life.Most of Sir Walter Scott’s themes came from medieval and Scottish history and he wrote a number of romantic novels.Jane Austen, who excelled at this form of writing, is indeed one of the greatest of all Englishnovelists. A delightful, almost flawless stylist, she has devoted admirers of her Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, and Emma, among other works.Perhaps the most famous literary family in British history are the Bronte sisters, and they too were influenced by the Romantic movement. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily’s Wuthering Heights are the most successful.Charles Dickens produced Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, David Copperfield and Great Expectations.Later in the 19th century Robert Louis Stevenson also wrote Scottish historical romances, The Adventures in Treasure Island and Kidnapped thrill readers young and old. His most famous short novel was The strange Case of Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.Among Thomas Hardy’s better-known novels are The Return of the Native, Tess of the D’urbervilles, and Jude the Obscure.20th century literature can be broadly divided into two stylistic periods: Modernism, and Postmodernism.One of the most famous of English modernist writers is Joseph Conrad, whose most famous novel is The Heart of Darkness.Virginia Woolf is another writer associated with Modernism, and one of the most famous writers of the century. Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, and Orlando are among her best-known books.D.H. Lawrence wrote Sons and Lovers.Unit 7 British Education SystemMany people think school is just about teaching children what are often called “the three Rs” – “reading, riting and rithmetic”. But the purpose of the British education system is also to socialize children.The school (or college) tie is a clear marker of social class.Education in the UK is compulsory. Children are legally obliged to attend school from the age of 5 (4 in Northern Ireland) to 16.State schools are funded by local and central government. The government also sometimes assists schools established by religious groups.In the private sector there are independent schools which are commonly, but confusingly, called public schools. Independent schools receive their funding through the private sector and through tuition rates, with some government assistance.Between the ages of 5 to 11, pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools.From the age of 11 up to around the age of 19, students attend secondary schools.General Certificate of Secondary Education are the main means of assessing pupils’ progress in their final 2 years of compulsory education.Other pupils who decide not to go to university may choose to take vocational training.So far, the UK has only one privately funded university, the University of Buckingham. Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13 centuries.The Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree.Unit 8 British Foreign RelationsBritain was active in setting up the United Nations and, in recognition of its continuingimportance to world politics it was awarded a seat on the UN Security Council.The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain’s foreign policy. The main government department involved is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.The Ministry of Defence, although it is considered less important than the FCO, is an important play.The Department of Trade and Industry is concerned with formulating international trade policy and managing British commercial relations with other countries.A less obvious, but extremely influential play in Britain’s foreign poly is the Treasury. Britain is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, along with Russia, China, the US and France.In 1973 the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community, now EU.Through its involvement in NATO, Britain was committed to European defence cooperation Britain is also a member of the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies.The keystone of British defence policy is its participation in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, more commonly known as NATO.Unit 9 The British MediaThe observer, which is still published every Sunday, first appeared in 1791, making it the world’s oldest Sunday newspaper, while The Times, which began publishing in 1785, is the United Kingdom’s oldest daily newspaper.This watchdog function, keeping an eye on the government, is one of the reasons why a free press is considered so important to the functioning of parliamentary democracy.The British media all must follow the Advertising Code which ensure that advertisements are legal, decent, honest and truthful; have a sense of responsibility for consumer and society; and respect the principles of fair competition.Until the 1980s, almost all the national newspapers had their headquarters on or around Fleet Street in London, and sometimes you will hear newspaper culture referred to still as “Fleet Street”, or even, sometimes, the Street of Shame, reflecting the birth of scandals which take place.While officially speaking the British press is “free” from government control and censorship and can print what it likes, there are limits to what will appear in the daily paper.The oldest and most popular soap, which began in the 1960s, is Coronation Street.The British Broadcasting Corporation – more familiarly known as the BBC or even “the Beeb” – us Britain’s main public service broadcaster.The BBC is funded by licence fees and viewers must buy a licence each year for their TV set. Unit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in Britain“Football hooligans”, supporters of rival teams, sometimes clash before, during and after matches and occasionally run riot through the town, breaking windows and beating each other up.Wimbledon, actually a London suburb, is where the world’s best players gather to compete ongrass courts. It is one of the major events of the British sporting calendar and probably the most famous tennis event in the world.Cricket was one of the very first team sports in Britain to have organized rules and to be played according to the same rules nationally.The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.The true sport of British Kings and Queens is not skiing or golfing, but horse racing.There are two kinds of horse racing: flat racing, where horses and riders compete on a flat, oval track; and steeplechasing, which is racing either across the countryside, or around a course designed to represent the obstacles you might encounter in the countryside. Christmas, December 25th, is the biggest and best loved British holiday.There are three Christmas traditions which are particularly British: one is the Christmas Pantomime, a comical musical play.Another British Christmas tradition is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio.A third British tradition, which is also celebrated in countries with British heritages, is Boxing Day, which falls on the day after Christmas.For church goers it is Easter, not Christmas, which is the most important Christian festival. One of Britain’s most impressive and colourful festival happens on the second Saturday in June when the Queen’s Birthday is officially celebrated by “Trooping the Colour” around Buckingham Palace in London.The UK, unlike most countries, does not have a “national day”.One truly English holiday is Bonfire Night – sometimes called Guy Fawkes Night – celebrated in the early autumn.The Twelfth is the high point of what is known as the Marching Season, when Protestant “Orangemen” take to the streets wearing their traditional unifors of bowler hats, black suits and orange sashes, marching through the streets sing, banging durms and playing in marching bands.Northern Irish Catholics celebrate the birthday of the patron saint of Ireland, St Patrick, on March 17 each year.How Hogmanay is celebrated varies throughout Scotland, but one widely practiced is “first footing”.Each year Scottish people all over the world celebrate their most beloved national poet, Robert Burns, by holding a Burns Supper on the evening of his birthday.Halloween is a Scottish festival that comes from the great feast of the pagan Celts which marked the arrival of the winter half of the year.Wales has some of the oldest and richest literary, musical and poetic traditions in Europe. Unit 11 Land, People and HistorySeen from the air, the visitor’s first impression of Ireland is an intense green or rather mixture of greens, which changes little between summer and winter.Emigration did take place before the Great Famine, mostly from the northern part of Ireland, known as the province of Ulster.The event that triggered the Great Famine was a blight on the potato crop.The stereotype of the Irish in the British popular press of this period is of a people who were, at best, lazy, impractical, and dreamy; at worse, dirty, untrustworthy, and close to animals.Thus the Great Famine became a watershed in Irish history.And yet Ireland’s history has been one of invasions of vastly different peoples – Celts, Christians, Vikings, Normans, English – each of which has made a distinctive contribution to its present population.But for all the legacies of the Celts, it is their language that has proved the most lasting.With the language, the Celts brought an instrument of social and cultural unity to the island, which transcended political and social divisions.Along with their language, the Celts also brought a legal system.From around 800 onwards Viking marauders attacked Ireland, as well as England.During the course of the 13th century, the Normans were the first to attempt to impose on Ireland a centralized administration which mimicked the parliament and legal system and administrative practices of their native England.Following its slogans of “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity,” the Society of the United Irishmen was founded in 1791 to press for radical reform.After the defeat of the 1798 rebellion, the London government took drastic action to curtain any notions of Irish independence.The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB; later known as the Irish Republican Army of IRA) was founded in 1858 to promote, by violence if necessary, Irish independence from Great Britain.To counter just such bloody and futile rebellions, a constitutional movement seeking Home Rule was instituted up by Issac Butt.The Home Rule bill was finally passed in 1914, but its implementation was shelved upon the outbreak of World War I.In 1916 the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army staged another, and final, rebellion against British rule, which is called The Easter Rising.In December, 1921 the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed, with the result that 26 counties gained independence as the new Irish Free State.Unit 12 Politics and EconomyIn structure, like most former colonies of Great Britain, the Irish Republic has a Prime Minister or Taoiseach and a Deputy Prime Minister or Tanaiste.Once elected, it is the Taoiseach who appoints a cabinet to execute the daily business of government.The Parliament or Dail frames and enacts all legislation for the country.Finally, the laws are enforced by an unarmed police force, called the Garda Siochana.Being a republic, rather than a monarchy, the government is headed by a President, who is elected directly by the people.Every citizen of 35 years of age or over usually is eligible to run for President.The President’s term of office is seven years. A President can be reelected once only.The executive powers of the State are exercised by, or on the authority of, the Government. The Government consists of the Taoiseach and the ministers that he or she appoints to the cabinet.The Parliament of Ireland is comprised of two houses: the Dail and the Seanad or the Senate. The elected system used in Ireland is called “proportional representation”.The civil service is divided into sixteen Government Departments, each headed by a Ministerappointed by the Taoiseach.The legal courts in Ireland are arranged in a hierarchy, while the District Court is at the bottom of the ladder, and then Circuit Court, the High Court and the Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.Ireland’s entrance into the EU in 1973 has transformed labour practice and given Ireland access to the Single Market.Mimicking the boom in Asia, the media called Ireland’s sudden wealth “The Celtic Tiger” economy.Unit 13 Irish Culture: How the Irish Live NowOn the one hand, the English political domination of Ireland has left the Republic with a secure and workable administrative, educational, and judicial system.On the other hand, the Irish are proud they do not have a monarchy: they think of themselves as citizens, not as subjects.In Ireland, the Catholic Church also exercised a firm hold over educational structure, over hospitals, over the media, and over the way people thought about themselves and their lives. What has changed dramatically in the last forty years has been the structure of Irish family life.The primary agent in effecting change in traditional family life has been the movement for women’s liberation.The communal facility in both city and countryside that is most widely patronized is the public house or “pub”.One of the reasons why these informal work practices are congenial is that there is little division in an Irish person’s life between his work and his social life.In Ireland, trade unions are an important part of job security.Traditionally, Irish education was undertaken by various religious orders, mostly Roman Catholic, with the result that forty years ago, almost three quarters of existing schools were “denominational” — that is, associated with one religious denomination or another.In 1996-1997 the Irish government extended free education to cover all public universities, as is common in most of European countries.In Ireland, education is compulsory for children aged six to fifteen years.The vast majority of children receive their primary education in “national schools”; i.e., state-aided schools.Most secondary schools are privately owned, many by Catholic religious communities — and are hence sectarian or denominational.Like the Chinese gao kao, the Leaving Certificate exams set by the Department of Education which are uniform for all Irish students.There are five public universities in the State.The University of Dublin comprises one college, Trinity College. This is the oldest university in the State, founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I for the education of Protestants.Unit 14 Irish Culture: Language, Literature and ArtsThe language that is spoken universally in the Republic of Ireland is a version of standard。
英语国家社会与文化入门unit
Other ethical groups include Chinese, South Asian, and Latin American communities
Canadian Ethnicity and Multiculturalism
Summary: Canada's vast natural landscape offers a range of outdoor activities for tourists and residents alike
American Pop Culture and Entertainment
Summary: American pop culture is known worldwide for its influence in music, film, television, and more
03
Canadian Society and Culture
Key Events
Some of the significant events in British history include the Industrial Revolution, World War II, and the transition to a post colonial power
Customs and Etiquette
Protocol and etiquette play a significant role in British culture, specifically in formal settings For instance, it is customary to meet royalty with a curtsey or a bow
英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译
英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom该国，我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
这是一个什么在许多方面是一个复杂的国家复杂的名字。
大多数人都知道做些什么，因为它的庞大的海外帝国给它一个重要的国际作用，只是来到一个在未来数年年底，之后第二次世界大战。
然而，一些市民对英国知道（他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误，英格兰）可能不大如何最真实的英国人今天过自己的生活。
一方面，帝国的日子已经足够长的时间以前，只有老人记得他们的任何东西是生活中的重要性。
英国不再是一个帝国的国家，尽管其帝国的影响可能常常在遇到的各种方式，而不是在与50或更多曾是这个帝国的一部分，和国家之间的密切关系，至少它通过一个松散的维持（自愿）组织的联系称为英联邦国家。
但更重要的英国国际关系今天是欧洲联盟，其中英国1973年以来的成员，这是在考虑更有用现代英国强调它的作用作为一个欧洲国家，而不是其英联邦成员资格。
它仍然是一个相对富裕的国家，是7国集团成员的大型发达经济体。
另外一个旧帝国的作用明显成效在于弥补的英国人口本身。
从这些英联邦国家，这在20世纪50年代和60年代鼓励一些移民，已制作了其中1人在20个非欧洲种族。
他们自己或其父母或祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，这些只是最常见的。
这将引入什么是对英国的章节关键主题：因为是大多数情况下，或所有，国家是不可能总结了一些简单的对话英国人民。
英国认为谁，很多人认为的英国绅士。
但是，这仅仅是一个旧有的从未适用于英国绝大多数人来说，没有什么真正的有效性今天。
英国是一个国家，一个单一的护照，和一个政府及对其所有的主权，但作为国家的大力顾名思义，它是由不同的元素组成。
它包括4一个国家内的部分国家：大不列颠岛是由英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士，北爱尔兰，一份关于爱尔兰邻近的岛屿省份，完成设置。
因此，在讨论英国和英国的一些考虑，必须使这些分歧，例如：一个来自苏格兰的女人不会高兴，如果我们打电话给她的英国绅士？她是苏格兰和女性，并认为她的身份从不同的男人和不同的英语。
英语国家文化与社会文化入门Unit 1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom I
(体现英国人个性的迹象:
4. Parliament’s dominance over the throne
1）The next few hundred years following the Norman invasion: join together the various parts of the British Isle under English Rule, unite the kingdom internally and externally 2) Power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament ① Charles the First’s attempt to overrule parliament
2) In 43 AD British was invaded by the Roman Empire,
and became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years; 3) Then it came under threat from Germanic peoples --the Angles, and the Saxon;
4. A significant role of London
1) capital city 2) in the south; largest city in the country; 1/7 of the nation’s population 3) culture center
4) business center
England
1.A cultural and economic dominance of UK
英语国家社会与文化入门——The_government_of_the_united_kingdom
Text英国可以说是世界上最古老的代表的民主国家，可以在1000年追查根源。
其他国家也有长期的政治历史，但这些历史是由突发期显着，而经常是暴力，改变。
虽然英国也拥有了政治不稳定的时期相比，说，法国，美国，还是中国的国家建设进程一直是一个进化，而不是革命。
这种长期，不间断的历史仍然十分明显，在英国目前的政治体制和政治文化。
The Monarchy政府机构，是最古老的君主（由国王规则）。
这可以追溯到撒克逊人谁的，直到1066年诺曼征服公元5世纪的统治。
本女王伊丽莎白二世，是国王的直系后裔埃格伯特，谁团结在他的829统治英格兰。
君主的权力，主要是来自国王的“神权古代学说”。
有人认为，主权来自他从上帝的权威，不能从他的臣民。
由于这种神圣的权利，尽管有不同的家庭之间，有时谁坚持战斗，他们以合法的王位继承人，君主制的实际存在，很少受到质疑。
对于1000年英国有世袭的国王或女王作为国家元首，但有一个短暂的例外。
在17世纪有一个在英格兰与共和党的“圆颅内战”（即所谓的，因为男人不顾流行时尚和头顶的头发很短）由奥利弗克伦威尔，谁想要废除君主制，并要求领导保皇党谁它继续。
在罢黜国王查理一世在1642年，成功地圆颅党和公正十八年前的君主统治恢复。
虽然在理论上国王对他的球队的上帝在实践中，即使在中世纪，人们认为他不应该行使绝对的权力。
相反，主权应该愿意接受著名男性的意见。
国王是否愿意做领导之间的国王和教会一样强大，拥有土地的封建贵族，其他强大的集团的许多战役。
这是一个封建贵族和教会的反对约翰王（1199年至1216年的一些帮派）的政策。
这种反对如此强烈，国王最终给予了他们的自由和政治权利宪章，但其中世纪的大宪章拉丁名称命名。
大宪章放在国王的能力，他的皇室权力滥用的一些限制。
这仍然被视为英国的官方对公民权利的重要体现。
The Parliament这个词的“议会”的动词“来到往下谈”，即，讨论或交谈。
这个词是第一次使用在1236年正式描述封建贵族和县和偶尔的国王召见城镇代表聚会，如果他想筹集资金。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》上册第五单元
The UK EconomyTextThe United Kingdom of Great Britain is a major developed capitalist country. It is now the world’s sixth largest economy and has a gross domestic product(GDP)of US$2645 billion (2010) and is forecast to have the strongest business environment of all major European economies, but also a member of the World Trade Organization. It is a leading global nation, as the second largest exporter and third largest importer of commercial services, and the tenth largest exporter and sixth largest importer of merchandise (2007).Absolute Decline and Relative DeclineBy the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the world, producing one third of the world’s manufactured goods, half its coal and iron, half its cotton. The amount of British shipping was greater than that in the rest of the word put together. But even by 1990 this was no longer the case, the UK having been overtaken by both the United States and Germany; and certainly from1945 until the present, the story of the UK economy is usually thought of as one of decline. This is understandable but rather misleading, as it has in fact been a period of steady economic growth and rapidly increasing living standards. Britain remains one of the Group of Seven large industrial economies. But there are reasons for describing this period as one of decline. Britain entered the post-war world as one of the successful allies of the Second World War, with some of its chief competitor nations such as Germany and Japan, economically destroyed. Also Britain was the centre of a stillvast empire. According to the figures, The UK was second only to the United States in the international economy. Thus Britain was then in an apparently strong economic position, a position it clearly no longer occupies, which indicates some sort of decline.But the basic positive-seeming facts describing the size of the economy, the high proportion of the world trade that was British, and so on, in 1945, did not reveal important negative facts about the UK’s position even t hen. Firstly the country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the war, selling many of its accumulated overseas assets, and borrowing large amounts from the United States and Canada. These debts meant that the UK entered the post-war era with a major economic problem.Secondly, the era of empire was over. India, popularly known as―The Jewel in the Crown‖ of the British Empire, gained its independence in1947, only 2 years after the end of the war. This was the largest element in the empire, providing raw materials and a big market for British goods. This relationship with India was no longer available, and the rest of the empire quickly followed India to independence, leaving Britain as just a medium-size European country, with a population only one fifth the size of the U.S.Thirdly, despite the relatively rapid and trouble-free process of decolonization, Britain was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed (mostly by the end of the 1960s). Also its position as one of the shapers of the post-war world required substantial military contributions-both as one of NATO’s major partners, and as a member ofthe UN Security Council. All this had the result that Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth (and especially of its research and development budget) on the military than most of its competitors. Military expenditure tends not to generate an economic return in quite the same way as other industrial investment. Fourthly, although Britain was quite badly damaged by German bombing during the war, its industry survived comparatively unaffected. This contrasted greatly with some of its competitors — especially the main losers in the conflict, Germany and Japan, who almost had to start again from nothing. This apparent disadvantage for them may have worked in their favour in that as they had to invest, they could invest in the most modern equipment and new products. British industry however could continue with its older factories and pre-war products, and given its other economic problems, did so —a problem in the long-term. It also meant that output was initially very low potentially large economies: so while Britain looked securely wealthier than them in 1945, a catching-up with the UK was inevitable as they recovered.This failure to invest sufficiently in industry also reflects a long-standing and continuing problem in the UK economy. Even without the particular circumstances of the post-war world, relatively low rates of investment (the amount of money business put aside from profits to reinvest in the business in new products and production methods) were characteristic of the British economy in relation to other developed economies. Economists have pointed to the lack of a close relationship between industry and banks in the UK — again a contrast, particularly with the two most successful post-war economies, Japan and Germany, where banks and industrial firms have very close links. Economic historians have suggested that this may be due to the fact that the UKwas the first economy to industrialize, and industrial firms, without foreign competition, grew used to financing their own development, without need to borrow from banks. Banks therefore, not able to find good investment opportunities in the UK, looked overseas for investment opportunities. A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment is still a characteristic of the UK economy. So, amongst European nations, Britain is the largestinvestor in China, but sells fewer of its own manufactured goods here than do Germany or France.The point to note is that the comparatively strong economicposition Britain found itself in 1945 was in many ways deceptive. So the decline from Britain’s apparently good fortunes at that point until now is thus not as extraordinary as it might seem, being the result of already existing basic problems. And it should also be remembered that this was not an absolute decline: Britain is not poorer, or producing less than it was in 1945, in fact (like most countries) it is a lot wealthier and more productive than it was then. The problem is that though is has improved, other countries haveimproved more rapidly, hence the slide form being the 2nd largest economy (after the United States) to being the sixth, as it is at present. And even many smaller economies have overtaken the UK in terms of output per head of population. So the UK has experienced economic decline, but this decline is relative to some other economies rather than absolute. Nevertheless, this relative failure is a serious cause of concern to the UK governments.Recent HistoryThe British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s. The oil price rises at that time led to very high rates ofinflation (up to 25%). This caused many workers to strike for more pay. The fall in the value of the UK currency (The Pound) even forced the Labour (socialist) government to borrow from the International Monetary Fund. British industry, notably the car industry, appeared to be doing badly, with increasing imports relative to export. All these negative economic facts led to a change of government at the next general election, in 1979, when the British people voted in the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher, with the promise of a radical programmeof reform. Bureaucracy was reduced (foreign exchange controls werelifted, rules governing banks loosened, (for example). And throughoutthe 1980s an extensive programme of privatization was carried out, with many state-owned businesses (such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) joining the private sector. It seemed in some ways to be successful in that inflation came under control, and businesses, especially the newly privatized businesses, made profits. The negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment, rising to almost 12% at its worst. So while companies were more efficient, producing the same amount with less workers, and therefore being able to pay higher wages and make higher profits, the cost was paid by the unemployed who had to live on low incomes from state support. The national economy as a whole continued to grow at lower rates than its competitors. In the recession 1990-1992,the economy even shrunk by2.3%.Since then however, the picture has been brighter, with four yearsof steady growth, at rates higher than that in the rest of the EU. Unemployment has now fallen to 7.7%, which is among the lowest in the EU. Inflation has remained under control at very low levels. Investment hasincreased, encouraged by low interest rates. Britain’s membership of the EU has also made it an attractive location for inward investment by companies from outside the EU (especially the US and Japan), of which it has received a larger share than any other EU country. Overall it is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment. It is also itself a major source of internationalinvestment — in fact it is the second biggest international investor in the world (1995).The Current UK EconomyNational economies can be broken down into three main areas:―primary‖ industries, such as agriculture, fishing, and mining;―secondary‖ industries, whichmanufacture complex goods from those primary products; and tertiary industries, often described as services, such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods.Britain’s agricultural sector is small (producing1.4% of the national wealth) but efficient, producing 58% of the UK’s food need s with only 2% of its workforce. There quarters of Britain’s land is used for agriculture, with about a quarter of that under crops- wheat and barley are two commonest. The rest is grazing for animals, including cattle (both dairy, and beef), though sheep are the most numerous livestock. The beef industry has been hit badly by BSE disease in cattle leading to a 1996 ban on beef exports. The best agricultural land is in the south-east of England.The fishing industry provides 55% of the UK demand for fish. Scottish ports land the majority of the fish caught.Energy production is an important part of the UK economy, accounting for 5% of the national wealth. Since the 1970s, when oil and gas were discovered under the North Sea, Britain has become a major oil and gas producer, in addition to its older coal mining industry, which now only accounts for about 1/4 of energy supplies, the rest being divided between oil, gas, and nuclear energy. This abundance of energy resources means that the UK has become an overall exporter of energy. The technology required to extract oil from the difficult offshore conditions has givenUK companies a strong position in the offshore oil industry around the world. Threeof the biggest the companies in Britain are to be found in the energy sector: Shell (half Dutch), British Petroleum (BP), and B ritish Gas. The world’s larg est mining company, RTZ, is a UK company which operates mines all over the world.Britain has large deposits of coal, mined for more than 300 years. Today, coal can be produced more cheaply in other countries and so many British factories and mines have closed. During the 1960s, oil and gas were discovered under the North Sea. With the extraction of North Sea oil and gas that started in the 1970s, until the 2000s the UK was self sufficient in energy, and the UK was a net exporter of oil and gas in recent decades.Due to the decline in North Sea production, and the costs of mining and using coal cleanly, it is expected that the UK will become a major importer of oil and gas by 2015. To avoid this, drastic actions must be taken to reduce energy demand. After becoming a net exporter of gas in 1997, the UK became a net importer again in 2004. From the mid 1990s new renewable energy sources began to play an increasingly important role in the electricity generated. In 1997, there were 550 wind turbines and over 30 wind farms in the UK. The government has made a promise that 10%of the energy of the UK will come from renewable sources by 2010.In the secondary sector of the economy, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. British companies are active in all major fields of manufacturing industry, but are particularly strong in pharmaceuticals (the British company Glaxo-Wellcome is the biggest drug company in the world), chemicals (ICI is the second largest paint manufacturer in the world), aerospace (overall the UK industry is third in size in the world) and food and drink (Scotch whisky being a majorexport). Britain has a big electronics industry (the fourth largest in the world) but like the car industry (which includes Ford, GM, Peugeot, Nissan, Toyota) this is in many cases foreign-owned. Britain’s last major independent car company, Rover, was recently bought by the German company BMW. A high-technology engineering industry has developed around the motor-racing business, with many of the world’s racing cars, both for Formula One, and the American Indycar series, being designed and built in Britain. McClaren and Williams are two of the most successful of these companies. The recently privatized British Steel is the world’s sixth largest steel company.Although the UK is the world’s sixth largest manufacturer by output, some sectors within British manufacturing have, for some tine now, been characterized by declining employment and productivity. Amajor challenge comes from emerging economies which are able to produce goods more cheaply than the UK. The global economic slowdown and rising energy and materials costs have also affected manufacturers.However, it is believed that modern British manufacturing canthrive by playing to its strengths of design, technology, creativity, innovation and service. To do this successfully, British manufacturing needs a constant stream of well-qualified and multi-skilled graduates. Globalization also offers new opportunities with the discovery of new markets.Over the past decade, Britain manufacturing has become increasingly hi-tech, resulting in more standardized working hours and better conditions of service for employees.Like most developed economies Britain has seen a relative shrinking of the importance of secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries, which now produce 65% of national wealth.A lot of this is domestic activity such as retailing, tourism and so on, but Britain is also a major international provider of services, accounting for about 10% of the wo rld’s exports of such services.70%of the UK’s workforce are employed in the service sec tor. The financial sector is an important part of this service industry, as London is oneof the top three financial centres in the world. It has the greatest concentration of foreign banks in the world, accounts for 20% of all international bank-loans, an d is the world’s largest foreign exchangemarket. As well as banking, dealing in commodities and insurance are important processed in ―The City‖— the name given to the historic area at the centre of London where all this business is concentrated, at the heart of which is the London Stock Exchange, one of the business share-dealing centres in the world. Advertising is another major business service in which UK companies are highly successful.The UK went into a recession in the second quarter of 2008. It is the first time that the UK GDP has contracted for six consecutive quarters. In December 2009, the Office of National Statistics revised figures for the third quarter of 2009 showed that the economy shrank by 0.2%, compared to a 0.6% fall the previous quarter.The current recession in the UK is the longest since modern records began in the 1950s. Germany, France, Japan have all come out of recession technically and the UK继续阅读。
英国国家社会与文化第四版课文翻译
英国国家社会与文化第四版课文翻译到19世纪80年代英国经济在世界上占主导地位产生一个世界上，一半的煤，铁，半制成品的棉花三分之一。
英国航运数额更大的世界其他地区加起来比。
但即使到1900年这不再是这样，英国有超过都被美国和德国，当然也从1945年到现在，对英国经济的故事通常是作为一个思想的下降。
这是可以理解的，而是误导，因为它实际上一直是经济稳定增长时期，迅速提高生活水平。
英国仍然是七工业经济大集团之一。
但也有描述为这一时期下降的原因之一。
中英双方作为第二次世界大战的成功盟友之一战后世界，同其主要竞争对手的一些国家，如德国和日本，经济遭到破坏。
同时英国是一个更加庞大帝国的中心。
数字显示，英国是仅次于美国在国际经济中。
因此，英国当时显然是在强大的经济地位，它的地位显然不再占据，这表明一些下降排序。
但基本的正面描述的经济规模表面上的事实，世界贸易是英国比例很高，因此在1945年，没有透露有关英国的立场，重要的负面事实即使这样。
首先该国了负债累累，以资助战争，累计出售其海外资产多，借用美国和加拿大的大量资金。
这些债务意味着英国进入一个重大的经济问题，战后时代。
其次，帝国时代已经结束。
印度，俗称为“在大英帝国的皇冠”珠宝称，1947年取得独立，只有2年后战争结束。
这是在帝国的最大元素，提供原材料，并为英国商品的大市场。
这与印度的关系已不再可用，帝国的其它国家也纷纷仿效印度独立，剩下的只是一个中等规模的欧洲国家，英国的人口只有五分之一的美国的大小，第三，尽管相对快速和顺利的非殖民化自由的过程中，英国仍然不得不维持一个庞大而昂贵的地方，许多海外的军事存在，直到该进程完成（主要是由60年代末）。
此外，政府立场的其中一个职位的塑造者，战后世界需要大量的军事贡献，作为北约的主要伙伴之一两者，作为安理会常任理事国。
所有这一切的结果是英国用于军事比其大多数竞争对手其国民财富（尤其是其研究和开发预算）的比例较高。
军事开支往往不会产生在相当的经济回报与其他工业投资同样的方式。
英语国家社会与文化入门 Unit Work and Family Life
In Australia today
By Sophia
2
Australia as a Penal Colony
beginning of the penal colony women in the penal colony family life in the penal colony convict laborers and workers
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Joy
28
The Wakefield Scheme
• Laborers of both sexes would brought out to the colony thus ensuring that the cost of one generation’s migration would result in several generations of laborers.
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By Sophia
3
Beginning of the penal colony
After European settlement in 1788, Australia was politically organized as a number of separate British colonies, eventually six in all.
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Sophia
4
Western Australia
Queensland
South Australia
New south Wales
Victoria
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Sophia Tasmania
5
The first period of the colonization of Australia, lasting from 1788 to the 1830s,was based largely on the “unfree” labor of the convicts:
英语国家社会和文化入门课文翻译
第3单元英国的政府英国可以说是世界上最古老的代议民主制国家主，其代议民主制度起源于1000多年以前。
其它一些国家也有如此悠久的政治历史，但这些历史往往经受突然的暴力性剧变。
尽管英国历史上也曾有过政治不稳定时期，但相对于法国、美国或中国而言，英国的建国历史是一个逐渐演变而不是革命性剧变的过程。
这样长久持续的历史在英国现今的政治体制和政治文化中仍然有所体现。
（政治文化是一个国家有关政权、政府制度及政策制定的理论和价值观等。
）君主政体最古老的政府制度是君主政体（由国王统治）。
这可以追溯到从公元5世纪开始统治英国直到1066年被诺曼人征服的撒克逊人。
埃格伯特国王于公元829年将英格兰统一在自己的统治之下，而现在的女王伊丽莎白二世是他的直系后代。
君王的权利主要来自古老的信条“君权神授”。
它认为君主的权威性是来自上帝的，而不是来自他的臣民们。
虽然有时不同的家庭之间有王位之争，都坚持说自己是王位的合法继承人，但由于有这种神圣的权利，很少有人质疑过君主制是否应该存在。
1000多年来，英国一直是由世袭国王和女王统治。
但有一次短暂的例外。
在17世纪，英格兰共和派“圆颅党人”（之所以称“圆颅党人”是因为这些人公然藐视流行时尚，而把头发剪得非常短）和保皇派之间有一次内战。
圆颅党人由奥列佛·克伦威尔，他想废除君主制，而保皇派卢继续维持它。
1642年，圆颅党人成功地罢黜了国王查理一世，统治了整整11年之后，王朝复辟了。
虽然在理论上，君主有上帝撑腰，但实际上，甚至是在中古时代，人们就认为君主不能无限先例权力，而是应该乐于接受杰出人物的建议。
一群封建地主和都会反对约翰国王（1199－1216）的一些政策。
这种反对势力如此强大以致于国王最终同意给予他们一个自由宪章和一些政治权利，这个自由宪章现在仍然用的是中古时代的拉丁文名称“Magna Carta”(“大宪章”)。
大宪章对于国王进行一些限制，使他不能滥用皇家的权利，这仍然被看作是英国市民有权反对王室的一次典型表现。
英语国家社会与文化入门
01
Overview of English speaking counties
Geographically, English speaking countries are located across the globe, including countries in North America, Europe, Oceania, and Africa
Grades from higher education have a wide range of employment opportunities available to them
Admission Requirements
Tuition and Fees
Employment Opportunities
Higher Education
Includes colleges and universities that offer a wide range of underground and postgraduate programs
Degree Programs
Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctoral degrees are the most common degree programs offered
Academic Mixture
Researchers must adapt to ethical guidelines and best practices to ensure the validity and reproducibility of their research
Celebrations
Celebrations are events or gatherings that mark special cases or milestones in people's lives Birthdays, weddings, graduations, and anniversaries are common examples of cancellations in English speaking countries These events are often marketed with parties, gifts, and special menu or food
(完整版)英语国家社会与文化入门下册
UNIT 34 In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?New England also established another American tradition—a strain of often intolerant moralism. The Puritans believed that governments should enforce God's morality. They strictly punished drunks, adulterers, violators of the Sabbath and other religious believers different from themselves. Roger Williams, one of the Puritans who protested that the state should not interfere with religion, was driven out of Massachusetts. In 1635, he set up Rhode Island colony, which guaranteed religious freedom and the separation of church and state. The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The American values such as individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.5.what were some causes of the American Revolution1)Long-term social, economic, and political changes in the colonies before 1750provided the basis for an independent nation with representatives political institutions.2)More immediately, the French and Indian War (1754-1763) changed therelationship between the colonies and their mother country.3)Finally, a decade of conflicts between the British government and the colonist,beginning with the Stamp Act crisis in 1765, led to the outbreak of war in 1775 and the Declaration of Independence inUNIT 43. What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other?If Congress proposes a law that the president thinks is unwise, the president can veto it. That means the proposal does not become law. Congress can enact the law despite the president's views only if two-thirds of the members of both houses vote in favor of it.If Congress passes a law which is then challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconstitutional and therefore no longer in effect.The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions, including the position of Supreme Court justice. The Senate, however, must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointmentsUNIT 7 American literature2. what theories does Ralph Emerson explain in his essays?In the essay Emerson clearly expresses the main principles of his Transcendentalist pursuit and his love for nature. Emerson develops his concept of "Over-Soul" Or "Universal Mind". Last but not the leas, it affirms the divinity of the human beings5 What are some of the major themes in novels written by the "Lost Generation"?The "Lost Generation" is a term used to describe the generation of young men and women who came to maturity in the 20s. Some of them fought in World War I. They became disgusted with war and disillusioned with the post-war society. They shared the same sense of dislocation, rootlessness and disillusionment.UNIT 8 Education1. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education.The goal is—and has been since the early decades of the republic—to achieve universal literacy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote both their own individual welfare as well as that of the general public. Though this goal has not yet been fully achieved, it remains an ideal toward which the American educational system is directed. The progress which has been made is notable both for its scope and for the educational methods which have been developed in the process of achieving it.2 Discuss the social and cultural values embodied in the Dreaming.讨论社会和文化价值在做梦中的体现Membership in a particular language group was of great social and cultural significance. Traditionally, languages belong to tracts of country which, in the belief system of the Dreaming, have been put in their places by Dreamtime creator figures.。
英语国家社会与文化入门上册unit2
Focal Points
• A brief introduction to Northern Ireland • The colonial history of Ireland
-The Home Rule Bill -The Easter Rising of 1916 -The religious conflicts between the Irish and British • Various conflicts in Northern Ireland • The British and Irish governments working together to find a practical solution to the conflicts in Northern Ireland
The Religious Conflicts between the Irish and the British
Thirteen unarmed protestors were shot dead at the march which was held in the name of Catholic civil rights in Londonderry on January 30, 1972. This is known as
Belfast, old and new
Landscape and Giant’s Causeway
II. The Colonial History of Ireland
• The Home Rule Bill • The Easter Rising of 1916 • The Sinn Fein Party • Partition of Ireland in 1921 • Religious conflicts between the Irish and the
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大多数（名英国人至少）是基督教徒。并明确在我的苏格兰妇女的例子涉及的是事实，男人
和女人没有生活在英国同样的经历。此外，英国经济分为：它是一个阶级结构的社会。很可
能夸大了这个阶级的重要性，因为结构的过程中，大多数国家有一些一流的一种制度，但它
地之间的差异和低地苏格兰有着悠久的历史意义，例如：北部和南部英格兰队也被认为是文
化不同，但它们之间的边界上没有标记任何地图，只存在一个比较笼统的精神风貌。然而，
有一些是在经济方面的区别的基础，南部平均较富裕的北方。
部分之间的北部和南部的另一个区别，这标志着英国社会，一个可以看到在许多社会中，
但有可能尤其明显，在英国，也就是资本之间的区别和不同的经济差别的原因找到了省份。
英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译
A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom
该国，我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。这是一个什么在许多方面
是一个复杂的国家复杂的名字。大多数人都知道做些什么，因为它的庞大的海外帝国给它一
个重要的国际作用，只是来到一个在未来数年年底，之后第二次世界大战。然而，一些市民
对英国知道（他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误，英格兰）可能不大如何最真实的英国人今天
过自己的生活。
一方面，帝国的日子已经足够长的时间以前，只有老人记得他们的任何东西是生活中的
重要性。英国不再是一个帝国的国家，尽管其帝国的影响可能常常在遇到的各种方式，而不
是在与50或更多曾是这个帝国的一部分，和国家之间的密切关系，至少它通过一个松散的
统一了英国人，他的神奇的剑，神剑，推动了撒克逊人回来。这是亚瑟王的故事，并已通过
歌手，诗人，小说家，甚至制片人至今点缀。
虽然亚瑟王的真实存在的疑问，您可以访问他的传说，如悬崖边缘的廷塔杰尔城堡在康
沃尔，相关的地方。根据传说亚瑟的骑士聚集一公司给他，谁坐在阿瑟一起在卡米洛特城堡
（可能是真实的吉百利在萨默塞特山山顶堡垒）。他的骑士之间的冲突导致亚瑟创造了著名
有时也犯类似的错误，但在其他三个国家的人不会：他们会称自己为英国（如可能的英文），
否则可能会称自己为苏格兰或威尔士和爱尔兰，但是，他们肯定不会自称（或喜欢被称为）
英语。因此，奇怪的是，四国，英国大多数英国人认为，因此，作为一个独立的“英语”对自
己最薄弱的文化，在英国。
英国历史上一直是侵略的历史。之前，公元一世纪，英国是组成许多人的凯尔特部落王
英格兰的英雄传说另一个。这是罗宾汉，由诺曼，谁成为非法压迫 Saxonnobleman，并
与他的“快乐男人”带传说藏在舍伍德森林在英格兰北部的中部。从这个秘密的地方，武装他
们的长弓，然后他们出去抢劫从富人送给穷人。这种早期的英国社会主义（！）有特色，在
许多电视剧和电影，英国和美国。一些作家已经看到在这个绿木隐藏着的英文字符的线索：
他们的英雄，他实在是对他们的斗争，这些盎格鲁撒克逊侵略者英语的祖先，在“角创始人
土地”或“英格兰”，因为它成为众所周知的。
两个侵略者的团体来英国后，从8世纪后期的：，袭击者来自斯堪的纳维亚，凶恶的海
盗，威胁到英国的海岸。在英格兰长大，他们的定居点，直到英格兰北部和东部的广大地区
在其控制。届时，英国的英雄是真正的英语（盎格鲁撒克逊人），如阿尔弗雷德大帝，谁把
英国是一个高度城市化的国家，其80个城市的人口居住在％，而只有2的农业劳动人口
％。其最大的城市是首都，伦敦，这是在英国统治在各个领域：政府，金融，和文化。英国
物理上的四国最大的，它是迄今最多的人口。在规模优势，这反映在文化和经济优势也具有
其结果是外国人士有时约英格兰交谈时他们指的是英国的错误。值得注意的是，在英国的人
的“圆桌会议”时，都将具有相同优先级。这也许可以看作是在其中的英国人，也希望看到他
们都不是一个远程君主独裁者其他方式的指标，并在管理成为一个更民主的制度，逐步约束
君主的事实，而不是完全拒绝它。
不管亚瑟的成功，不是传说，但并没有持续，对盎格鲁撒克逊人确实成功地入侵英国，
要么吸收凯尔特人人，或迫使他们到英国西部和北部边缘。尽管人们对当代英语亚瑟王认为
后，苏格兰人，在罗伯特布鲁斯的领导，是战胜国，在班诺克本战役，导致300年完全独立。
在1603年，但是，伊丽莎白女王，英国首位死亡无子女，以及符合未来王位的是苏格
兰的詹姆斯第六届，因此他也成为英格兰的詹姆斯第一，团结两个宝座。但再过一百年苏格
20世纪50年代和60年代鼓励一些移民，已制作了其中1人在20个非欧洲种族。他们自己或
其父母或祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，这些只是最常见的。
这将引入什么是对英国的章节关键主题：因为是大多数情况下，或所有，国家是不可能
总结了一些简单的对话英国人民。英国认为谁，很多人认为的英国绅士。但是，这仅仅是一
交给议会。查尔斯第一企图推翻于17世纪40年代导致内战中，议会的力量取得了胜利，国
王被处决议会。经过11个，其中英国是由国会领导人，克伦威尔，恢复君主制统治多年的
差距。与议会和国王的冲突导致从宝座取消苏格兰的斯图亚特房子，威廉和玛丽从荷兰进口
采取王位，从而最终建立对朝廷议会的统治地位。
Scotland
兰高地）和南部（南高地）。三，在低地地区的人口生活宿舍，跨越这两个国家的高地地区。
最大城市格拉斯哥，在这个区域西面。苏格兰首府爱丁堡市，在东海岸40英里的距离格拉
斯哥。这是著名的有美，其占主导地位的大城堡，在市中心的高的岩石。这两个城市都拥有
古老的和国际上知名大学从15世纪以来。
苏格兰不是罗马人征服，但他们曾经尝试，并占领了一段时间至于北部高原区的边缘。
内容丰富，非常规的内部生活的外部符合隐藏的叛乱传奇受欢迎。但是，像所有成见，这一
项在很多英国人，尤其是年轻人，喜欢展示他们的 unconvenionality 外部其弱点，，例如
英国朋克摇滚乐队与他们的生动头发染高低不平。但是，确实有许多英国房屋的死气沉沉方
面隐瞒美丽的后花园。园艺是英国最受欢迎的消闲活动之一，并在后花园提供了一个地方，
然而，维持他们的统治有困难，导致他们撤退到线大致相当于英格兰和苏格兰之间的现代边
界。沿着这条线，从海到海，他们像中国，建立了一堵墙，以纪念他们的域的北部边缘，并
帮助保卫它。它被称为“哈德良长城”之后，罗马皇帝在其建设的时间，虽然毁了，它的长度
仍然可以看到并沿着。
也不是苏格兰最征服盎格鲁撒克逊人，虽然英国的角度是在东南成立，因此，爱丁堡的
因素，两者之间频繁的战争。威廉莎士比亚的戏剧“麦克白”中设置的这个贝里克 period.The
苏格兰小镇附近的现今英国苏格兰边境后，不愧是据说易手13次，结果是英苏格兰冲突。
尽管冲突，有密切的联系，两国之间广泛的两个贵族通婚，甚至王室之间的家庭。最近好莱
坞电影，勇敢的心，告诉
者威廉”），他们在1066年越过英吉利海峡，并在黑斯廷斯战役，哈罗德国王下击败英国军
队。这标志着最后一次从外部入侵成功地在英伦三岛的军队。威廉了英国王位，成为英国威
廉第一。在伦敦，在伦敦，他城堡建中心大楼，今日依然适用。
诺曼并没有解决任何英格兰很大程度上：进口，而他们的统治阶级。接下来的三百年可
以看作是一个诺曼（和法语）贵族统治一个主要撒克逊和英语的人口。正是这种局势产生了
维持（自愿）组织的联系称为英联邦国家。但更重要的英国国际关系今天是欧洲联盟，其中
英国1973年以来的成员，这是在考虑更有用现代英国强调它的作用作为一个欧洲国家，而
不是其英联邦成员资格。它仍然是一个相对富裕的国家，是7国集团成员的大型发达经济体。
另外一个旧帝国的作用明显成效在于弥补的英国人口本身。从这些英联邦国家，这在
个旧有的从未适用于英国绝大多数人来说，没有什么真正的有效性今天。英国是一个国家，
一个单一的护照，和一个政府及对其所有的主权，但作为国家的大力顾名思义，它是由不同
的元素组成。它包括4一个国家内的部分国家：大不列颠岛是由英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士，
北爱尔兰，一份关于爱尔兰邻近的岛屿省份，完成设置。因此，在讨论英国和英国的一些考
国：一个强大的文化源自欧洲中部。在43AD 当时英国入侵的罗马帝国，英格兰和威尔士（虽
然不是苏格兰和爱尔兰），成为了近400年罗马帝国的一部分。由于罗马帝国受到来自东面
的威胁来了，罗马军队和罗马保护撤出英国，英国再次为小王国分裂，它再次受到来自外部
的威胁，这从日耳曼民族时间：角度，和撒克逊人。
其中最著名的传说源于英文本的时间。在公元5世纪，据说是一位伟大的领导人出现，
广州，还是纽约，华盛顿和洛杉矶的职能，在一个城市。并鉴于其长期在英国的历史作用，
也许西安呢！伦敦是英国的经济和文化生活的巨大影响力，并在一定程度上在其阴影的国家
中休息。
England
Population (1994)48.7 million(UK total 58.4 million)
Area130 423 km2(UK total 241 752 km2)
人们的户外生活在家里就可以进行公众的目光。对比这可能与其他国家的户外生活可能更多
的社会正面看路人门廊由坐在人。
在未来数百年诺曼入侵后，可以被看作是连接在一起的英国统治下的不列颠群岛的各个
部分的过程，因此有英国的身份最终成为淹没通过一项更广泛的英国身份的必要性，既要团
结王国内部，并提出一个单一的身份对外英国成为一个帝国。与此同时，权力从君主逐渐移
伦敦是在该国南部，并在英国占主导地位的各种方式。这是迄今为止该国最大的城市，约占
全国人口的七分之一，它是政府的所在地，它是文化中心，这里是所有的主要报纸，电视台，
与遥遥领先的最广泛选择画廊，剧院和博物馆。此外它是商业中心，在英国大公司总部的绝