英语中的修辞格

英语中的修辞格

(一)使用语音手段的修辞格.主要有:

1.头韵(alliteration):在词的开头重复相同的元音或辅音.例如:

①Time and tide wait for no man.

②Suddenly the sky turned gray,

The day,

Which had been bitter and chill,

Grew soft and still.

2.拟声(onomatopoeia):以相似的声音描摹非语言的声音.例如:

①She brou ght me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt-sunlight, the rustling(沙沙声、瑟瑟声) of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking(咯吱声、叽嘎声) of a door, the voice of a loved one.

②You see, life is made up sobs(哭泣声),sniffles(抽鼻子声) and smiles-but mainly of sniffles.

(二)使用词汇手段的修辞格.主要有:

1.明喻(simile):用另一种事物比喻所要说明的事物,通常用like或as连用.例如:

①It(The hair) fell about her, rippling and shining like a brown waterfall.

②It(The lion) is as big as a very large dog.

2.隐喻(metaphor):不用like或as隐藏的比喻.例如:

①He sa id, "A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life."

②Hope is the poor man's bread.

3.提喻(synecdoche):以部分代替整体,单个代替类别,具体代表抽象,或反

过来,以全体代替部分,类别代替单个,抽象代替具体.例如:

①Once Lu Xun spoke to the youth about the study of foreign language.

[youth不只是抽象名词表"年轻、青春(状态或阶段)",在古英语中就已经可以作集合名词指"青年人"这一整体。]

②A horse is an animal.

③The CCTV(中央电视台) has been broadcasting English programmes ever since 1977.(用整体代替部分,指中央电视台的工作人员)

4.讽喻(allegory):以形象的形式说明一些抽象的要领或深刻的道理,谚语是最常见的例子.例如:

①Fish begins to stink at the head.上梁不正下梁歪.

②You can not eat your cake and have it.两者不可兼得.

③Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.良药苦口.

5.借代(metonymy):不相类似的甲事物同乙事物之间有着不可分离的关系,利用这种关系以乙事物的名称来代替甲事物.例如:

①In the country the revolutionaries set fire to the noble's castle and burnt them to the ground.(划线部分代封建制度)

②I saw that a little further up the traffic lights had turned red.(用红灯代stop)

③When the light turned green, I said to him, "Don't be stupid in future..."(用绿灯代start)

④Hank couldn't believe his ears.(用ears代所说的话)

6.委婉语(euphenism):用比较温和的词代替粗鲁的词或使人不愉快的词,用通行的词代替禁忌的词.例如:

①Would you like some help?

试比较:

a. Will you like some help?

b. Do you like some help?

②You look rather pale. Is there anything the matter?

试比较:You look rather ill.

③The next day he had a red face.

试比较:The next day he felt shy.

7.曲言(litotes):用反对语的否定来表达肯定,它又叫间接肯定法.例如:

①There is no doubt about it.

②The sort of medicine is not useless.

③Fish can't live without water.

8.反语(irony):亦称讽刺,即通常所谓说反话,常用于讽刺或嘲弄的场合.例如:

Well, of course, I know that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.

9.双关语(pun):一个词在上、下文中有双重或更多的含义.在英语中,常利用同形异义词(拼写相同但意义不同)或同(谐)音异义词(发音相同或相似,拼写与意义不同)来造成双关的效果.例如:

①Customer：What's this?

Waiter：It has bean(豆子) soup.

Customer：I don't want to know what it has been(是); I want to know what it is now.

②A：What is the longest sentence(句子、判刑) in the world?

B：Prison for life.

10.夸张(hyperbole):在真实的基础上有意言过其实以更好地反映事物的本质.例如:

①I can wait all my life, sir.

②To Annie I owe thinks for this priceless gift(无价之宝) of speech.

11.拟人(personification):把事、物、观念等拟作人,赋予它们以人的思想与行为方式.例如:

①The bamboo answered, "Yes, and I am magic. I am getting tired of this."

②Can you tell me the way to the Sleeping Beauty Castle(睡美人城堡)?