岳麓书院园林造园意匠研究

华中科技大学

硕士学位论文

岳麓书院园林造园意匠研究

姓名：吴帆

申请学位级别：硕士

专业：风景园林

指导教师：万艳华

2011-05

摘 要

书院是我国封建社会有别于官学和私学的一种教育机构，源起于唐，雏形于晚唐、五代，鼎盛于宋元，普及于明清，至今已有千年历史。书院是一种综合性的多功能的文化教育组织，一般包括讲学、藏书和祭祀的三大功能。书院受儒、释、道思想的影响，有着深厚的文化底蕴；其建造深受我国传统园林文化熏陶，注重书院环境和空间意境的营造，形成了特殊的园林形式。

岳麓书院是我国古代四大书院之一，延续千年，弦歌不断，享有“千年学府”之美誉。书院规模宏大、功能完备、建造意匠深邃，是我国古代最具代表性的书院园林之一。岳麓书院园林融儒、释、道及民间文化于一体，是一个多形态、多层次的文化综合体系，其书院园林建造表现出多样文化特征。书院选址受儒家“天人合一”、佛道“择胜而居”的观念以及堪舆文化的影响，注重外界环境的选取：依山旁水、远离尘嚣、风景优美、“负阴抱阳”。书院园林空间布局，秉承儒家“礼乐相承”的核心社会价值观：采用中轴对称的纵深多进院落形成来诠释“礼”的秩序；通过园林建筑群体的模式、相互穿插交替的院落空间、分合互补的功能分区演绎“乐”的和谐。内部空间的处理运用多种传统园林的理景手法，扩大和丰富了书院园林空间：因地制宜——依山就势叠置各个建筑和庭院，增加了空间层次；巧于因借——借麓山之韵与之融为一体，扩大了空间范围；对比有致——庭院与建筑的虚实对比、庭院与天井的大小对比，增添了空间趣味。书院景观的营造以寓教于乐的设计目标，结合传统诗画艺术思想，表现出朴素、淡雅的格调：园林环境取山水之胜、诗画之境；园林植物配置，不仅注重季相变化，还强调“君子比德”思想；园林装饰追求清新、淡雅之致，体现出文人淡泊名利的人生哲学和高雅的审美情趣。

岳麓书院传承千年，经历了历史沧桑巨变，是中国书院的一个缩影。本文以其为研究对象，探究其书院园林建造的模式以及深层的设计思想，一方面填补我国书院园林研究的不足，另一方面对现代景观设计中对于特色文化景观设计给予一些启示。

关键词：书院；书院园林；岳麓书院园林；造园意匠

Abstract

In Chinese feudal society, the classical academy was a new type of educational institution which is different from official school and private school. It originated in Tang Dynasty, matured in Five Dynasties, flourished in Song Dynasty and popularized in Ming and Qing Dynasty, with a history of more than 1,000 years. The classical academy was a kind of comprehensive and multifunctional education organization, which generally serves for lectures, book collection and sacrifice. With the influence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, the classical academy had profound culture. At the same time, suffering from the impact of traditional Chinese garden culture, it pay attention to environment and space artistic conception. And this combination formed the special landscape form.

As one of the four major famous ancient academies in China, Yuelu Academy has thousand year history and enjoyed the reputation of “one-thousand-year-old academy”. It is the most representative of Chinese ancient academy gardens, according to its large-scale, complete function and abstruse cultures. As the synthesis of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and folk culture, Yuelu academy garden is a multi morphology and multi-level comprehensive system, and its landscape design showed diverse cultural characteristics. Influenced by the views of the Confucian "Unification of heaven and man", the Taoist" choosing scenic spots as the location of academies" and the theory of Geomancy, the choice of location attached importance to the environment outside. It aimed to these environment such as "closing to the mountain and river", "be secluded from the noise and hubbub of the vulgar society", "scenic" and "Yang located and Yin backed". The spatial layout adhered to the Confucian core social values: “rites and music complement each other”. Using a axis that is made up with a series of yard to explain the order of “rite”.

Through the garden architectural group patterns, interfingering open space and complementary division and fusion function sub areas deducted the harmony of "music". The processing of internal space of the Yuelu Academy adopted various traditional gardening skills to enrich its space content. Using the measure of utilizing local conditions ,the designer built these buildings and yards in accordance with the