乔姆斯基转换生成理论
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Noam Chomsky
• “除了置疑一切，我不知道还有 别的选择。” --------- 乔姆斯基
Main interests
Linguistics · Psychology · Philosophy of language · Philosophy of mind · Politics · Ethics
Surface Structure
?
Sentences or phrases that are pronounced or w r i t t e n .
?
Deep Structure
The structure that contains all the units a n d re l a t i o n s h i p s that are necessary for interpreting the meaning of the s e n t e n c e .
Chomsky proposes the idea of transformation which refers to a kind of process that transforms one sentence into another.
Competence
Vs
performance
A set of rules that have been internalized in a person’s mind.
Notable ideas
Generative grammar, universal grammar, transformational grammar, government and binding, X-bar theory, Chomsky hierarchy, context-free grammar, principles and parameters, the minimalist program, language acquisition device, poverty of the stimulus, Chomsky-Schützenberger theorem, Chomsky
Normal Form, propaganda model
We focus on
1 Transformational-Generative Grammar 2 Competence Vs performance
3 Deep structure and surface structure
4 The Innateness Hypothesis
In the late 1950s,the appearance of TG Grammar in America violently punched the prevailing structuralist descriptive linguistics. Chomsky's theories are popular, particularly in the United State, but they have never been free from controversy. Criticism has come from a number of different directions. Some critics (see language learning) have questioned whether it is necessary to posit Universal Grammar in order to explain child language acquisition, arguing that domain-general learning mechanisms are sufficient. Today there are many different branches of generative grammar; one can view grammatical frameworks such as head-driven phrase structure grammar, lexical functional grammar and combinatory categorial grammar as broadly Chomsky and generative in orientation, but with significant differences in execution.
Any actual utterances a speaker makes in a particular situation .
Deep structure and surface structure
• D-structure: the first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. • S-structure: the second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations.
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
Two Aspects of TG Grammar
Generative Aspect
Transformational Aspect
This means that a grammar must generate all and only g r a m m a t i c a l sentences of a l a n g u a g e .
Deep structure
S
NP Det the N train Infl will VP V arrive
Surface structure
Will the train
arrive?
Language acquisition
• 1 A behaviourist view of language acquisition • 2 An innatist view of language acquisition • 3 An interactionist view of language acquisition
天赋假说及经验触发论
• 没有接触过语言，是不可能拥有语言能力 的。这种自幼对人类语言的接触就是乔氏 所说的经验的触发。
例如: 十几岁的“狼孩”不会说话，正是 因为缺少了必要的客观条件即“经验”。
The Innateness Hypothesis
He believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a Language Acquisition Device, which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning. Universal grammar(UG)
1.Five stages of development
生成语法理论
1) The Classical Theory,古典理论（Classical Theory,1955—1965), which aims to make linguistics a science. Syntactic Structures,1975 2)The Standard Theory,标准理论（Standard Theory,1965--1970）,which deals with how semantics should be studied in a linguistic theory Aspects of the Theory of Syntax,1965 3)The Extended Standard Theory,扩展的标准理论（Extended Standard Theory,1970—1980), which focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar . Studies on Semantic in Generative Grammar,1972 4)The Revised Extended Standard Theory修正的扩展标准理论（Revised Extended Standard Theory,1980—1992)(or GB), which focuses on Government and Binding Lectures on Government and Binding,1981 5)The Minimalist Program最简方案（Minimalist Program)和最简探索 （ Minimalist Inquires）, which is a further revision of the previous theory. The Minimal Program,1995 Minimalist Inquiries: The Framework,1998
3.The influence
小结
• “不论功与过，对与错，乔姆斯基的语法理 论无疑是最有活力最有影响力的；任何一 个语言学家，只要他不愿在自己的学科中 落伍，都不敢漠视乔姆斯基的理论。现今 每一个其他“流派”的语言学都要以乔姆 斯基在某些问题上的观点为参照来界定自 己的地位。” • Thanks for your attention!
天赋假说及经验触发论
• 乔姆斯基认为语言是某种天赋，儿童天生 就具有一种学习语言的能力，叫做“语言 习得机制”（LAD）。这是一种很适合他 们学习语言的独特的知识。在乔姆斯基看 来，儿童生来就有一种独特的天赋才能。 他们不仅有一般的倾向和潜力，而且有着 关于世界本质的知识，尤其是关于语言本 质的知识。按照他的观点，对语言或语言 结构的研究能够揭示人类思维的本质。
• “除了置疑一切，我不知道还有 别的选择。” --------- 乔姆斯基
Main interests
Linguistics · Psychology · Philosophy of language · Philosophy of mind · Politics · Ethics
Surface Structure
?
Sentences or phrases that are pronounced or w r i t t e n .
?
Deep Structure
The structure that contains all the units a n d re l a t i o n s h i p s that are necessary for interpreting the meaning of the s e n t e n c e .
Chomsky proposes the idea of transformation which refers to a kind of process that transforms one sentence into another.
Competence
Vs
performance
A set of rules that have been internalized in a person’s mind.
Notable ideas
Generative grammar, universal grammar, transformational grammar, government and binding, X-bar theory, Chomsky hierarchy, context-free grammar, principles and parameters, the minimalist program, language acquisition device, poverty of the stimulus, Chomsky-Schützenberger theorem, Chomsky
Normal Form, propaganda model
We focus on
1 Transformational-Generative Grammar 2 Competence Vs performance
3 Deep structure and surface structure
4 The Innateness Hypothesis
In the late 1950s,the appearance of TG Grammar in America violently punched the prevailing structuralist descriptive linguistics. Chomsky's theories are popular, particularly in the United State, but they have never been free from controversy. Criticism has come from a number of different directions. Some critics (see language learning) have questioned whether it is necessary to posit Universal Grammar in order to explain child language acquisition, arguing that domain-general learning mechanisms are sufficient. Today there are many different branches of generative grammar; one can view grammatical frameworks such as head-driven phrase structure grammar, lexical functional grammar and combinatory categorial grammar as broadly Chomsky and generative in orientation, but with significant differences in execution.
Any actual utterances a speaker makes in a particular situation .
Deep structure and surface structure
• D-structure: the first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. • S-structure: the second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations.
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
Two Aspects of TG Grammar
Generative Aspect
Transformational Aspect
This means that a grammar must generate all and only g r a m m a t i c a l sentences of a l a n g u a g e .
Deep structure
S
NP Det the N train Infl will VP V arrive
Surface structure
Will the train
arrive?
Language acquisition
• 1 A behaviourist view of language acquisition • 2 An innatist view of language acquisition • 3 An interactionist view of language acquisition
天赋假说及经验触发论
• 没有接触过语言，是不可能拥有语言能力 的。这种自幼对人类语言的接触就是乔氏 所说的经验的触发。
例如: 十几岁的“狼孩”不会说话，正是 因为缺少了必要的客观条件即“经验”。
The Innateness Hypothesis
He believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a Language Acquisition Device, which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning. Universal grammar(UG)
1.Five stages of development
生成语法理论
1) The Classical Theory,古典理论（Classical Theory,1955—1965), which aims to make linguistics a science. Syntactic Structures,1975 2)The Standard Theory,标准理论（Standard Theory,1965--1970）,which deals with how semantics should be studied in a linguistic theory Aspects of the Theory of Syntax,1965 3)The Extended Standard Theory,扩展的标准理论（Extended Standard Theory,1970—1980), which focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar . Studies on Semantic in Generative Grammar,1972 4)The Revised Extended Standard Theory修正的扩展标准理论（Revised Extended Standard Theory,1980—1992)(or GB), which focuses on Government and Binding Lectures on Government and Binding,1981 5)The Minimalist Program最简方案（Minimalist Program)和最简探索 （ Minimalist Inquires）, which is a further revision of the previous theory. The Minimal Program,1995 Minimalist Inquiries: The Framework,1998
3.The influence
小结
• “不论功与过，对与错，乔姆斯基的语法理 论无疑是最有活力最有影响力的；任何一 个语言学家，只要他不愿在自己的学科中 落伍，都不敢漠视乔姆斯基的理论。现今 每一个其他“流派”的语言学都要以乔姆 斯基在某些问题上的观点为参照来界定自 己的地位。” • Thanks for your attention!
天赋假说及经验触发论
• 乔姆斯基认为语言是某种天赋，儿童天生 就具有一种学习语言的能力，叫做“语言 习得机制”（LAD）。这是一种很适合他 们学习语言的独特的知识。在乔姆斯基看 来，儿童生来就有一种独特的天赋才能。 他们不仅有一般的倾向和潜力，而且有着 关于世界本质的知识，尤其是关于语言本 质的知识。按照他的观点，对语言或语言 结构的研究能够揭示人类思维的本质。