牙菌斑 (2)
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牙菌斑与生物膜
牙菌斑（ Dental Plaque） is the soft,
non-mineralized, bacterial deposit which forms on teeth and dental prosthesis that are not adequately cleaned.
Oral Microbial Ecology
Pioneer species
Ecology
Niche
Organism A Organism N
Ecological succession
Environment
Host
Host
Climax community
The number of species becomes stable
口腔正常菌群
一 、来源和成立
（一）获得 母体 近亲 胎儿无菌，产道获得，双亲影响
Acquisition and development of the oral flora
• begin to colonize during birth and succession throughout life. • A few weeks after birth: S. mitis, S. oralis and S. salivarius. • The first months: anaerobic bacteria such as Veillonella and Prevotella (Bacteroides). • After tooth eruption: S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. sanguis and Actinomyces species and other anaerobic bacteria. • young adults：the flora more complex until stability. An individual can be unique. • Edentulous: a loss of microenvironments in the mouth and reduction in the complexity of the flora.
菌班附着图
菌班附着图
生物膜的发育的5个阶段 • • • • • 形成获得性膜 细菌分子对宿主表面的吸附 同种细菌间的聚集和异种细菌间的共聚集 各菌属、种的增殖 细菌从生物膜脱附着
Biofilm is the oldest form of life on earth as seen in microfossils.
Life cycle of dental plaque
Acquired pellicle (cell-free)
Early plaque (cocci)
Brushing Self-cleansing
Late plaque Filamentous bacteria “corn-cob” structure
Oral streptococci
• Mutans streptococcus • Salivarius streptococcus • Intermedius streptococcus
S. mutans S. sobrinus S. cricetus S. ferus S. macacae S. rattus S. downei S. salivarius S. vestibularis S. constellatu s S. intermedius S. anginosus
（二）演替 (physiological succession) 1. 新生儿期 2. 幼儿 3. 青春期和成人期
（三）、菌丛
1. 固有菌丛 indigenous flora 2. 增补菌丛 supplemental flora 3. 暂时菌丛 transient flora
门 (Phyla): • 放线菌门 (Actinobacteria) • 拟杆菌门 (Bacteroidetes) • 厚壁菌门 (Firmicutes) • 梭杆菌门 (Fusobacteria) • 变形菌门 (Proteobacteria) • 螺旋体门 (Spirochaetes) • 柔膜菌门 (Tenericutes)
Simplified explanation of the principle of selective adherence of bacteria to enamel. Successful attachment is achieved when the surface characteristics of a bacterium fit with a component in the pellicle (P)
Subgingival plaque
In adults
• The matrix is sparse • Organisms: filamentous organisms, bacilli, cocci, spirochetes • Gram negative bacteria
The filamentous nature of plaque associated with gingivitis. Note attachment of smaller bacteria to filaments
• Morphology of dental plaque： A white or offwhite accumulation • Variable thickness
• Start growing at enamel cracks and surface irregularities
• They coalesce and become continuous along the gingival margin • Form up to the height of contour of the tooth and fill the interproximal spaces • The height of contour is somewhat limited by mastication
一、获得性膜的形成
• 细菌非直接附着至牙面
• 清洁牙面后几分钟~数小时内形成 24小时后1~10 m
Enamel pellicle (arrow) is the uniform thick deposition of salivary protein between a thin layer of immature bacterial plaques and enamel.
• 大约 在牙菌斑形成的第5-6天，牙菌斑内的 细菌重新排列，形成栅栏状结构，标志牙菌 斑成熟，此时趋于极期群落状态。
• 牙菌斑中的微生物不是无限扩增的，当种类 和数量达到一定限度后，牙菌内的细菌向外 扩散和定植。
(p10)
玉米棒状
中心丝状
• 老菌斑： 内层稠密包绕G+菌 pleomorphic 菌 其中放线菌为主，外层松散
三、微生物演替（Microbial succession)
Strepococcus-dominated plaque to a plaque dominated by actinomyces.
原有微生物为继发性微生物生长创造条件
• 细菌创造一种环境逐渐被其他适 应性细菌取代吸引继发入侵者或 不利其自身附着。
Dental calculus is plaque in which mineralization has involved both the plaque matrix and the microorganisms.
Supragingival calcucus white chalky yellow
30 min - 1 h 12 - 24 hrs 1 - 3 days 1 week
3 weeks
牙菌斑的分类 Classification
• 龈上菌斑 Supragingival plaque 光滑牙面菌斑 点隙裂沟菌斑 • 龈下菌斑 Subgingival plaque
附着性龈下菌斑
菌斑附着过程
早期附着细菌：
S.sanguis S.oralis 占链球菌的95% S.mitis bioran 占细菌总数的50%
• S.sanguis 附着至人类唾液糖 蛋白终末唾液酸残基
• S.mutans与龋病关系密切，但数量 <2%初期链球菌 • 唾液中某种微生物浓度与附着量呈正 相关 • 第一个细胞附着至牙面所需细菌浓度 S.mutans 104~105/ml saliva S.sanguis 103/ml
• 成熟菌班中无S.oralis
• 牙菌斑变厚，O2缺乏 有利于兼性厌氧菌生长，9天后牙菌 斑兼性厌氧及厌氧微生物为主
• 几周后达到平衡
四、成熟牙菌斑 Mature dental plaque
• 在牙菌斑的成熟过程中，细菌的定植有一定 顺序，早期定植菌主要是G+球菌，其中链球 菌为优势菌，而后是放线菌等。
非附着性龈下菌斑 • 牙石Dental calculus (calcified plaque)
A: survey of dental plaque situated within a deep, narrow fissure of a premolar B: the upper half of the fissure is filled with dark material, the lower half is les dense C: Higher magnification reveals a plaque consisting of mostly ghostlike membrane and cell wall structures
1. Oral streptococci 的分类? 2. Mutans streptococcus 的分类? 3. S. mutans的血清型和在MS培养基的特 性? 4. S. mutans的胞外酶有哪些? 功能是什 么? 5. S. mutans的致龋性有哪些? 6. 唾液链球菌和变异链球菌的区别? 7. 最先定植在牙菌斑的细菌是什么? 8. 口腔常见的奈瑟菌有哪几种? 9. 龋标志菌是什么? 首先诱发龋齿的病 原菌是什么?
Sub gingival calculus greenish black
Events in plaque formation 1. Colonization by pioneer species 2. Outgrowth 3. Secondary colonization 4. Climax community
• 成份 glycoproteins phosphoproteins lipid Gingival crevicular fluid
• 获得性膜成分对附着的影响
氨基酸 缺乏系统分析 糖蛋白中的寡糖 oligossacharides 介导初期附着
二、微生物的附着 microbial colonization
（一）初期附着——非特异性附着
• 钙桥学说：
脂磷壁酸 —— 酸性唾液糖蛋白
• 细菌表面疏水性 (hydrophobicity)
Ca++
• 静电学说
（二）细菌附着——高度选择性 （selective manner)
• 配位体理论 (ligands) • adhesin--receptors (oligossacharides)
Dental plaque is a biofilm
Characteristics of a biofilm:
Must adhere to remain in the niche to survive Has a wide variety of bacterial species Succession of anaerobes near the hard surface Become calcified with time--calculus Causing underlying structural changes Generate odorous, volatile gas--e.g., bad breath
牙菌斑（ Dental Plaque） is the soft,
non-mineralized, bacterial deposit which forms on teeth and dental prosthesis that are not adequately cleaned.
Oral Microbial Ecology
Pioneer species
Ecology
Niche
Organism A Organism N
Ecological succession
Environment
Host
Host
Climax community
The number of species becomes stable
口腔正常菌群
一 、来源和成立
（一）获得 母体 近亲 胎儿无菌，产道获得，双亲影响
Acquisition and development of the oral flora
• begin to colonize during birth and succession throughout life. • A few weeks after birth: S. mitis, S. oralis and S. salivarius. • The first months: anaerobic bacteria such as Veillonella and Prevotella (Bacteroides). • After tooth eruption: S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. sanguis and Actinomyces species and other anaerobic bacteria. • young adults：the flora more complex until stability. An individual can be unique. • Edentulous: a loss of microenvironments in the mouth and reduction in the complexity of the flora.
菌班附着图
菌班附着图
生物膜的发育的5个阶段 • • • • • 形成获得性膜 细菌分子对宿主表面的吸附 同种细菌间的聚集和异种细菌间的共聚集 各菌属、种的增殖 细菌从生物膜脱附着
Biofilm is the oldest form of life on earth as seen in microfossils.
Life cycle of dental plaque
Acquired pellicle (cell-free)
Early plaque (cocci)
Brushing Self-cleansing
Late plaque Filamentous bacteria “corn-cob” structure
Oral streptococci
• Mutans streptococcus • Salivarius streptococcus • Intermedius streptococcus
S. mutans S. sobrinus S. cricetus S. ferus S. macacae S. rattus S. downei S. salivarius S. vestibularis S. constellatu s S. intermedius S. anginosus
（二）演替 (physiological succession) 1. 新生儿期 2. 幼儿 3. 青春期和成人期
（三）、菌丛
1. 固有菌丛 indigenous flora 2. 增补菌丛 supplemental flora 3. 暂时菌丛 transient flora
门 (Phyla): • 放线菌门 (Actinobacteria) • 拟杆菌门 (Bacteroidetes) • 厚壁菌门 (Firmicutes) • 梭杆菌门 (Fusobacteria) • 变形菌门 (Proteobacteria) • 螺旋体门 (Spirochaetes) • 柔膜菌门 (Tenericutes)
Simplified explanation of the principle of selective adherence of bacteria to enamel. Successful attachment is achieved when the surface characteristics of a bacterium fit with a component in the pellicle (P)
Subgingival plaque
In adults
• The matrix is sparse • Organisms: filamentous organisms, bacilli, cocci, spirochetes • Gram negative bacteria
The filamentous nature of plaque associated with gingivitis. Note attachment of smaller bacteria to filaments
• Morphology of dental plaque： A white or offwhite accumulation • Variable thickness
• Start growing at enamel cracks and surface irregularities
• They coalesce and become continuous along the gingival margin • Form up to the height of contour of the tooth and fill the interproximal spaces • The height of contour is somewhat limited by mastication
一、获得性膜的形成
• 细菌非直接附着至牙面
• 清洁牙面后几分钟~数小时内形成 24小时后1~10 m
Enamel pellicle (arrow) is the uniform thick deposition of salivary protein between a thin layer of immature bacterial plaques and enamel.
• 大约 在牙菌斑形成的第5-6天，牙菌斑内的 细菌重新排列，形成栅栏状结构，标志牙菌 斑成熟，此时趋于极期群落状态。
• 牙菌斑中的微生物不是无限扩增的，当种类 和数量达到一定限度后，牙菌内的细菌向外 扩散和定植。
(p10)
玉米棒状
中心丝状
• 老菌斑： 内层稠密包绕G+菌 pleomorphic 菌 其中放线菌为主，外层松散
三、微生物演替（Microbial succession)
Strepococcus-dominated plaque to a plaque dominated by actinomyces.
原有微生物为继发性微生物生长创造条件
• 细菌创造一种环境逐渐被其他适 应性细菌取代吸引继发入侵者或 不利其自身附着。
Dental calculus is plaque in which mineralization has involved both the plaque matrix and the microorganisms.
Supragingival calcucus white chalky yellow
30 min - 1 h 12 - 24 hrs 1 - 3 days 1 week
3 weeks
牙菌斑的分类 Classification
• 龈上菌斑 Supragingival plaque 光滑牙面菌斑 点隙裂沟菌斑 • 龈下菌斑 Subgingival plaque
附着性龈下菌斑
菌斑附着过程
早期附着细菌：
S.sanguis S.oralis 占链球菌的95% S.mitis bioran 占细菌总数的50%
• S.sanguis 附着至人类唾液糖 蛋白终末唾液酸残基
• S.mutans与龋病关系密切，但数量 <2%初期链球菌 • 唾液中某种微生物浓度与附着量呈正 相关 • 第一个细胞附着至牙面所需细菌浓度 S.mutans 104~105/ml saliva S.sanguis 103/ml
• 成熟菌班中无S.oralis
• 牙菌斑变厚，O2缺乏 有利于兼性厌氧菌生长，9天后牙菌 斑兼性厌氧及厌氧微生物为主
• 几周后达到平衡
四、成熟牙菌斑 Mature dental plaque
• 在牙菌斑的成熟过程中，细菌的定植有一定 顺序，早期定植菌主要是G+球菌，其中链球 菌为优势菌，而后是放线菌等。
非附着性龈下菌斑 • 牙石Dental calculus (calcified plaque)
A: survey of dental plaque situated within a deep, narrow fissure of a premolar B: the upper half of the fissure is filled with dark material, the lower half is les dense C: Higher magnification reveals a plaque consisting of mostly ghostlike membrane and cell wall structures
1. Oral streptococci 的分类? 2. Mutans streptococcus 的分类? 3. S. mutans的血清型和在MS培养基的特 性? 4. S. mutans的胞外酶有哪些? 功能是什 么? 5. S. mutans的致龋性有哪些? 6. 唾液链球菌和变异链球菌的区别? 7. 最先定植在牙菌斑的细菌是什么? 8. 口腔常见的奈瑟菌有哪几种? 9. 龋标志菌是什么? 首先诱发龋齿的病 原菌是什么?
Sub gingival calculus greenish black
Events in plaque formation 1. Colonization by pioneer species 2. Outgrowth 3. Secondary colonization 4. Climax community
• 成份 glycoproteins phosphoproteins lipid Gingival crevicular fluid
• 获得性膜成分对附着的影响
氨基酸 缺乏系统分析 糖蛋白中的寡糖 oligossacharides 介导初期附着
二、微生物的附着 microbial colonization
（一）初期附着——非特异性附着
• 钙桥学说：
脂磷壁酸 —— 酸性唾液糖蛋白
• 细菌表面疏水性 (hydrophobicity)
Ca++
• 静电学说
（二）细菌附着——高度选择性 （selective manner)
• 配位体理论 (ligands) • adhesin--receptors (oligossacharides)
Dental plaque is a biofilm
Characteristics of a biofilm:
Must adhere to remain in the niche to survive Has a wide variety of bacterial species Succession of anaerobes near the hard surface Become calcified with time--calculus Causing underlying structural changes Generate odorous, volatile gas--e.g., bad breath