美国政府预算结构和体制(中英文)
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From the President to Congress 从总统到国会
The President is required to submit to Congress a proposed budget by the first Monday in February 总统必须在二月份的第一个
11
Phase I: Executive Preparation 第一阶段：行政准备
Three sets of participants:三方参与： The President总统 The Office of Management & Budget 管理和预算办公室 Federal agencies联邦机构
15
Functional Area 功能区域预算
A functional area budget is presented by “function” or national needs功能区域预算根据 “功能”或国家性需求而编制 A function must have a common end or ultimate purpose addressed to an important national need, e.g., national Defense所谓功能，是指必须有一个共同的目的，或 最终目的是服务于重要的国家性需求的，比如国防 A functional area budget crosses department and agency lines功能区域预算可跨部门或
12
President’s Budget Submitted to Congress in Three Formats 总统以三种形式向国会提交预算
Base Line基线预算 Agency–based机构预算 Functional Area功能区域预算 Area
13
Base Line Budget 基线预算
Base-line budget also called “Current Services Budget”基线预算又称为“当前服务预算” Tells what budget levels would be if no policy changes were to occur in the new fiscal year基线预算表明，如果在新的财政年度里没 有任何政策变化，预算水平将是什么样的
Legislative Branch 立法机关
Article I of the U.S. Constitution establishes the Congress as the legislative or law making branch of the federal government 美国宪法第一条规定，国会为联邦政府的立法机关， 或制定法律的机关 Congress is made up of two separate entities - the Senate and the House of Representatives 国会由两个相互独立的实体组成—参议院和众议院
2
Historical Context of Budgeting in the U.S. 预算在美国的历史背景
The origins of public budgeting in the U.S. was influenced by early English history美国公共预算的起源受英国早期历史的影响 In England, a large leather bag was used by the king’s treasurer to carry the documents explaining the king’s fiscal needs 英格兰财政大臣使用一种皮质大袋子，里面 装着说明国王的财政需求的各种文件。 The bag was called the “budget” from the French word for “leather bag” 这种袋子就称作“budget” ，该词源自法语中对“皮袋子”的称呼。
14
Agency-Based Budget 机构预算
Budget requests are by departments and agencies in these departments部门和部门内机构的 预算要求 An example of a department is the department of Commerce 制定商务部预算的例子 An example of an agency in the Department of Commerce is the Bureau of the Census制定商务部下属人口普查局的预算的例子
Government Budget Structures and Institutions in the U.S. 美国政府预算结构和体制
Dr. Marilyn Rubin, Ph.D. John Jay College The City University of New York 玛丽莲·鲁宾博士 纽约市立大学约翰·杰伊刑事司法学院
10
The Four Stages of the Budget Cycle 预算周期的四个阶段
Phase 1: Executive Preparation第一阶段：行政准备 Phase 2: Congressional Consideration第二阶段：国会审议 Phase 3: Budget Execution第三阶段：预算执行 Execution Phase 4: Budget Audit/evaluation第四阶段：预算审计/ 评估
星期一之前向国会提交预算提案
The President's budget serves as a "starting point" for the Congress to consider. Congress is under no obligation to adopt all or any of the President's budget and often makes significant changes 总统的预算提案只作为国会预算考虑的起点。国会对提案
8
Judicial Branch 司法机关
The judicial branch of the federal government is comprised of federal courts 联邦政府的司法机关由 联邦法院构成 Courts decide arguments about the meaning of laws and how they are applied 法院拥有对法律条文和法律 运用的解释权 They also decide if laws violate the Constitution法院还 可以裁定各种法律是否违宪
不必全盘采纳，也不一定要采纳其中某一部分，反而国会往往对总统 的预算提案会做重大的改变
17
Phase II: Congressional Consideration 第二阶段:国会审议
The Congressional phase of the budget cycle is fragmented and complicated预算周期中的国会 审议阶段是碎片化的、复杂化的 Four sets of committees in both houses of Congress have specific budget responsibilities 参议院和众议院里的四套委员会班子都对预算负有 特定的责任
1
What is a Government Budget? 什么是政府预算？
A government’s budget is an itemized summary of estimated or intended expenditures for a given period along with proposals for financing them 政府预算是特定时期内的预计开支或计划开支， 及提议为这些开支提供资金的分类科目。
9
Separation of Powers 三权分立
Under separation of powers, the powers of the three branches of the U.S. federal government -executive, legislative and judicial -are kept separate and distinct 在三权分立的体系下，美国联邦政府三大 机关所拥有的权力—行政权、立法权和司法权相互 分离、相互独立 The separation of powers establishes the framework for the U.S. federal budget Process三权分立为美国联邦预算过程提供了框架
6
Federal Departments联邦政府部门
Department of State国务院 国务院 Department of the Treasury财政部 财政部 Department of Defense国防部 国防部 Department of Justice司法部 司法部 Department of the Interior内政部 内政部 Department of Agriculture农业部 农业部 Department of Commerce商务部 商务部 Department of Labor劳工部 劳工部 Department of Health and Human Services卫生与公众服务部 Department of Housing and Urban Development住房和城市发展部 Department of Transportation交通运输部 交通运输部 Department of Energy能源部 能源部 Department of Education教育部 教育部 Department of Veterans Affairs 退伍军人事务部 Department of Homeland Security 国土安全部
3
Parliament and the King 议会和国王
The King of England and the Parliament often disagreed on the budget 英格兰国王和议会常常对预算产生分歧 Because of this, the U.S. Constitution incorporated what are called the “separation of powers” with three branches of government each having its own responsibilities and powers 因此，美国宪法中体现出所谓的三权分立，政府的 三大机关各自被赋予了不同的责任和权力。
4
百度文库
Budgeting in the U.S 美国的预算
The Federal Government: Three branches 联邦政府： 联邦政府：三大机关
5
The Executive Branch 行政机关
The executive branch is responsible for enforcing the laws of the land 行政机关负责国家法律的执行 The executive branch includes the president, vice president and department heads who are members of what is called the president’s “cabinet”行政机关包括总统、副总统 和各部部长，即所谓的总统“内阁”的成员
From the President to Congress 从总统到国会
The President is required to submit to Congress a proposed budget by the first Monday in February 总统必须在二月份的第一个
11
Phase I: Executive Preparation 第一阶段：行政准备
Three sets of participants:三方参与： The President总统 The Office of Management & Budget 管理和预算办公室 Federal agencies联邦机构
15
Functional Area 功能区域预算
A functional area budget is presented by “function” or national needs功能区域预算根据 “功能”或国家性需求而编制 A function must have a common end or ultimate purpose addressed to an important national need, e.g., national Defense所谓功能，是指必须有一个共同的目的，或 最终目的是服务于重要的国家性需求的，比如国防 A functional area budget crosses department and agency lines功能区域预算可跨部门或
12
President’s Budget Submitted to Congress in Three Formats 总统以三种形式向国会提交预算
Base Line基线预算 Agency–based机构预算 Functional Area功能区域预算 Area
13
Base Line Budget 基线预算
Base-line budget also called “Current Services Budget”基线预算又称为“当前服务预算” Tells what budget levels would be if no policy changes were to occur in the new fiscal year基线预算表明，如果在新的财政年度里没 有任何政策变化，预算水平将是什么样的
Legislative Branch 立法机关
Article I of the U.S. Constitution establishes the Congress as the legislative or law making branch of the federal government 美国宪法第一条规定，国会为联邦政府的立法机关， 或制定法律的机关 Congress is made up of two separate entities - the Senate and the House of Representatives 国会由两个相互独立的实体组成—参议院和众议院
2
Historical Context of Budgeting in the U.S. 预算在美国的历史背景
The origins of public budgeting in the U.S. was influenced by early English history美国公共预算的起源受英国早期历史的影响 In England, a large leather bag was used by the king’s treasurer to carry the documents explaining the king’s fiscal needs 英格兰财政大臣使用一种皮质大袋子，里面 装着说明国王的财政需求的各种文件。 The bag was called the “budget” from the French word for “leather bag” 这种袋子就称作“budget” ，该词源自法语中对“皮袋子”的称呼。
14
Agency-Based Budget 机构预算
Budget requests are by departments and agencies in these departments部门和部门内机构的 预算要求 An example of a department is the department of Commerce 制定商务部预算的例子 An example of an agency in the Department of Commerce is the Bureau of the Census制定商务部下属人口普查局的预算的例子
Government Budget Structures and Institutions in the U.S. 美国政府预算结构和体制
Dr. Marilyn Rubin, Ph.D. John Jay College The City University of New York 玛丽莲·鲁宾博士 纽约市立大学约翰·杰伊刑事司法学院
10
The Four Stages of the Budget Cycle 预算周期的四个阶段
Phase 1: Executive Preparation第一阶段：行政准备 Phase 2: Congressional Consideration第二阶段：国会审议 Phase 3: Budget Execution第三阶段：预算执行 Execution Phase 4: Budget Audit/evaluation第四阶段：预算审计/ 评估
星期一之前向国会提交预算提案
The President's budget serves as a "starting point" for the Congress to consider. Congress is under no obligation to adopt all or any of the President's budget and often makes significant changes 总统的预算提案只作为国会预算考虑的起点。国会对提案
8
Judicial Branch 司法机关
The judicial branch of the federal government is comprised of federal courts 联邦政府的司法机关由 联邦法院构成 Courts decide arguments about the meaning of laws and how they are applied 法院拥有对法律条文和法律 运用的解释权 They also decide if laws violate the Constitution法院还 可以裁定各种法律是否违宪
不必全盘采纳，也不一定要采纳其中某一部分，反而国会往往对总统 的预算提案会做重大的改变
17
Phase II: Congressional Consideration 第二阶段:国会审议
The Congressional phase of the budget cycle is fragmented and complicated预算周期中的国会 审议阶段是碎片化的、复杂化的 Four sets of committees in both houses of Congress have specific budget responsibilities 参议院和众议院里的四套委员会班子都对预算负有 特定的责任
1
What is a Government Budget? 什么是政府预算？
A government’s budget is an itemized summary of estimated or intended expenditures for a given period along with proposals for financing them 政府预算是特定时期内的预计开支或计划开支， 及提议为这些开支提供资金的分类科目。
9
Separation of Powers 三权分立
Under separation of powers, the powers of the three branches of the U.S. federal government -executive, legislative and judicial -are kept separate and distinct 在三权分立的体系下，美国联邦政府三大 机关所拥有的权力—行政权、立法权和司法权相互 分离、相互独立 The separation of powers establishes the framework for the U.S. federal budget Process三权分立为美国联邦预算过程提供了框架
6
Federal Departments联邦政府部门
Department of State国务院 国务院 Department of the Treasury财政部 财政部 Department of Defense国防部 国防部 Department of Justice司法部 司法部 Department of the Interior内政部 内政部 Department of Agriculture农业部 农业部 Department of Commerce商务部 商务部 Department of Labor劳工部 劳工部 Department of Health and Human Services卫生与公众服务部 Department of Housing and Urban Development住房和城市发展部 Department of Transportation交通运输部 交通运输部 Department of Energy能源部 能源部 Department of Education教育部 教育部 Department of Veterans Affairs 退伍军人事务部 Department of Homeland Security 国土安全部
3
Parliament and the King 议会和国王
The King of England and the Parliament often disagreed on the budget 英格兰国王和议会常常对预算产生分歧 Because of this, the U.S. Constitution incorporated what are called the “separation of powers” with three branches of government each having its own responsibilities and powers 因此，美国宪法中体现出所谓的三权分立，政府的 三大机关各自被赋予了不同的责任和权力。
4
百度文库
Budgeting in the U.S 美国的预算
The Federal Government: Three branches 联邦政府： 联邦政府：三大机关
5
The Executive Branch 行政机关
The executive branch is responsible for enforcing the laws of the land 行政机关负责国家法律的执行 The executive branch includes the president, vice president and department heads who are members of what is called the president’s “cabinet”行政机关包括总统、副总统 和各部部长，即所谓的总统“内阁”的成员