初高中衔接词性及句子成分

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词类(parts of speech)

根据词的意义、句法作用和形式特征将词分为若干类,叫词类。英语的词通常分为十大类:

词类句法作用句法功能分类例词

例句

实词名词

(n.)

表示人或事

物的名称

主,表,宾,

补,定,同

位语

专有名词;

普通名词

(可数/

不可数)

the Great Wall

student(s)

fish

1. He, our monitor, will come.

(同位语)

2. We elect her our monitor.

(宾补)

3. I talk to a woman doctor.

(定语)

动词

(v.)

表示动作或

状态

谓语

系动词、

助动词、

情态动词

实意动词

(vt. /vi.)

be

be,have,do

can,,must,should

come(vt.)

reach(vi.)

Vt.:其后必须跟宾语的动词

He reached Paris yesterday.

Please pass me the book.

They call him Tom.

Vi:其后不直接跟宾语的动词

They are coming.

He arrived in Paris yesterday.

形容词

(adj.)

表示人或事

物的特征或

状态

定,表,补,

形容词的

原级、比较

级、最高级

good

big

1. That makes our school

beautiful. (补语)

2. Beautiful and good, she is

the character

we care about. (状语)

副词

(adv.)

表示动作特

征或性状特

表,状

副词的原

级、比较

级、最高级

fast

happily

1. We should constantly

review our lessons. (状语)

2. I must be off now because I

have much work to see

to.(表语)

代词

(pron.)

代替名词、

数词等

主,表,宾,

定,同位语

人称代词、

物主代词、

反身代词、

指示代词

……

we

our,ours

ourselves

this

I (主语) bought these

(定语) books, so they’re

mine (表语) .

数词

(num.)

表示数目或

顺序

主,表,宾,

定,同位语

基数词,序

数词

two

second

1. Eight (主语) plus zero (宾

语) is eight (表语).

2.One fifth (主语) of them

have worked for 8(定语)

years.

句子成分

一、句子成分的定义

句子是由一个或者多个单词组成的基本表意单位。构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

二、主语:句子说明的主体和对象,一般位于句首。但在there be 结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。eg :

During the 1990s, American country music was popular. (名词) We often speak English in class.(代词)

One-third of the students in this class are girls.(数词)

To see is to believe.(不定式) Smoking does harm to our health.(动名词) The old should be taken care of.(名词化的形容词)

When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.(主语从句) It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it 作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)

虚词

介词 (prep.)

用在名词、代词前,说明它与其它词之间的关系

介词短语作状, 定, 表

重点介绍:in, on, at, to, from, by, with, for, about, after, before

in at from

1. The man stood there in silence. (状语)

2. The man is in silence. (表语)

3. The man in silence is a new comer. (定语)

连词 (conj.)

连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子 分为并列连词和从属连词

并列连词从属连词

and, or, but when, if, that

The boys and (连接词) girls are working hard at school and (连接短语) at home because (连接从句) they know what they study for. 冠词 (art.) 表示名词的泛/特指

不能单独作成分

不定冠词、

定冠词

a, an,

the

He is an engineer and the engineer teaches at university. (泛指)(特指)

感叹词

(interj.)

表示说话时

的感情、口

oh ah

1. Oh, learned judged! Oh, wise young man!

2. My god! All the furniture is so dirty.

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