何家弘法律英语课件_第一课

诉讼形式的限制及其提供的有限追索权 导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的产生。
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衡平法
由英国衡平法法院的大法官 在处理专门的申诉案件时， 为避免过分重视令状和程序 方面的技术性问题，而集中 考虑案情的理据得失，最终 发展出有别于普通法的法律 规范，就是衡平法。
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The Period of the English Colonies
The Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783)
The Period of the United States
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Characteristics

若是没有公众舆论的支持，法律是丝毫 没有力量的。
美国废奴运动领袖 菲力普斯 W
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Background

Two periods of legal history:
On May 14, 1607, the Virginia Company explorers landed on Jamestown Island to establish the Virginia English colony
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If a writ existed (in 1227) a claim could be enforced; 有法院令状，诉讼请求就要强制执行； there was no recourse for a claim without a writ, the claim did not exist. 没有法院令状为前提的诉讼请求，就没有 追索权，因而该诉讼请求也就不存在。
Case law
形成于英国，包括加拿大，澳 大利亚，新西兰，爱尔兰，印 度、巴基斯坦，马来西亚和新 加坡，香港地区也采用英美法
Statutory law
法国和德国为代表，还有 瑞士、意大利、奥地利、 比利时、卢森堡、荷兰、 西班牙、葡萄牙、日本等
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大陆法系/罗马法系
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“Equity”——doing equity 公平——行为公平 deciding ex aequo et bono 决定公平且善良（拉丁语） was first granted by the King, and later by his Chancellor as "keeper of the King's conscience", to afford relief in hardship cases. 首先由国王，以后由作为“国王良知守护人” 的大法官作出，以便对难以解决的案例提供救 济。

Common law legal system 普通法系
Decentralization
Stare decisis
Case law
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遵从前例
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Text——Part One

The United States is at once a very new nation a very old nation 既年轻又古老的国家
Lesson one
Legal system
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Every law has no atom of strength, as far as no public opinion supports it.
Wendell phillips, American leader against slavery
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法律英语
Hale Waihona Puke Baidu10

And the American record Comprehensive 复杂 Immense 繁多
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Record of the colonial era 殖民时代的记载 Record of the Nation since 1776 国家从1776年开始的记载 Record of the present fifty States 当前50个州的记载 The intricate network of relationships between States and Nation 各州与联邦之间错综复杂关系的记载

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This system became inflexible when the "Provisions of Oxford" (1258) prohibited the creation of new writs, except for the flexibility which the "writ upon the case" allowed and which later led to the development of contract and tort law.

Most fields of private law still consist primarily of case law and the extensive and steadily growing statutory continues to be subject to binding interpretation through case law. 私法的大多数领域主要包括判例法， 以及广泛的不断增加的成文法，这些 成文法继续通过判例法受制于有约束 力的法律解释。

for events such as those that are lost in the legendary past of Italy or France or England are part of the printed record of the United States

那些在意大利、法国或英国过去的 传说中湮没的那些事件，是美国有 文字记载历史的一部分。
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The reports of the United States Supreme Court fill 350 volumes The reports of some States are almost equally voluminous.
联邦最高法院 判例汇编
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It is a new nation
Compared with many other countries 与其他国家相比


it is constantly being renewed by the addition of new elements of population and of new States 不断有新的人口成分和新州的加入
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法律英语
enforcement 强制执行； claim 请求； action 诉讼行为； writ 法院令状； classical Roman law 古罗马法

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The enforcement of a claim presupposed the existence of a special form of action, a writ, with the result that the original common law represented a system of „action‟ similar to that of classical Roman law. 某项诉讼请求的强制执行是以法院令状这 种特殊诉讼形式的存在为前提的，而这就 使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法 的“诉讼行为”所构成的体系。
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No one document, no handful of documents, can properly be said to reveal the character of a people or of their government.

没有哪一个或者少数几个文件可以准 确地揭示一国人民或政府的特征。
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In the fifteenth century, however, equity law and equity case law developed into an independent legal system and judiciary (Court of chancery)which competed with the ordinary common law courts. 15世纪，衡平法和衡平判例法发展成独 立的法律制度和司法制度（大法官法 庭），大法官法庭与普通法法庭并列存 在。
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When hundreds and thousands of documents strike a consistent note， over more than a hundred years, we have a right to say that is the keynote. 当一百多年来成百上千的文件敲击出始 终如一的音调时，我们可以说这就是基 调。
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It is old



It is the oldest of the "new" nations — the first one to be made out of an Old World colony. 第一个从旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家 the oldest written constitution the oldest continuous federal system the oldest practice of self-government
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Knowledge Technique central importance for an understanding of American law and legal methodology
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The common law is historically the common general law —— with supremacy over local law —— which was decreed by the itinerant judges of the English royal court. 普通法在历史上是普通综合法，由英国 皇家法院的巡回法官颁布的普通综合法 地位高于地方法。
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州法院判例汇编
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The reader who wants to trace the history of law in America is confronted with over 5,000 stout volumes of legal cases.

想要探索美国法律历史的人面对的 是5000多巨册的法律案例。
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Part Two

The American legal system, like the English, is methodologically mainly a case law system.

判例法
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Common law legal system 普通法系 Civil law legal system

这一制度在（1258年）“牛津条例”禁 止新令状产生以后变得固定下来；除非 “本案令状”允许了灵活性的例外，后者 后来发展成合同与侵权法。
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The narrow limits of the forms of action and the limited recourse they provided led to the development of equity law and equity case law.
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The whole of its history belongs in the period since the invention of the printing press. 美国历史是印刷发明以后的历史。
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The whole of its history is recorded