雅典宪章

雅典宪章

I. THE CITY IN ITS REGIONAL SETTING 城市基本建设

1. The city is only a part of the economic, social and political entity which constitutes the region.

城市都构成一个地理的，经济的，社会的，文化的和政治的区域单位的一部分，城市即依赖这些单位而发展。

2. Economic, social and political values are juxtaposed with the psychological and physiological attributes of the human being, raising problems of the relations between the individual and the community. Life can only expand to the extent that accord is reached between these two opposing forces: the individual and the community.

人类的心里和生理与经济、社会和政治价值同等重要，上升为个人与社会关系的问题。生命与个人、社会这两个对立因素同等重要。

3. Psychological and biological constants are influenced by the environment: its geographic and topographic situation as well as its economic and political situation. The geographic and topographic situation is of prime importance, and includes natural elements, land and water, flora, soil, climate, etc.

心理和生理常数受环境影响：地理和地貌状况以及经济和政治局势。地理和地貌情况是最重要的，包括自然资源，土地和水，植物，土壤，气候等。

4. Next comes the economic situation, including the resources of the region and natural or manmade means of communication with the outside world.

接下来是经济状况，与外界沟通的手段包括本地区的自然资源或人造资源。

5. Thirdly comes the political situation and the system of government and administration.

第三是政治局势以及政府和管理制度。

6. Special circumstances have, throughout history, determined the character of individual cities: military defense, scientific discoveries, different administrations, the progressive development of communications and methods of transportation (road, water, rail, air).

自有历史以来，城市的特征，均因特殊的需要而定：如军事性的防御，科学的发明，行政制度生产和交通方法（公路，水路，铁路，航空）的不断发展。

7. The factors which govern the development of cities are thus subject to continual change.

影响城市发展的基本因素是经常在演变的。

8. The advent of the machine age has caused immense disturbances to man's habits, place of dwelling and type of work; an uncontrolled concentration in cities, caused by mechanical transportation, has resulted in brutal and universal changes without precendent [sic] in history. Chaos has entered into the cities.

现代城市的混乱是机械时代无计划和无秩序的发展造成的，改变了人的习惯，居住地点和工作类型，机械运输的发展，造成城市的混乱。

II. THE FOUR FUNCTIONS OF THE CITY城市四大功能

A. Dwelling居住

9. The population density is too great in the historic, central districts of cities as well as in some nineteenth century areas of expansion: densities rise to 1000 and even 1500 inhabitants per hectare (approximately 400 to 600 per acre).

历史上，城市中心区的人口密度太大，甚至有些地区每公顷的居民超过一千人。(每英亩400-600人)。

10. In the congested urban areas housing conditions are unhealthy due to insufficient space within the dwelling, absence of useable green spaces and neglected maintenance of the buildings (exploitation based on speculation). This situation is aggravated by the presence of a population with a very low standard of living, incapable of initiating ameliorations (mortality up to 20 per cent).

在过度拥挤的地区中，生活环境是非常不卫生的。这是因为在这种地区中，地皮被过度的使用，缺乏空旷地，而建筑物本身也正在一种不卫生和败坏的情况中。这种情况，因为这些地区中的居民收入太少，故更加严重。

11. Extensions of the city devour, bit by bit, its surrounding green areas; one can discern the successive rings of development. This ever greater separation from natural elements heightens the harmful effects of bad sanitary conditions.

因为市区不断扩展，围绕住宅区的空旷地带亦被破坏了，这样就剥削了许多居民享受邻近乡野的幸福。

12. Dwellings are scattered throughout the city without consideration of sanitary requirements.

集体住宅和单幢住宅常常建造在最恶劣的地区，无论就住宅的功能讲，或是就住宅所必需的环境卫生讲，这些地区都是不适宜于居住的